1、16种时态普通进行完毕完毕进行当前write writesamis writingarehas writtenhavehas been writinghave过去wrotewas writingwere had writtenhad been writing将来shall writewill shall be writingwill shall have writtenwill shall have been writingwill 过去将来should writewould should be writingwould should have writtenwould should have
2、 been writingwould 目 录16种时态11.普通当前时22.当前进行时(be doing)33.当前完毕时(have done)34.当前完毕进行时(have been doing)45.普通过去时46.过去完毕时(had done)57.过去将来时(would/ should do)58.过去进行时(was/ were doing)59.普通将来时610.将来进行时(will be doing)711.将来完毕时(will have done)712将来完毕进行时:shall have been doing,will have been doing713过去完毕进行时:had
3、 been doing814过去将来进行时:should be doing ,would be doing815过去将来完毕时:should have done ,would have done816过去将来完毕进行时:should have been doing ,would have been doing8一、普通过去时与当前完毕时转换8二、普通当前时与当前进行时转换8三、当前进行时与普通将来时转换9四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”构造转换9We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday9时态区别9一、当前完
4、毕时和普通过去时区别9二、当前完毕进行时和普通进行时9三、当前完毕进行时和当前完毕时10四、过去进行时和过去时区别118种被动语态构成12(一)语态基本概念和种类12(二)被动语态构成13(三)被动语态用法13(四)积极语态变被动语态办法与注意事项13(五)不用被动语态状况14(六)复习时需要注意要点14附:英语语法术语英文表达15时态(Tense)是表达行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下动词形式。因而,当咱们说时态构造时候,指是相应时态下动词形式。1.普通当前时用法:A)表达当前发生动作、状况、状态和特性。B)习惯用语。C)经常性、习惯性动作。例:He always helps others.
5、(她总是协助别人。)D)客观事实和普遍真理。特别要注意,如果先后文不是普通当前时,则无法保持主句、从句时态一致。E)表达一种按规定、筹划或安排要发生动作,(仅限于某些表达“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等动词 )可以与表达将来时间状语搭配使用。常用用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运营交通方式。例:The next train leaves at 3 oclock this afternoon.(下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。)How often does this shuttle bus run?(这班车多久一趟?)F)在时间和条件状语从句里经惯用普通当前(有时也用当前完毕时)表达将
6、来事情。例:When you have finished the report,I will have waited for about 3hours.(等你完毕这份报告时候,我就已经等了将近3个小时了。)If I finish the homework,I will call you.2.当前进行时(be doing)用法:当前正在进行动作。A)当前进行时由“助动词be (am is are ) +当前分词”构成。B)当前进行时时间状语有: now,this ,these等,但经常不用。如:What are you doing up in the tree?(你在树上干什么?)/ I am
7、writing a long novel these days.(我近来在写一本长篇故事)C)表达即将发生动作,普通指近期安排好事情。常用动词有:come,go,stay,leave,spend,do等。如:Im coming now.(我就来)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么?)/ He is leaving soon.(她就要走了)D)表达频繁发生或重复进行动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表达赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如:He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all abo
8、ut it some time later.(她老是向我借钱,过某些时候就忘得一干二净)3.当前完毕时(have done)用法:A)表达动作到当前为止已经完毕或刚刚完毕。例:I bought a new house,but I _ my old one yet,so at the moment I have two houses.A) didnt sellB) soldC) havent soldD) would sell答案是C) havent sold。B)表达从过去某时刻开始,持续到当前动作或状况,并且有也许会继续延续下去。此时经惯用延续性动词。时间状语惯用since加一种过去时间点,
9、或for加一段时间,或by加一种当前时间。例:Great as Newton was,many of his ideas _ today andare being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A) are to challengeC) have been challengedB) may be challengedD) are challenging全句意思是:“虽然牛顿是个伟大人物,但她许多看法直到今天还在受到挑战,并且被当代科学家工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词,在本句中应当是被动语态;其动作延续到今天,因此要用当
