专业硕士研究生英语UNIT14省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

ENGLISH FOR GRADUATE STUDENTS第1页ScienceSpace and Time第2页第3页About the BookA Brief History of Time is a popular science book written by Stephen Hawking and first published by the Bantam Dell Publishing Group in 1988.It became a best-seller and has sold more than 9 million copies.It was also on the London Sunday Times best-seller list for more than four years.第4页“ABriefHistoryofTime”,publishedin1988,hasbeenalandmarkvolumeinscientificwritingandinworldwideacclaimand popularity,with more than nine million copies sold.Thateditionwasonthecuttingedgeofwhatwasthenknownaboutthenatureoftheuniverse.Sinceitspublication,however,therehavebeenextraordinaryadvancesinthetechnologyofobservingboththe micro-and the macrocosmic world,confirming many ofProfessor Hawkings predictions.Eager to bring to his originaltextthenewknowledgerevealedbytheseobservations,Hawkinghaswrittenanewintroduction,updatedchaptersthroughout,andaddedanentirelynewchapteronWormholesandTimeTravel.Book Review第5页StephenWilliamHawking,(born8January 1942)is a British theoreticalphysicist.Heisknownforhiscontributionstothefieldsofcosmologyand quantum gravity,especially in thecontext of black holes.He has alsoachievedsuccesswithworksofpopularscienceinwhichhediscusseshisowntheoriesandcosmologyingeneral;theseincludetherunawaybestsellerA Brief History of Time,which stayed on theBritishSunday Timesbestsellerslistforarecord-breaking237weeks.第6页Hawkings key scientific works to date have includedproviding,withRogerPenrose,theoremsregardingsingularitiesintheframeworkofgeneralrelativity,andthetheoreticalpredictionthatblackholesshouldemitradiation,whichistodayknownasHawkingradiation(orsometimesasBekenstein-Hawking radiation).He is a world-renownedtheoretical physicist whose scientific career spans over 40years.Hisbooksandpublicappearanceshavemadehimanacademiccelebrity.HeisanHonoraryFellowoftheRoyalSociety of Arts,and a lifetime member of the PontificalAcademyofScience.OnAugust12,hewasawardedthePresidentialMedalofFreedom,thehighestcivilianawardintheUnitedStates.第7页第8页The World Tree is a motif present in several religions and mythologies,particularly Indo-European religions.The world tree is represented as a colossal tree which supports the heavens,thereby connecting the heavens,the earth,and,through its roots,the underground.It may also be strongly connected to the motif of the tree of life.Specific World Trees include the one in Hungarian mythology,Yggdrasil(or Irminsul)in Norse mythology,the Oak in Slavic and Finnish mythology,and in Hinduism the Ashvastha(a Sacred Fig).第9页第10页第11页E.g.1)Ifoundtheexperiencequitebewildering.我以为这次经历令人相当迷惑。2)Changesinsocietyarehappeningsofast,theysometimesseembewildering.社会发展太快，他们有时候看得都有些眼花缭乱了。