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1、介入放射学杂志2023年4月第32卷第4期J Intervent Radiol 2023,Vol32,No4颈动脉支架植入术(carotid artery stenting,CAS)具有禁忌证少、术后恢复快、效果确切等优点,广泛应用于治疗颈动脉狭窄。该术式并发症之一支架内再狭窄(in-stent restenosis,ISR)发生率较高,且会增加患者复发性脑卒中风险。本文就CAS选择及ISR发病机制、影响因素、治疗方法等研究进展作一简要综述。1颈动脉狭窄流行病学和病因近期柳叶刀子刊一大型Meta分析表明,全球(包括中国)3079岁人群中颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度增加(1.0 mm)的人群约占27.6

2、%,颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度增加预示斑块形成,而颈动脉斑块发生率约为21.1%,颈动脉狭窄约为1.5%,这一数据在男性中为1.8%,女性为1.2%1。随着年龄增长,颈动脉斑块和颈动脉狭窄发生率持续增加,男性同期总是高于女性;90%以上颈动脉狭窄是动脉粥样硬化斑块所致;动脉粥样硬化是一慢性炎症过程,慢性炎症刺激会引起血管狭窄,甚至闭塞,导致颅内缺血、梗塞,不稳定性动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂会触发血小板活化和血栓形成,也可引起脑血管缺血和梗死2。多项研究表明,缺血性脑卒中15%25%与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块所致狭窄有关,通常发生于颈总动脉分叉处,即颈内动脉起始段3-6。2粥样硬化所致颈动脉狭窄2.1狭窄测量和分

3、级粥样硬化所致颈动脉狭窄测量和分级在不同指南中存有差异,临床广泛接受的是欧洲颈动脉外科试验(ECST)7和北美症状性颈动脉内膜切除试验(NASCET)8研究中所制定的测量方法和分级标准,其中NASCET方法和标准应用较普遍,其测量方法是在患者DSA图上测量最大狭窄点和颈内动脉正常部位管腔直径,并通过测得值比值确定狭窄【摘要】颈动脉支架内再狭窄(ISR)是颈动脉支架植入术(CAS)后远期并发症,发生率较高,严重影响患者预后。ISR发生与多种因素有关。本文在国内外研究基础上,对CAS术选择、ISR发病机制、危险因素、治疗选择及其研究进展作一综述。【关键词】颈动脉狭窄;颈动脉支架植入术;支架内再狭窄

4、;血管内治疗中图分类号:R743.3文献标志码:A文章编号:1008-794X(2023)-04-0396-04Research progress in carotid artery in-stent restenosisLIANG Guangcai,HUANG Shan,SHI Lei,DENG Gang.Department of Intervention and Vascular Surgery,Affiliated Zhongda Hospital,MedicalSchool,Southeast University,Nanjing,Jiangsu Province 210009,Ch

5、inaCorresponding author:DENG Gang,E-mail:【Abstract】Carotid artery in-stent restenosis(ISR)is a long-term complication after carotid artery stenting(CAS),which can seriously affect the patients prognosis,and clinically its incidence is high.The occurrenceof ISR is associated to multiple factors.Based

6、 on the domestic and foreign researches,this paper aims to makea comprehensive review about ISR,focusing on the selection of CAS,pathogenesis,risk factors,treatmentselection and its recent research progress.(J Intervent Radiol,2023,32:396-399)【Key words】carotid stenosis;carotid artery stenting;in-st

7、ent restenosis;endovascular treatment颈动脉支架内再狭窄研究进展梁广财,黄珊,施磊,邓钢DOI:103969jissn1008794X202304019作者单位:210009江苏南京东南大学医学院、东南大学附属中大医院介入与血管外科通信作者:邓钢E-mail: 综述General review 396介入放射学杂志2023年4月第32卷第4期J Intervent Radiol 2023,Vol32,No4占比,定义狭窄率0%29%为轻度狭窄、30%69%为中度狭窄、70%99%为重度狭窄。2.2治疗选择粥样硬化所致颈动脉狭窄治疗包括最佳治疗(使用适当药物、