10、前完毕时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是积极语态,不也许是答案。B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态,但意思与全句内容不合,因此不对。C)表达发生在过去,但对当前仍有影响动作或状况。通惯用点动词,如:arrive,begin,find,give,lose等。例:John has broken his left leg.(约翰摔断了左腿。)注意事项:A)当前完毕时是联系过去和当前纽带。当前完毕时和过去时区别在于:当前完毕时强调动作动态,或受动态影响,是动态成果,对当前有
11、影响;过去时只表达过去某个详细时间里发生动作,与当前没有联系。例:He worked in that hospital for 8 years.(她曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一种过去事实,她当前已经不在那家医院了。)He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.(她已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表达她从过去开始工作,始终工作到当前,当前仍在那家医院工作。)B)由于具有for加一段时间或since加一种时间点这样时间状语完毕时,有动态和延续性特点,因此不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。例:My sister has been married for 5
12、years.(过去分词做表语表达状态,可以延续)My sister has married. Dont disturb her.(终端动词)C)在this is the first/ second/ thirdtime that句型里规定用完毕时。例:This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.(这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。)D)句型It is/ has beensince所使用两种时态都对的。例:It is/ has b
13、een 10 years since I last saw him.(从我上次见到她以来已经了。)E)在no sooner than、hardly/ scarcelywhen、before、prior to等句型中,主句规定完毕时。例:I havent met that professor prior to today.(此前我从未见过那位专家。)4.当前完毕进行时(have been doing)用法:表达某一动作开始于过去某一时间,延续或重复地浮现至今,或将继续延续至将来。例:We have been working on this project for over a month now
14、.(到当前为止,咱们始终在解决那个项目,已经花了一种多月时间了。)注意事项:与当前完毕时相比,当前完毕进行时更强调:在从过去到当前时间里,动作或状态始终持续或始终重复浮现。例:It seems oil _ from this pipe for some time. Well have to take the machine apart to put it right.A) had leakedB) is leakingC) leakedD) has been leaking从本题上下文看,这两个句子意思是:“看来,这个管道漏油已有一段时间了,咱们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。”第二句表达将要采用办
15、法。第一句动作发生在第二句之前,并且延续到当前为止仍在继续。因而,空格中需用当前完毕时或当前完毕进行时。D) has been leaking是当前完毕进行时,因而是本题答案。有11%考生误选了B) is leaking。由于本句有时间状语for some time,表达谓语动作延续,谓语不能用当前进行时,必要用和完毕时关于时态。有些考生误选了C) leaked或A) had leaked。是由于她们没有注意到本题第二句是普通将来时,因此第一句谓语不能用过去时或过去完毕时。5.普通过去时用法:A)表达过去某个时间发生动作或状况。B)表达过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do
16、表达句型,自身表达就是过去时。例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人过去经常坐在宁静公园里一条长椅上,看着其她人,一坐就是数个小时,什么也不干,也不和任何人交谈。)He used to visit his mother once a week.(她此前总是每周看望一次她妈妈。)C)有时可代替普通当前时,表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量语调。例:I wanted to ask y
17、ou if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借车用一用,可以吗?)Would you mind my sitting here?(您介意我坐在这里吗?)注意事项:A)注意时间状语搭配。普通过去时时间状语应当是表达过去某个时间词或词组,如:yesterday,last month,in 1999,two days ago等,绝对不可与recently,in the past 10 years,this month等连用,由于这样时间状语都与当前关于系,应当用当前完毕时或普通当前时。B) used to do否定形式和疑问形式很特别:你怎么写都对的。以否定形式为例:use
18、d not to do,didnt used to do,didnt use to do都对。Used to do经常与be used to doing sth/ sth构造进行对比。前者表达过去经常或过去曾经,规定加动词原形;后者表达习惯于,规定加名词或动名词。6.过去完毕时(had done)用法:表达在过去某个时间或动作此前已经发生动作或已经存在状态。就是咱们常说:表达过去过去动作或状态。Until then,his family _ from him for six months.A) didnt hearC) hasnt heardB) hasnt been hearingD) ha
