2016高考英语全攻略阅读理解有解析.docx

高考英语之阅读理解全攻略 通过认真研读2016-2018年全国新课标卷的阅读理解部分，笔者总结了关于此题型的4个考点，分别为主旨题、细节题、词义题、推理题, 在下面的篇幅中，笔者会针对这4个考点逐一进行深入分析，帮助广大考生更好地理解和掌握此类题型。 （一） 主旨题 解题技巧和规律 1、把握文章逻辑结构 把握文章逻辑结构对于做主旨题很有帮助，因为文章主题出现的位置对应于文章逻辑结构中的一个部分。高考阅读理解文章的主要逻辑结构有： 1)时间顺序。按时间先后说明某一理论的发展，或某一研究成果由过去至现在的情况。属于这种结构的主题通常在首段或末段。 2)一般 。首段做总的说明，其他段落分别说明或具体论述首段的观点。属于这种结构的文章主题在首段。 3) 具体 前面几段分别说明，末段总结。主题在末段。 4) 对比 进行对比的各事物之间的基本共同点或差异为主 题。 5) 分类 分类说明的各大项相加为主题。2、抓主题句 主题句表达中心思想，其它句子均围绕它进行说明或议论。它在 文章中的通常位置为第一段首句、第一段末句和全文末句等地方。所 以阅读时对这些地方要特别关注。 3、概括段落大意 4、根据论述详略确定 通常与主题有关的部分有较详尽的论述，而与主题关系不够密切的部分论述较简略。 主旨题除了上述形式之外，还有如下变体： 1、标题 问标题的题也是一种主旨题，与主旨题的解题主法和技巧完全一样。二者的差别主要体现于选项的形式：主旨题的答案通常以一句话表示，而问标题的答案大多为一个名词词组。此外，标题必须反映文章的中心大意，而且只能反映文章的中心大意。这就要求选项的归纳范围要恰如其分，既不能只提及文中的一个细节，也不能将本文以外的内容概括于其中。 2、写作目的 写作目的与文章主题不同，但与它关系密切，所以也可以算作主旨题的一种变全体。二者的异同可以从下面的对比中看出：文章主旨问中心思想、文章大意，而写作目的则阐述文章为何表达这个中心思想，等于文章大意论述方法(或作者口吻)。文章大意可以根据前面所述的方法找到。至于论述方法，可以根据高考阅读理解的主体文章确定一些。 advice(建议，劝告) argue for(论证)，argue against(驳斥)(这两种答案仅适用于议论文体裁) convice(说明) present(阐述) propose(建设) warn(警告) 既然全文的写作目的与文章的主旨密切相关，那么段落的写作目的也与段落的大意密切相关，只有反映了段落大意的答案才是段落的写作目的。 3、作者态度 解作者态度(attitude)或语气(tone)题，关键在于把握作者对全文主体事物(与主题有关)或某一具全事物的态度。表达作者态度褒义、中性和贬义的手段主要有1)加入形容词定语；2)加入副词状语；3)特殊动词。英语中有些动词也表明说话者的正负态度，如：fail(未能)、ignore(忽视)、overestimate(估计过高)等动词表示一种负态度。由上可知，确定作者态度，可以有两种思路：问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。（二） 细节题 解题技巧和规律 1、是非题 出题形式： 三正一误(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)： which of the following is true except? which of the following is mentioned except 三误一正(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)： which of the following is true? 解题方法： 1)定位法 根据题干或选项中的线索词回原文，找到相关句，与选项相比较确定答案。 2)固定思路 这种做题方法主要与三正一误的下列问法相联系： which of the following mentioned except which of the following is not mentioned? 这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段，而且往往无列举标志词，如first，second，third等。做题时只需阅读有关段落，根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确先项，剩下一个原文中未提到的，为正确答案。2、例证题 例子为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一，这类题的基本结构为the author provides in line(或paragraph)an example in order to意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。高考阅读理解文章如果是说明文和议论文，文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置，但不管如何，这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话，这句话就是答案，即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关，则例证主题，答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关，就例证段落主题，则答案为段落主题句；此外，答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。 3、其他形式的具体题 1)定义 定义可以分为两种： a.与主题有关的篇章定义，理解它有助于做主旨题。 b.具体定义对中某个现象或术语加以定义，有时成为词义题的考 试内容。 2)年代与数字 这个考点有几种出题方式，但不管以何种形式出现，只要题干问年代与数字，答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。 3)比较 比较考点的表现形式主要有： a.比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构； b.表示绝对意义的字眼： first(第一)，least(最不)，uttermost(最)等； c.表示惟一性的词汇：only,unique等； 阅读最最好能圈草表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇，便于做题对回原文定位。 4)原因 这种题的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示：1)表示因果关系的名词：result,reason;2)表示因果关系的动词：result in(结果)，result from(由于，由)，baseon(以为基础)，be due to (由于)；3)表示因果关系的连词或介词：because,for,why;4)表示因果关系的副词；as a result,consequently等，阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。 除了上述原文有因果关系提示词的显性原因考点之外，隐性原因(两个句子之间为因果关系，但无有关提示词)也是常见考点。不管是显性原因考点，还是隐性原因考点，原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因，后说结果，而在题干中通常给出结果，就其原因提问。 （三） 词义题 解题技巧和规律 1、破解词汇本身的意义 如何破解词本身的意义呢?方法之一是掌握构词法的基本知识。不仅平时可以用这个方法记忆大纲中的词汇，考试时也可以用这个方法推测词汇意义。假如对英语词汇中包含的前缀、后缀和词根的含义或功能比较了解，就能较准确地推测出它们相互组合形成的整体词义。 2、利用一下文线索 除了以构词法破解词汇的意义以外，做词义题用得更多的方法是根据上下文所提供的线索词义。这里的上下文指该词所在的句子本身，也包括这个句子的上下句或更远的上下文。一般而言，上下文线索所提示的意义与所考词汇的关系要么为同义关系，要么为反义关系。假如二者为同义关系，那么所考词汇的意思就是线索提示词的意思；假如二者为反义关系，所考词汇的意思就是线索提示词的反义。 3、利用语法和逻辑 有时根据上下文提代的线索或者其他方法，仍然不能得到唯一答案，就可以利用语法和逻辑方面的规则来判断，符合语法和逻辑规则的可能为正确答案，反之则不是正确答案。 4、指代题 指代题作为词义题的一种，也是常见题型之一。解这类题，要注意代词批代总的原则就近指代：代词指代在性(阴性或阳性)、数(单数或复数)、格(主格或宾格)、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就位置而言，如上所述，代词所指代的名词通常在本句或其上句之中；就数而言，单数代词指代单数名词，复数代词指代复数名词，例如：it 指代单数名词(单数可数名词或不可数名词)，也可指代一个句子；they指代复数名词主格；them指代复数名词宾格；one指代单可数名词等。