3)Sammystoodrootedtotheground,bewilderedbyallthatwashappeningaroundhim,andwouldntcomealthoughwecalledandcalled.萨米站着发呆，周围所发生一切把他搞糊涂了，即使我们又喊又叫但他也不愿过来。1.bewilderingconfusing,especially because there are too many choices or things happening at the same time让人迷惑,令人费解；使人眼花缭乱第12页E.g.1)Thewarbroughtinfiniteharmtothenation.战争给这个国家带来了无穷灾难。2)Theuniverseseemsinfinite.宇宙似乎是无限。3)Shewasawomanofseeminglyinfinitepatience.她似乎是那种有着无穷耐心女性。2.infinite limitless or endless in space,extent,or size;impossible to measure or calculate 无限，无穷第13页E.g.1)Theyattemptedtoplacatethestudentswithpromises.他们试图以许诺来安抚学生。2)Heisamanwhodoesntknowhowtoappreciatefavors.Themoreyoucreepandcrawltryingtoplacatehim,themorepleasurehegetsintakingitoutonyou.他是个不识抬举人。你越是对他俯首贴耳，尽力安抚他，他就越要把气往你身上撒，好使他更开心。3.placate make(someone)less angry or hostile 平息；安抚第14页E.g.1)Theyhavediscountedtherumours.他们不信那些谣传。2)Hisinformationisnottobediscounted.他消息不可不重视。3)Scientistsdiscountedhismethodofpredictingearthquakes.科学家不相信他预测地震方法4.discount to regard something as unlikely to be true or important对（可能性，事实，人）不全信，对不予考虑 第15页E.g.1)Histheorypostulatedarotatorymovementforhurricanes.其理论假定飓风是旋转运动。2)Hepostulatedthattheenvironmentalistsmighthaveacase.他认定环境主义者可能会有这种情况。3)Letspostulatethatsheisacook.我们假定她是一位厨师。5.postulate to suggest that something might have happened or be true假定为真，视为当然第16页E.g.1)Geographersstudytheconfigurationofthemountains.地理学家研究山脉地形轮廓。2)Thebroadconfigurationoftheeconomyremainscapitalist.经济制度大致结构保持资本主义不变。3)Somethingresemblingthisstructureinconfigurationorpattern.蜂窝状物在外形或结构上类似这种结构东西6.configuration the shape or arrangement of the parts of something 第17页E.g.1)Sheconfinedheractivitiesineducationalcircles.她把她各项活动都限制在教育圈内。2)Sheconfinedheractivitiesineducationalcircles.她把她各项活动都限制在教育圈内。3)Hehadbeenconfinedtoawheelchairforsometime.他被困在轮椅上已经有一段时间了。7.confine to keep someone or something within the limits of a particular activity or subject 限制;局限于第18页E.g.1)Overseasinvestmentwitnessedinitialdevelopment.对外投资有了初步发展。2)Theinitialinvestmentisneverrecovered.最初投资根本没收回。3)Thetwocountriestooktheinitialsteptowardreconciliation.两国向和解迈出了最初一步。8.initial existing or occurring at the beginning 最初，开始第19页E.g.1)manufacturingprocessesrequireaconsistentapproach.制造过程要求采取前后一致方法。2)Sheisaconsistentgirlinherfeeling.在感情方面她是个一直如一女孩。3)Whatyousayisnotconsistentwithwhatyoudo.你言行不一。9.consistent (of a person,behaviour,or process)unchanging in achievement or effect over a period of time（人，行为，过程）前后一致；一贯；坚持 第20页E.g.1)Lifeissocomplicated.生活是如此复杂。2)ThisisthemostcomplicatedcaseIhaveeverhandled.这是我所处理过最为复杂案子。3)Thisiswherethestorygetscomplicated.故事从这儿开始变得复杂。plicated difficult to understand or deal with,because many parts or details are involved 复杂；费解第21页E.g.1)Hehasbeeninvestigatedandfoundblameless.他已被调查,发觉并无罪过。2)Thepoliceareinvestigatingthemurder.