8、控制危险因素和调整生活方式)、颈动脉内膜剥脱术(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)及血管内治疗,均旨在降低缺血性脑卒中风险、改善脑缺血症状和预后。根据欧洲血管外科学会(ESVS)2021年版颈动脉狭窄治疗指南,药物治疗和改变生活方式是颈动脉狭窄治疗基石,对狭窄程度60%无症状患者应首先予内科药物治疗并控制危险因素,再基于危险分层确定是否需行CEA或血管内治疗;狭窄程度60%99%无症状患者脑卒中风险大大增加,推荐行CEA术;对狭窄程度70%99%有症状患者推荐行CEA术;对狭窄程度50%69%患者,尤其是50%、年龄70岁有症状患者,也可考虑行CAS术9。然而,颈动脉狭窄C

9、EA术应用常受限于患者同时存在多种基础疾病、血管解剖不利(颈动脉迂曲、术区显露困难等)及可能发生相关并发症等。随着近年神经介入技术、硬件设备、支架材料研究发展,SAPPHIRE、CREST、ACT-1及ACST-2等多项大数据临床试验研究均表明,有症状或无症状颈动脉狭窄患者CAS术和CEA术后脑卒中、心肌梗死,甚至死亡等主要安全性结局风险比较差异均无统计学意义,围手术期CAS术脑卒中风险较高,CEA术心肌梗死风险较高10-13。由于手术创伤较小、卧床时间和住院周期较短、患者满意度较高,CAS术临床应用越来越广泛。3CAS术后ISR3.1发病率CAS术后ISR使患者面临复发性脑卒中和神经系统疾病

10、风险。研究表明,CAS术后ISR(50%)患者6年累积发生同侧复发性脑卒中风险为12.0%,而未发生ISR患者为8.1%14-15。多项大型研究报道CAS术后ISR发生率为2.7%40.7%,其中ICSS研究表明术后5年累积复发性脑卒中风险在中度ISR(50%)患者为40.7%,重度ISR(70%)为10.6%14-21。CAS术后6个月内ISR患者发生短暂或永久性同侧眼部或脑部缺血事件则表明有症状10,15,22-23。3.2发生机制ISR发生机制比较复杂,大部分学说支持其由内膜增生(内皮损伤后引起内膜反应性增厚)和动脉重塑(血管管径大小改变)导致,其中新生内膜是其基本变化24。进一步研究认

11、为,内膜增生与血管重塑间可能存在相关性,即血管扩张可能是对内膜增生的适应性反应(血管补偿由内膜增厚产生的管腔狭窄)25。CAS术后对血管内皮产生一定损伤并通过炎性介质触发内膜增生,随着时间进展,血小板聚集、炎性细胞浸润、生长因子释放以及平滑肌细胞和细胞外基质积累构成了ISR成熟斑块的主要成分26。同时,许多研究在分子机制上阐述ISR相关因素,如细胞外基质中胶原蛋白积累及调节因子26、miRNA-501-5p分子介导的血管平滑肌细胞表型27、干扰素-受体28、RNA某些基因(CYP7A1、CDK4)等表达,均与ISR相关29。有研究认为,CAS术后局部血流动力学因素改变等均与ISR相关30。IS

12、R早期主要表现为动脉内膜新生,这是一种偏良性ISR,多在CAS术后2年内发生,远期主要表现为动脉粥样硬化,是粥样硬化斑块持续进展的缘故26。3.3危险因素许多研究报道与ISR相关的危险因素,主要包括女性、高龄、糖尿病、血脂异常、吸烟、高血压、肥胖、初始狭窄严重程度、残余狭窄程度、斑块钙化、斑块长度、支架长度和直径、用药情况等7-8,14,19,21。3.4治疗选择现今针对ISR主要有最佳药物治疗(best medicaltreatment,BMT)、血管内治疗及外科手术。单纯BMT主要包括抗血小板、他汀降脂类等药物治疗。研究表明,BMT对于大多数ISR患者有效,可降低早期复发性脑卒中风险,但对