除了位置、性、数和格等方面的要求外，逻辑和意义也是衡量的标准，也就是说，正确的答案应该从意义(主要指语法搭配)上和逻辑(主要指思想内容)上而言都通顺。 （四）推理题 解题技巧和规律 推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。小试身手： A 5 startling statistics about rhinos 1. Rhinos have been on Earth for around 50 million years. In that time, species in the rhino family have roamed across not only Africa and Asia but also Europe and North America. There was even a rhino species we dubbed the Giant Unicorn, which grew up to 20 feet in length and had a horn that reached 7 feet long! 2. Some 500,000 rhinos could be found across Asia and Africa just one century ago. But since the beginning of the 20th century, their numbers have fallen precipitously. There were just 70,000 by 1970 and a mere 29,000 in the wild today. 3. The price for rhino horn is extremely high so high, in fact, that Save the Rhino asks journalists not to publicize it. Although the price is widely reported anyway, many conservationists worry this publicity can encourage more criminals to enter the rhino-horn trade and stimulate more consumer demand. And regardless of the specific price for a kilogram of rhino horn, its worth noting that all this fuss is about keratin a product thats the exact same material as horse hooves, cockatoo beaks, and even our hair and fingernails. Yes, you can get the basically the same thing for free every time you trim your nails or get a hair cut. Why the high price? Primarily rhino horn is used in traditional Chinese medicine, however theres no scientific proof that rhino horn has any medicinal value. According to PBS: Overall there isnt much evidence to support the plethora of claims about the healing properties of the horns. In 1990, researchers at Chinese University in Hong Kong found that large doses of rhino horn extract could slightly lower fever in rats (as could extracts from Saiga antelope and water buffalo horn), but the concentration of horn given by a traditional Chinese medicine specialist are many, many times lower than used in those experiments. In short, says Amin, youd do just as well chewing on your fingernails. 4. If poaching levels continue as they are going, wild rhinos could disappear within the next 20 years. This would be not only a devastating blow to the world as a whole, but also to many national economies, which could continue to make money from rhinos through eco-tourism and photo safaris. Rhinos, like so many big fauna, are worth far more alive than dead over the course of their long lifetimes, both through the ecological benefits they provide to their habitats as well as through the thousands upon thousands of dollars tourists are willing to pay to see a rhino grazing peacefully in the wild. 5. South Africa is home to 74 percent of the continents remaining rhino population, according to Stop Rhino Poaching, yet more than 6,100 rhinos have been poached in that country in the last nine years. This poaching is by no means isolated to South Africa; rhino poaching is surging across the entire African continent, and is a constant threat to the smaller rhino populations in Asia, according to Save the Rhino. Other rhino states do not regularly publish poaching statistics, however updates are available in news reports and press releases. 21. According to paragraph 1, what can we infer about the Giant Unicorn ? A. It belonged to rhino species, whose size was extremely large. B. It was a kind of species similar to rhino species. C. It belonged to rhino species, whose size was the largest among rhino species. D. It was a common rhino species. 