警察在调查那起凶杀案件。3)Thepolicewerebaffled,andSherlockHolmeswascalledintoinvestigate警方被难住了,於是请福尔摩斯前来侦查.11.investigate carry out a systematic or formal inquiry to discover and examine the facts of(an incident,allegation,etc.)so as to establish the truth 研究；调查第22页E.g.1)Themoviewasquiteacomedownaftersomuchwait.等了这麽久,这个电影却非常令人失望2)Hisdefeatwasquiteacomedownforallofus.他失败令我们全体感到失。3)Itsabitofacomedowntoleaveschoolandthennotgetajob.毕业后找不到工作是件有点儿丢人事。edown a feeling of disappointment or depression 失望；沮丧 第23页第24页E.g.1）shemusttrytomakesenseofwhatwasgoingon.她必须尽可能弄懂正在发生一切。2）CanyoumakesenseofwhatIsaid?你能领会我说意思吗?3）Canyoumakesenseofthispoem?你看得懂这首诗吗?1.make sense of find meaning or coherence in 了解；弄懂 第25页E.g.1）Youneedtobookweeksinadvance.你需要提前几周预定。2）wewontdeliverunlessyoupayusinadvance除非你们先付款，不然我们不发货！3）Iliketomapoutthewholeweekinadvance我喜欢预先把整整一周事作出安排2.in advance ahead in time 预先，事先，提前 第26页E.g.1）Asetofsamplesisenclosedhere.随信附上一套样品。2）HismotherboughthimasetofnovelsofDickens.他母亲给他买了一套狄更斯小说。3）Whenhesmiledheexposedasetofperfectwhiteteeth.他笑时露出了一口漂亮白牙。3.a set of a group of similar things that belong together or are related in some way一套,一伙第27页E.g.1）Thebankhasbeeninterveninginforeignexchangemarkets.银行一直干预外汇市场。2）KennedysattempttointerveneintheaffairsofCubametwitharebuffatthebayofpigs肯尼迪干涉古巴事务企图在猪湾遭到挫败。3）Donotinterveneintheaffairsofanothercountry.不要干涉别国家事务。4.intervene in to become involved in an argument,fight,or other difficult situation in order to change what happens 在(方面)进行干预,调解第28页E.g.1）Herreplyisineffectanapology.她回复实际上是一个道歉。2）Althoughheisheremployer,shehasineffectfullcontrol.即使他是她雇主，但实际上是由她完全控制。3）HesaidhegraduatedfromOxford,whileineffect,heneverwenttocollege.他说他是牛津毕业,但实际上他从没上过大学。5.in effect used when you are describing what you see as the real facts of a situation 实际上第29页E.g.1）Uptonoweverythinghasbeensuccessful.到当前为止，一切都很顺利2）Uptonow,hehasnotbeenveryhard-working到当前为止，他一直不是很用功。3）Uptonow,wevereceivedtwentypapers到当前为止，我们已收到20篇论文。6.Up to now till now 到当前为止第30页第31页1.Just as an infinite tower of tortoises supporting the flat earth is such a picture,so is the theory of superstrings.so+系动词（助动词或情态动词）系动词（助动词或情态动词）+主语主语 意为“某人或某物也如此”，此结构表示前句叙述情况也一样适合后句人或物，相当于“主语+谓语动词+.too”。注意：此结构中主语须为与前句不一样人或物。E.g.1)He can swim in the river,and so can I.他能在河里游泳，我也能。2）He has been to Beijing three times,so have his parents.他去过北京三次，他父母亲也去过。第32页这么图像可能是如同无限乌龟塔一个支持平坦地球乌龟塔，也可能是超弦理论所展现一个图像。1.Just as an infinite tower of tortoises supporting the flat earth is such a picture,so is the theory of superstrings.译译 文文第33页fail to do sth.未能，不能到达在这里fail后面跟是不定式，主要是动词。E.g.1)Its not rare that some candidates for the university entrance examination get high marks but fail to be admitted to a university because they fill in the application form inappropriately.因为志愿填报不妥，高考生高分落榜现象并不鲜见。