13、于部分患者效果不佳,可能需要更积极治疗31。2018年ESVS指南推荐应用与原发性动脉粥样硬化狭窄症状患者相同标准治疗CAS术后无症状ISR患者,且2021年最新版指南并未对此更新:若药物治疗无效甚至ISR进展,可考虑再行CEA或CAS治疗;若出现同侧颈动脉症状且狭窄程度为50%99%,则应在14 d内再行CEA或CAS治疗32。有研究纳入35项CAS术后ISR治疗文献共1 359例患者,结果显示66.3%患者再行CAS(rCAS)治疗,其次为再行经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)(17.5%)、CEA(14.3%)、颈动脉旁路移植术(1.5%)及外照射放疗(0.4%);再行PTA、rCAS、CEA

14、治疗后脑卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)发生率相似,分别为1.1%、1.1%、1.5%,差异无统计学意义,术后死亡率CEA(2.5%)略高于rCAS(0.7%),差异无统计学意义;结论认为rCAS是ISR最常用治疗方法,术后及远期风险低,CEA为rCAS重要替代方案,不推荐PTA33。另一Meta分析纳入11项研究共397介入放射学杂志2023年4月第32卷第4期J Intervent Radiol 2023,Vol32,No41 057例ISR患者,结果显示rCAS术安全有效,较常应用于治疗原发性CAS术后严重或症状性ISR患者,其近期和中期脑卒中、死亡及手术相关并发症结局相似34。单纯PT

15、A效果持续短,再狭窄风险较高,这是因为球囊扩张挤压斑块的同时有可能引起血管壁受损,内膜-中膜撕裂造成管腔局限性扩大,血流灌注虽得到恢复,但纤维组织修复内膜-中膜增生同样可能再次引起狭窄。许多研究显示,药物洗脱球囊(DEB)治疗具有较好的安全性和可行性,中远期疗效良好35-40,紫杉醇为常用涂层药物。本中心近两年多次应用DEB治疗颈动脉狭窄及ISR,预期疗效较常规PTA优越。有研究报道应用切割球囊血管成形术(CB-PTA)治疗ISR长期随访患者,结果显示治疗安全有效,远期通畅率较好39-40。此外,有研究报道采用药物洗脱支架(DES)植入术治疗ISR,结果显示通畅性较好,但也出现急性支架内血栓形

16、成,原因可能是DES阻止平滑肌细胞增殖,但同时阻止血管内皮细胞增殖,导致内皮细胞无法及时修复覆盖管腔,引起持续性炎性反应41。有研究报道采用DES植入术治疗7例ISR患者,17个月随访中有5例未发生再狭窄,2例发生动脉闭塞42。目前DES植入术在冠状动脉、外周动脉ISR应用较多,但在颈动脉ISR应用仍较少,使用药物除了常规紫杉醇和西罗莫司外,还有部分新型药物如三氧化二砷43-44、靶向Sp-1蛋白45、RhoA抑制剂46等,均通过YAP信号传导通路增强血管平滑肌细胞作用、抑制ISR,相关动物实验在持续进行。4展望PTA和rCAS是目前治疗ISR最常用方法,DEB和DES远期通畅性和安全性尚待更

17、多样本研究结果加以验证。密网支架、双层支架、生物可降解支架、新型金属合金支架和放射性支架等正在兴起,已在颈动脉狭窄及ISR患者中得到进一步研究和应用,其安全性和远期通畅性有待进一步观察47-50。参 考 文 献1Song P,Fang Z,Wang H,et al.Global and regional prevalence,burden,and risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis:a systematicreview,meta-analysis,and modelling studyJ.Lancet Glob Health,2020,8:e721

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