22. From what time have the numbers of rhinos dropped dramatically ? A. Not mentioned B. One century ago C. From the start of the 20th century D. At the end of the 20th century 23. What is the passage mainly about ? A. Some figures about rhinos. B. The dangers rhinos were faced with C. The ways to protect rhinos D. The alarming figures about rhinos and their current situation B In the food industry right now there are a lot of words being thrown around like GMO, organic, natural, fresh or local. But do all of these words really mean better for you? I recently saw a green Diet Coke can and above it the word “organic” in italicized cursive letters. Is this supposed to mean it is better for you than regular Diet Coke? Does it mean that the ingredients in it are less likely to be processed and possibly affect your health? Probably not. The proof lies in the pudding when it comes to foods that are good for your health. As a Registered Dietitian, I encourage my patients to focus on “whole foods” that are nutrient dense rather than “processed foods” that are energy dense. What is the difference between the two? Well, nutrient dense foods provide nutrients for your body such as fiber, vitamins and minerals with low added sugar and fat, while energy dense foods, or high calorie foods, provide many calories with little value to your body. A whole food would be considered, ideally, as a food with only one ingredient i.e. corn on the cob, apple, chicken or a cucumber. These foods will assist you in reducing your cholesterol, regulating your blood sugars and reducing risk for diabetes while also assisting you in maintaining your weight. A processed food is any food with more than one ingredient, and food companies typically add additional sugars, preservatives, dyes and “bad” fats such as saturated and trans fats. A perfect example would be a baked potato (one ingredient) compared to instant mashed potatoes. The ingredients list on the Hungry Jack instant mashed potatoes include: POTATO FLAKES (SODIUM BISULFITE, BHA AND CITRIC ACID ADDED TO PROTECT COLOR AND FLAVOR), CONTAINS 2% OR LESS OF: MONOGLYCERIDES, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL, NATURAL FLAVOR, SODIUM ACID PYROPHOSPHATE, BUTTEROIL. (Note: hydrogenated oil is trans fat, which is directly linked to heart disease and plaque build up.) It makes you wonder, with all of these added ingredients and chemicals and altering of oils, is this a real food? Heres how to incorporate whole foods into your daily routine: Buy seasonal food directly from a local farmer at a farmers market or through a CSA Shop around the perimeter of the grocery store thats where all the whole foods are! Avoid the aisles as that is where the processed foods are located. Make a grocery list that takes you around the outside of the store fruits and vegetables, low-fat meat and low-fat dairy and includes just 1-2 aisles per trip. See below for foods to look for at the grocery store, and foods to avoid: Fruits and Vegetables Whole foods: fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, frozen vegetables, frozen fruits, unsalted nuts Processed foods to avoid: fruit or vegetable juices, fruits canned in heavy syrup, fruit snacks/fruit roll ups, veggie or potato chips, salted/seasoned nuts Meats Whole foods: fresh lean meats, fresh fish/shellfish, eggs Processed foods to avoid: bacon, sausage, chicken fingers, fish sticks, hot dogs, deli meats, potted meats and spam Dairy Whole foods: low-fat milk (skim or 1%), plain yogurt, low-fat cheese and cottage cheese Processed foods to avoid: ice cream bars, processed cheese such as Velveeta, sweetened yogurt/parfaits Fill half your plate with fruits and vegetables! Check out choosemyplate.gov for recipe ideas and tips for healthy eating. Last but not least, garden! Try growing your own fruits, vegetables and herbs at home. Check out your local cooperative extension for landscape, garden and indoor plant information and find a Master Gardener in your area. Happy gardening to my fellow gardeners out there and wishes for a healthy summer! 