19、dnt heard全句意思是:“到那时为止,她家里已有半年没得到她消息了。”由此可以看出,谓语动词动作延续到过去某一时刻才完毕,因而谓语要用过去完毕时。答案是D)。其他选项中:A) didnt hear,由于普通过去时只表达过去发生事情或存在状态,因此不能与时间状语for six months连用。B) hasnt been hearing,当前完毕进行时表达过去某时刻继续到当前或当前还在进行动作,与题意不符。C) hasnt heard,当前完毕时表达从过去某一时刻到当前为止发生动作。而题中then只表达过去某一时刻,不能表达当前时间。注意事项:“过去过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来,
20、而不一定受某个时间状语限制。例:There had been some one in our room just now,because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.(刚才有人在咱们房间里,由于咱们打开前门进来时,我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧香烟。)分析:虽然时间状语是just now,似乎应当使用普通过去时,但是“在房间里”这个状态是在开门和注意这两个过去动作之前就存在,因此应当用过去完毕时。7.过去将来时(would/ should do)用法:表达从过去某个时间看
21、将要发生事。例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.(我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我朋友。)注意事项:由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成,因此其注意事项可以参照过去时和将来时有关注意事项。8.过去进行时(was/ were doing)用法:A)表达在过去一种比较详细时间正在发生动作。例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.(10分钟前,玛丽正在听轻音乐。)B)如果when,while这样时间状语引导词所引导主从句之一是普通过去时,则另一种句子惯用过去进行
22、时。例:I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你敲前门时我正在洗头发。)。注意事项:其他与将来时关于事项请参见下面所讲普通将来时9.普通将来时用法:A)基本构造是will / shall do。例:We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.(咱们将送给她一种玻璃手工制品,作为给她生日礼物。)B)有些动词,如:arrive,be close,come,do,done,go,have,leave,open,play,return,slee
23、p,start,stay等,用于普通进行时,并且普通与一种表达将来时间时间状语连用,可以表达将来时。例:My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.(我妈妈下周将来看我,并会呆到5月。)C)表达“打算去,要”时,可用be going to do。例:This is just what I am going to say.(这正是我想说。)D)表达“即将、正要”时,可用be about to do。强调近期内或立即要做事。例:Dont worry,I am about to make a clos
24、e examination on you.(别紧张,我立即就给你做一次仔细检查。)E) be to do5种用法:a)表达“按筹划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.(星期一你准会在实验室见到她。)b)该做或不该做事情(语调上接近于should,must,ought to,have to),表达一种命令、规劝性语调。例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet,kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.(孩子们,你们必要
25、上床睡觉,不准吵闹。咱们客人5分钟之内就要到了。)c)能或不能发生事情(接近can,may)例:How am I to pay such a debt?(我怎么也许还得起这样大一笔债呢?)d)不可避免将要发生事情,日后将要发生事情。例:I assure you that the matter _ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience.A. will be attended B. will be attended toC. is attended D. is attended towill be attended to核心一点是:atten
26、d表达“解决,解决”时是不及物动词,必要与to连用。此外,从上下文看,事情显然尚未解决,因此应当用将来时被动语态。答案是B。e)用于条件从句“如果想,设想”(接近ifwant to,或ifshould)例:Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage _ avoided.A) is to beB) can beC) will beD) has been答案是A) is to be。全句意思是:“如果要避免食品短缺,就必要作出更大努力来增长农业产量。”F)同样可以表达“正要、将要
27、”意思句型是be on the point of doing。例:The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.(教练想要放弃这场比赛了,由于对方已经射进了7个球。)例:I was _ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.A) inB) toC) atD) on答案是D)。on the point of doing是固定词组,意思是“正要、打算”。全句意思是:“当她信届时候我正要打电话给她。”
28、注意事项:在以if,when,as long as,as soon as,after,before,in case,until,unless等连词以及具备连词作用副词(immediately,the moment,directly)等引导状语从句,普通用当前时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时,可用完毕时。例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我但愿到来年你回来时候,她身体已经好多了。)10.将来进行时(will be doing)用法:强调在将来某个详细时间正在发生动作或事情。例:D