2）The species that fail to adjust to the changing conditions of existence will gradually become extinct.不能适应生存环境改变物种会逐步灭绝2.However,the tortoise theory fails to be a good scientific theory because it predicts that people should be able to fall off the edge of the world.译译 文文第34页试比较：试比较：fail in多翻译成多翻译成“不足或缺乏不足或缺乏”后加名词后加名词 E.g.1)He fails in courage.他不够勇敢。2）He is a clever man but fails in perseverance.他聪明，但缺乏毅力。第35页然而，龟理论作为一个好科学理论是不够格，因为它预言了人会从世界边缘掉下去。2.However,the tortoise theory fails to be a good scientific theory because it predicts that people should be able to fall off the edge of the world.译译 文文第36页3.that is,he suggested that there would be a set of laws that would determine the evolution of the universe precisely,given its configuration at one time.译译 文文 given 在这里不再动词过去式，而是一个介词表示：taking into account 假如考虑到E.g.1)Given that they are inexperienced,theyve done a good job.在缺乏经验情况下,他们这个工作已经算做得不错了。2）Given good health,i hope to finish the work this year.倘若身体情况良好，我希望年内完成这工作。第37页他提议：假如给定宇宙在某一时刻结构，由给定一组定律即能准确地决定宇宙演化。3.that is,he suggested that there would be a set of laws that would determine the evolution of the universe precisely,given its configuration at one time.译译 文文第38页第39页 空间与时间空间与时间史蒂芬霍金1我们发觉自己是处于一个迷惑世界中。我们要为自己在四面所看一切赋予意义并问道：什么是宇宙性质？我们在它之中位置怎样，以及宇宙和我们从何而来？为何它是现在这个样子？2我们采取某种“世界图”来试图回答这些问题。这么图像可能是如同无限乌龟塔一个支持平坦地球乌龟塔，也可能是超弦理论所展现一个图像。即使后者比前者更数学化、更准确，但二者都是宇宙理论。两个理论都缺乏观察证据：没人看到一个背负地球大龟，也没有些人看到超弦。然而，龟理论作为一个好科学理论是不够格，因为它预言了人会从世界边缘掉下去。除非发觉它能为听说在百慕达三角消失人提供解释，不然这个预言和经验不一致！第40页3最早先在理论上描述和解释宇宙企图牵涉到这么思想，事件或自然现象是由具备人类感情灵魂所控制，它们行为和人类非常相像，而且是不可预知。这些灵魂栖息在自然对象之中，诸如河流和高山，包含诸如太阳和月亮这么天体之中。人们必须对它们祈祷并提供供品，以确保土壤肥沃和四季改变。然而，一些规律逐步地被人们注意到：太阳总是东升西落，而不论是否用牺牲去对之进贡。更深入，人们已经能够能够相当准确地预测太阳、月亮和行星运行轨道了，而且这些天体正是沿着这些轨道穿越天穹。太阳、月亮依然还能够是神祗，只不过是服从严格定律神。假如你不将耶和华为约书亚停顿太阳运行之类神话当真，则这一切显然都是毫不例外。4首先，只有在天文学和一些其它情形下，这些规则和定律是显而易见。然而伴随文明发展，尤其是近3期间，越来越多规则和定律被发觉。这些定律成功，使得拉普拉斯在19世纪初主张科学宿命论。他提议：假如给定宇宙在某一时刻结构，由给定一组定律即能准确地决定宇宙演化。第41页5拉普拉斯宿命论在两个方面是不完整。它没讲定律应该怎样选择，也没指定宇宙初始结构。这些都留给了上帝。上帝会选择让宇宙怎样开始并要服从什么定律，不过一旦开始之后它将不再干涉。实际上，上帝是被限制于19世纪科学不能了解领域里。6实际上，我们已经重新将科学任务定义为发觉能使我们在由不确定性原理设定极限内预言事件定律。然而，还存在以下问题：宇宙定律和初始条件是怎样及为何选取？7有一次爱因斯坦就问道：“在制造宇宙时上帝有多少选择性？”假如无边界假设是正确，在选择初始条件上它就根本没有自由。当然，它仍有选择宇宙所服从定律自由。然而，实在并没有那么多选择性；很可能只有一个或数目极少完整统一理论，它是自治，而且允许复杂到像能研究宇宙定律和问询上帝本性人类那样结构存在。第42页8迄今，大部分科学家过多关注于发展描述宇宙为何物理论，以至于没工夫去过问为什么问题。而其次，却是以寻根究底为己任哲学家不能跟得上科学理论进步。在18世纪，哲学家将包括科学在内整个人类知识看成他们领域，并讨论诸如宇宙有无开初问题。然而，在19和20世纪，科学变得对哲学家，或者说对于除了少数专家以外任何人而言，过于技术性和数学化了。哲学家如此地缩小他们质疑范围，以至于连维特根斯坦这位本世纪最著名哲学家都说道：“哲学仅余下任务是语言分析。”这是从亚里士多德到康德以来哲学伟大传统何等堕落！9然而，如果我们确实发现了一套完整理论，它应该在一般原理上及时让全部人（而不仅仅是少数科学家）所理解。那时，我们全部人，包括哲学家、科学家以及普普通通人，都能参加为何我们和宇宙存在问题讨论。如果我们对此找到了答案，则将是人类理智最终极胜利因为那时我们读懂上帝心思了。