24. How does the writer feel about the words like GMO, organic, natural, fresh or local ? A. Not mentioned B. Trustworthy C. Doubtful D. Common 25. According to paragraph 2, which kind of foods can provide more value for you, whole foods or processed foods ? A. whole foods B. processsed foods C. Neither of them D. Both of them 26. What effect does the whole foods have on your body ? A. Increasing your cholesterol B. Affecting your blood sugars negatively C. Increasing risk for diabetes D. Keeping your weight stable 27. What does the underlined word “ incorporatemean ? A. Bring B. Take C. Break D. Include C Weve all seen movies in which a character has a retinal scan to prove his or her identity before walking into a top-secret installation. Thats an example of a biometric system. In general, biometrics is a collection of measures of human physiology and behavior. A biometric system could scan a persons fingerprint or analyze the way he or she types on a keyboard. The purpose of most biometric systems is to authenticate a persons claimed identity. Biometrics tend to be more convenient than other methods of identity authentication. You might forget your ID at home when you head out the door, but youll still be able to use biometric devices. Imagine verifying your identity while at the store by swiping your finger across a sensor. But along with convenience and security comes a concern for privacy. For biometrics to work, there needs to be a database containing the relevant information for each individual authorized by the system. For example, at that top-secret installation, every employees biometric signature would have to be recorded so that the scanners could verify each persons identity. This might not present much of a problem on its own. If the only data the system stores relates to the actual biometric measurements, privacy violations are at a minimum. But by their very nature, biometric systems collect more information than just the users fingerprints, retinal patterns or other biometric data. At a basic level, most systems will record when and where a person is at the time of a scan. You might think of fingerprint or retinal scanners when you hear the word biometrics, but the term has a broader definition. Facial recognition technology falls into the biometric category. There are already several cameras on the market that can detect faces. A few are able to recognize and remember a group of faces. You just take a picture of a friend, tag the photo and the camera will automatically tag any future photos of that friend. Its both cool and creepy. Imagine using this technology in public places to identify the people passing through. For example, a major city might install cameras at high-traffic areas to scan for terrorists or identify criminals. While the motivation for using that technology might be pure, it creates difficult privacy issues. The city would have a record of everyone who passed through that neighborhood. The technology treats everyone as a suspect as if its only a matter of time before each of us commits a crime. And what happens if the technology makes a mistake and misidentifies someone? Weather conditions, clothing, hairstyles and even the cleanliness of the lens could affect the ability of the camera to identify people. Critics might ask: Why install a system thats unreliable? What happens if a person suffers an illness or injury that changes his or her appearance? Such a change could present problems with biometrics. Adjusting the biometric system to accommodate the change could also result in a violation of the users privacy. The system administrator now knows more details about the user. A society with pervasive biometric systems would make anonymity a virtual impossibility. Should that society become oppressive or otherwise abusive to the population, the citizens would have few opportunities to react without revealing their own identities. Groups like