29、ont worry,you wont miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.(别紧张,你不会认不出她。她届时会穿一件红色T恤衫和一条白色短裙。)注意事项:由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起,因此关于本时态注意事项,可参照普通将来时和当前进行时关于注意事项。11.将来完毕时(will have done)用法:表达从将来某一时间开始、延续到另一种将来时间动作或状态,或是发生在某个将来时间,但对其后另一种将来时间有影响动作或状态。就好象把当前完毕时平移届时间轴将来时时段同样。其用法从
30、和过去及当前关于,变成了和将来及将来将来关于。例:The conference _ a full week by the time it ends.A) must have lastedB) will have lastedC) would lastD) has lasted本题考核谓语动词时态。全句意思是:“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一种星期。”句中by the time it ends表达动作要延续到将来某一时刻,因而要用将来完毕时。答案是B) will have lasted。如果选A),由于情态动词must背面接动词不定式完毕时形式表达对已经发生事情一种必定推测,而本句时间状语是by
31、the time it ends而非by the time it ended,因此犯了时态不呼应错误。Would虽可以表达推测或也许性,但would last不能表达延续到将来某一时刻动作,因此C) would last错误。由于D) has lasted是当前完毕时,表达到当前为止已经完毕动作,不能表达延续到将来某一时刻动作,因此也不对的。注意事项:由于本时态是由将来时和完毕时融合在一起,因此关于本时态注意事项,可以参照“普通将来时”和“当前完毕时”关于注意事项。12将来完毕进行时:shall have been doing,will have been doing例:By the end
32、of next month,the project will have been being worked for 3 years.(到下个月底为止,这项工程就已经不断地进行了3年了。)(被动语态)13过去完毕进行时:had been doing例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前,我10岁大儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。)(此处强调“拆卸”和“
33、组装”这两个过去过去动作始终在重复进行。)(被动语态)14过去将来进行时:should be doing ,would be doing例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.(政府承诺说次年7月将有一条新高速公路正在修建。)(此句时间状语是详细将来时间,因此最佳用将来进行时。)(此句为被动语态)15过去将来完毕时:should have done ,would have done例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced ver
34、sion of that software would have been developed,but I was wrong.(我坚信到那年年终为止,那个软件新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。)(此句为被动语态)16过去将来完毕进行时:should have been doing ,would have been doing例:They said that by the end of the following month,the project would have been being worked for 3 years.(她们说到第二个月底为止,这项工程就已经不断地进行了3年了。)几种
35、常用时态互相转换一、普通过去时与当前完毕时转换在当前完毕时中,延续性动词能与表达一段时间状语連用,瞬间动词却不能。但是,可用別表达方式:瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”普通过去时句型中;瞬间动词可改成与之相相应延续性动词及短语,与一段时间連用;瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 普通过去时”句型中,表达“自从以来有时间”意思,主句普通用it is来代替It has been;瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 普通过去时”句型中。请看:A. He joined the League two years ago.B. He has
36、been in the League for two years.C. It is two years since he joined the League.D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.二、普通当前时与当前进行时转换在普通当前时中,at加上名词表达“处在某种状态”,如at work(在工作),at school(上学、上课)等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看:Peter is at work,but Mike is at play.Peter is working,but Mike is playing.三、当前进行时与普
37、通将来时转换在当前进行时态中go,come,leave,start,arrive等动词常与表达将来时间状语連用表达将要发生动作。如:I am coming,Mum!意为“我就来,妈妈!”请看:The train is leaving soon.The train will leave soon.四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”构造转换“be going to+动词原形”、表达打算、筹划要做事;将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”构造在书面语中,当主语为第一人称时,惯用助动词shall。在口语中,所有人称都可以用will。请看:We are g
