大学国际商务复习资料.doc

名词解释
1. command economy：In a pure command economy,the government plans the goods and services that a country produces,the quantity in which they are produced,and the prices at which they are sold.
2. Mixed economy:In a mixed economy,certain sectors of the economy are left to private ownership and free market mechanisms while other sectors have significant state ownership and government planning.
3. Culture:a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living.
4. Values:abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good,right,and desirable.Put differently,values are shared assumptions about how things ought to be.
5. Norms:the social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations.
6. Mores:mores are norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life.
7. Organization culture:refers to the values and norms that employees of an organization share.
8. Culture relativism:which is the belief that ethics are nothing more than the reflection of a culture---all ethics are culturally determined---and that accordingly,a firm should adopt the ethics of the culture in which it is operating.
9. Core compete:refers to skills within the firm that competitors cannot easily match or imitate.
10. Learning effects:refer to cost savings that come from learning by doing.
11. Turnkey project:the contractor agrees to handle every detail of the project for a foreign client,including the training of operating personnel.
12. Licensing agreement:is an arrangement whereby a licensor grants the rights to intangible property to another entity(the licensee)for a specified period,and in return,the licensor receives a royalty fee from the licensee.
13. Greenfield ventures:a firm can establish a wholly owned subsidiary in a country by building a subsidiary from the ground up
判断
1.Globalization has several facets,including the globalization of markets and the globalization of production.
2.In a pure command economy,the government plans the goods and services that a country produces,the quantity in which they are produced,and the prices at which they are sold.
3.A civil law system is based on a detailed set of laws organized into codes.
4.Norms are the social rules that govern people’s actions toward one or another.Norms can be subdivided further into two major categories:folkways and mores.Folkways are the routine conventions of everyday life.
5.Christianity is the most widely practiced religion in the world.
6.Hinduism has approximately 750 million adherents, most of them on the Indian subcontinent.
7.Justice theories focus on the attainment of a just distribution of economic goods and services.
8.Adam Smith attacked the mercantilist assumption that trade is a zero-sum game.
9.Firms that compete in the global marketplace typically face two types of competitive pressure,they face pressure for cost reductions and pressure to be locally responsive.
10.The firm that enters into a turnkey deal will have no long-term interest in the foreign country.
11.Instead,the franchisee typically assumes those and risks.This creates a good incentive for the franchisee to build a profitable operation as quickly as possible.
12.Common law is based on tradition,precedent,and custom.
13.This gives a common law system a degree of flexibility that other systems lack.
选择题
1. The role of technological change:
(1).Microprocessors and telecommunications
(2).The internet and world wide web
(3).Transportation technology
2. There are three main types of legal systems ——or legal traditions——in use around the world:common law,civil law,and theocratic law(宗教法).
3. Several sociologists have argued that of the main branches of Christianity----Catholic,Orthodox,and Protestant(新教)---the latter has the most important economic implications.新教对资本主义的产生具有非常重要的意义。
4. This basic thesis is that Confucian ethics may help explain the economic success of China,Japan,and south Korea because it lowers the cost of doing business in those countries.In this regard,three values central to the Confucian system of ethics are of particular interest:loyalty（忠诚）,reciprocal obligations（互惠）,and honesty（诚实） in dealings with others.
5. Straw men争议的观点包含哪些：the friedman doctrine,culture relativism,the righteous moralist正义的道德说教者，the naive immoralist.
6. For porter,the essential task was to explain why a nation achieves international success in a particular industry.
7. FDI给东道国的好处host-country benefits:(1)resource-transfer effects(2)employment effects(3)balance-of-payments effects(4)effect on competition and economic growth
8. FDI给东道国的负面影响costs:(1)adverse effects on competition(2)adverse effects on the balance of payments(3)national sovereignty and autonomy
9. Pressure for local responsiveness:(1)differences in customer tastes and preferences(2)differences in infrastructure and traditional practices(3)differences in distribution channels(4)host-government demands
10. The advantages of exporting:(1)avoids the often substantial costs of establishing manufacturing operation in the host country.(2)may help a firm achieve experience curve and location economies
11. The disadvantages of exporting:(1)lower cost locations for manufacturing the product.(2)high transportation costs.(3)tariff barriers.
12. Joint ventures advantages:(1)benefit from a local partner’s knowledge(2)sharing these costs and or risks with a local partner.(3)political considerations make joint ventures the only feasible entry mode.
13. technological factors:(1)fixed costs,(2)minimum efficient scale,(3)flexible manufacturing and mass customization
14. The advantages of make:(1)lowering costs(2)facilitating specialized investments(3)protecting proprietary product technology(4)improving scheduling
15. The advantages of buy:(1)strategic flexibility(2)lower costs(3)offsets

简答
1. The Globalization debate:
(1) Globalization,jobs,and income.
(2) Globalization,labor policies,and the environment
(3) Globalization and national sovereignty
(4) Globalization and the world’s poor.
2. The roots of unethical behavior:
(1)personal ethics(2)decision-making processes决策过程(3)organization culture企业文化(4)unrealistic performance expectations不实际的行为期望(5)leadership领导力(6)societal culture社会文化
petitive advantage attributes:(1)factor endowments,(2)demand conditions,(3)relating and supporting industries,(4)firm strategy,structure,and rivalry.
4.Entry modes:(1)exporting(2)turnkey projects交钥匙工程(3)licensing(4)franchising特许经营(5)joint ventures合资（6）wholly owned subsidiaries独资
5.where to produce:(1)country factors(2)technological factors:fixed costs,minimum efficient scale,flexible manufacturing and mass customization(3)product factors(4)locating production facilities
论述
1. Culture and the workplace从五个方面比较各国文化有哪些不同，这些不同会给各国的国际 商务带来哪些影响P71
(1) power distance
(2) Individualism versus collectivism
(3) Uncertainty avoidance
(4) Masculinity versus femininity
(5) Confucian dynamism(long-term orientation长期导向)
2. 怎样避免伦理道德问题
(1) favor hiring and promoting people with a well-grounded sense of personal ethics
(2) Build an organizational culture that places a high value on ethical behavior
(3) Make sure that leaders within the business not only articulate the rhetoric of ethical behavior but also act in manner that is consistent with that rhetoric
(4) Put decision-making processes in place that require people to consider the ethical dimension of business decisions.
(5) Develop moral courage.
3. 为什么企业会选择FDI?书P158
A. 因为出口和许可证的局限性：(1)limitation of exporting:①when transportation costs are added to production costs,it becomes unprofitable to ship some products over a large distance.②some firms undertake foreign direct investment as a response to actual or threatened trade barriers such as import tariffs or quotas.(2)limitation of licensing:①licensing may result in a firm’s giving away valuable technological know-how to a potential foreign competitor②licensing does not give a firm the tight control over manufacturing,marketing,and strategy in a foreign country that may be required to maximize its profitability.③such capabilities are often not amenable to licensing.
B. FDI的优点:it follows that a firm will favor foreign direct investment over exporting as an entry strategy when transportation costs or trade barriers make exporting unattractive.

4. 跨国公司获利的四个途径：书P270
（1）location economies
（2）experience effects
（3）leveraging subsidiary skills
（4）global expansion issues
5.choosing a strategy:P279figure12.7