第43页第44页Part IWarm-upI.1.CE2.F3.HD4.GJ5.B6.AI7.KII.Mythological FiguresBrahma(thecreatorgodinHinduism,梵天，印度教创造之神)Poseidon(thegodofthesea,希腊神话波塞冬)JesusChrist（耶稣）Ra(EgyptianMythology)thesungod,(埃及神话)太阳神)Zeus(GreekMythology)thesupremegod,(希腊神话)宙斯)第45页Allah(the name of God among Muslims(and Arab Christians)安拉，真主（穆斯林和阿拉伯基督徒主神）)Cupid (Roman Mythology)the god of love,(罗马神话)爱神丘比特)Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼Gaia (Greek Mythology)the Earth personified as a goddess,(希腊神话)大地女神盖亚)Scientists Newton牛顿Einstein爱因斯坦 Galileo伽利略 Halley哈雷 Ptolemy托勒密 Laplace拉普拉斯CurieMarie 居里夫人 Kepler 开普勒 Hubble哈勃，美国天文学家Copernicus哥白尼第46页Part IReading comprehensionIDBACDII(1)displayed(2)permanent(3)infinite(4)superstring(5)determinism(6)incomplete(7)observational(8)choice(9)comedown(10)discountsVocabularyIBCDABCACAD第47页II1.bewildering2.fertility3.confined4.infinite5.rotation6.unified7.observational8.initial9.discounted10.postulatesTranslationBothAristotleandNewtonbelievedinabsolutetime.Thatis,theybelievedthatonecouldunambiguouslymeasuretheintervaloftimebetweentwoevents,andthatthistimewouldbethesamewhoevermeasuredit,providedtheyusedagoodclock.Timewascompletelyseparatefromandindependentofspace.This is what most people would take to be thecommonsense view.However,we have had to change ourideas about space and time.Although our apparentlycommonsensenotionsworkwellwhendealingwiththingslikeapples,orplanetsthattravelcomparativelyslowly,theydontworkatallforthingsmovingatornearthespeedoflight.第48页1.ItwasbecausethebiggestearthquakeintwocenturieshitthisimpoverishedCaribbeannationthatcountriesaroundtheworldscrambledtooffertheirhelp.2.ItwasfromApriltomid-Novemberthatapproximately47millionAmericansweresickenedwithswineflu.3.ItwastheSanlumilkscandalthatpromptedauthoritiestorevisefoodsafetylawsandpledgemoretransparency.4.ItwasthankstotheenthusiasmofhugenumberofChinesemoviefansthattheboxofficesacrossthecountryhavegonebeyond100millionyuan.5.Itwastomyownmeasurethatthetailormadeasuit.第49页6.It was not until that automobile sales in China raced past the US market for the first time to take the top spot.7.What lessons under the sun does the film hold for people in China facing eviction?8.The double hijacking shows that Somali piracy does remain a problem.9.Regular workouts do help fight off flu,reduce the risk of certain cancers and chronic diseases and slow the process of aging.10.Though it has long been known that radiation increases a persons chance of getting cancer,the exact risk of these scans wasnt clear at all.第50页1.Eighthourssleepmustbeguaranteed2.Youreforgettingtheoldsaying:oneisnevertoooldtolearn.Inanycase,yourenotoldatall.3.Hiddenundergroundisawealthofgold,silver,copper,leadandzinc.4.Youcantgainknowledgewithoutpractice.Wisdomcomesfromexperience.5.Intheteahousesonecouldhearthemostabsurdstories,suchashowinacertainplaceahugespiderhadturnedintoademonandwasthenstruckbylightening.第51页