38、oing to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday时态区别一、 当前完毕时和普通过去时区别1.概念不同: (1)对于过去已经发生并且结束动作:普通过去时强调何时何地做了何事,并不阐明跟当前关系;而当前完毕时强调对当前产生成果或影响。如 I bought a ticket yesterday. (强调我昨天做一件事是买票) / I have already bought a ticket. (强调我已有票了,不必再惦记票事儿了) (2)对于过去发生,始终持续到当前动作,只能用当前完毕
39、时。由于普通过去时只能描述已经结束动作。如 I have lived here for ten years. (我已住这儿十年了,此后还也许住下去,普通过去时表达不了这层意思) 2.构造不同:普通过去时必定句用是动词过去式,普通过去时疑问或否定句借助于助动词did;当前完毕时必定句用是动词完毕式,当前完毕时疑问或否定句借助于助动词have / has。3.时间状语不同:普通过去时常与明确表达过去时间状语连用。如 yesterday,2 days ago等。当前完毕时不能与明确表达过去时间状语连用,只能与already,yet,ever等连用。 同步,当前完毕时也不与疑问词when连用。二、 当
40、前完毕进行时和普通进行时有时候表达类似意思,可以用当前完毕进行时时,也可以用普通进行时。例如我问:你做作业了吗? 你可以答:已经开始做了 I have been doing so for an hour. I am doing重要是侧重点不同样: 一种是强调已经开始做,一种是强调正在做一、构造形式当前完毕进行时是由“助动词have(has) + been+动词当前分词”构成。二、基本用法1. 表达从过去某时开始始终延续到说话时还在进行,或也许还要继续下去动作。它普通和“for+段时间”或“since+点时间(也可以是从句)”时间状语连用。例如:I have been waiting for a
41、 letter from my parents.我始终在等我父母来信。It has been raining for three hours.雨已经下了三个小时了。We have been studying here since . 自从以来,咱们始终在这里学习。2. 表达从过去某时开始,始终延续到说话时刻,也许刚刚结束动作。例如:当前进行时基本用法:a. 表达当前( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生事情。 We are waiting for you.b. 习惯进行:表达长期或重复性动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在
42、写,只处在写作状态。)Mr. Green has been writing another novel.(这两句话除了时态区别,尚有其她区别吗?) c. 表达渐变动词有:get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。 The leaves are turning red. Its getting warmer and warmer.d. 与always,constantly,forever 等词连用,表达重复发生动作或持续存在状态,往往带有说话人主观色彩。 You are always changing your mind.典型例题 My dictionary _,I
43、have looked for it everywhere but still_ it.A. has lost,dont find B. is missing,dont findC. has lost,havent found D. is missing,havent found. 答案D. 前句是一种仍在持续状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响依然存在,应用完毕时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完毕时三、 当前完毕进行时和当前完毕时1.当前完毕进行时和当前完毕时皆可表达动作对当前产生成果,但前者所示成果是直接,而后者所示则是最后成果。如:Wehavebeencleaningtheclassro
44、om(a)Wehavecleanedtheclassroom(b)(a)句可译为“咱们打扫教室来着。”其直接成果也许是:咱们身上都是灰。(b)句可以译为“咱们把教室打扫过了。”其成果是:当前教室很清洁,可以用了。又,(a)句表达教室刚刚打扫过,(b)句则也许表达教室是昨天打扫。2.当前完毕进行时有时有延续性,当前完毕时往往没有。如:Theyhavebeenwideningtheroad(a)Theyhavewidenedtheroad(b)(a)句意思是她们在加宽马路,但尚未竣工。(b)句意思则是已竣工了。有时当前完毕时有延续性(如某些属于持续体动词),但无暂时性质。如:Mr.Smithhas
45、beenlivinginLondonsince1978(a)Mr.SmithhaslivedinLondonsince1979(b)(a)句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”含义,(b)句则没有。3.当前完毕进行时往往表达动作在重复,当前完毕时则经常不带重复性。如:Haveyoubeenmeetingherlately?(a)Haveyoumetherlately?(b)(a)句有“经常相会”之意,(b)句则没有。(b)句如与often,everyday等时间状语连用,固然也表达动作在重复。4.当前完毕进行时比较生动,有时具有明显感情色彩,而当前完毕时往往只阐明一种事实,一种影响或成果,平铺直叙,没有
46、什么感情色彩可言。如:Whathaveyoubeendoing?(a)Whathaveyoudone?(b)(a)句表达惊异。(b)句只是一种问题。下面尚有一例,颇为有趣:Whosbeeneatingmyapples?(a)Whoseatenmyapples?(b)(a)句有强烈感情色彩,表达愤怒不满,(b)句只是但愿回答一种问题。又,(a)句兼有进行时态,因此有“苹果未被所有吃光”意思,(b)句是完毕时态,阐明“苹果一种不剩了”。 四、 过去进行时和过去时区别普通过去时1普通过去时表达过去某个时间发生动作或存在状态,常和表达过去时间状语连用。普通过去时也表达过去经常或重复发生动作感谢。三、与普通过去时区