被动语态的用法.doc

(完整word)被动语态的用法被动语态的用法学习被动语态的几个问题 被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,表示句子中的主语是动作的承受者，汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。1。 被动语态的各种时态被动语态（The Passive Voice)是动词的一种形式,表示主语是谓语动词的承受者.被动语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍以及景物描写。被动语态没有将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时形式.一般时进行时完成时现在isam doneareisambeing donearehashave been done过去wasweredonewaswerebeing donehad been done将来shall be donewill无shall have been donewill1）一般现在时 The boy is called Johnson.2) 一般过去时 Where were you educated?3) 一般将来时 The result will not be announced until 6 oclock。4）现在进行时 The road is being repaired.5）过去进行时 He was being looked after by his sister.6）现在完成时 She hasnt been told about it yet。7)过去完成时 She told me that the factory had been closed down。8）将来完成时 This project will have been completed by the end of this year。2。 主动语态变被动语态需要注意的几个问题。（1）时态保持一致. The teacher punished him many times for his lateness. He has been punished many times for his lateness.（2）谓语为动词短语的被动语态不能丢掉动词短语的介词或副词。 His best friend often looks after him. 被动语态He is often looked after by his best friend。（3) 主动语态中若有双宾语,将其中一个宾语变为被动句的主语,另一个宾语不变.动词make/buy/mend/get用for;动词give/show/pass/send/lend/bring/take用to) Vivian gave me a book。 （被动1） I was given a book by Vivian. （被动2） A book was given to me by Vivian。（4）主动语态若有复合宾语，（即句子结构为主Vt宾宾补）,将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾补不变. They call him Louis. 被动语态：He is called Louis。(5)主动语态句中动词make, have, let(使sb做sth), notice。 see。 watch, look at, hear， listen to, feel等变成被动语态时，后面的不定式需要加上to. Mr. Lee made him wash the dishes。 被动语态:He was made to wash the dishes。（6）主动形式表被动. The poem reads well。(7）有些动词不能用于被动语态 take place/happen/come true/break down/break out等。 All your dreams will come true if you try your best。3。不同时态的被动句(1) 一般现在时的被动语态I am not so easily deceived. 我不会轻易上当受骗的。Computers are widely used in the world。计算机在世界范围内得到广泛应用.(2） 一般过去时的被动语态The car was seriously damaged. 汽车受到严重损坏。Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。（3） 现在进行时的被动语态The question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题现在正在会上讨论。The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子们现在正由其姑妈照看。(4) 过去进行时的被动语态When I called, tea was being served。当我来访时，正值上茶之际.When they arrived， the experiments were being made。 他们到达时，实验正在进行。（5） 现在完成时的被动语态The meeting has been put off. 会议已被推迟了。The party has been planned since the new year. 这次聚会自新年起就已筹划了。(6) 过去完成时的被动语态By the end of last month，he had been robbed at least three times.到上月底，他已被抢了至少三次.（7） 将来完成时的被动语态It is said that the building will have been completed before September。据说大楼将于九月前竣工.This class will have been taught by Mr Brown for two years by next summer.到明年夏天，布朗先生在这两个班执教已有两年了。2. 含有情态动词的被动语态Water mustnt be wasted. 绝不能浪费水。Electric energy can be changed into light enery. 电能可以转变成光能。Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways, or you might be knocked down.过马路时要特别小心，要往两边看，不然会被撞倒.3。 Get+过去分词构成的被动语态Get过去分词也可以构成被动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如:the man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。Mary is going to get married. 玛丽准备结婚了。How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了?4。 短语动词的被动语态（1） 动词+介词This matter has been talked about recently。 这件事近来一直被谈论着。Such a thing has never been heard of before。这样的事从未被听说过。The old man was looked after carefully. 那位老人被精心照顾着。He has never been listened to。 人家从不听他的话。(2) 动词+副词The sports meeting was put off。 运动会被推迟了。A short play will be put on by them at the party. 一个短剧将要由他们在晚会上演出。What he said must be thought over。 他说的话必须仔细思考。（3) 其他短语动词 Privileges must be done away with. 特权必须被取消.The light has just been turned off。 灯刚被关上。Their plans are being carried out。 他们的计划正在执行中.5。 “主+动+宾+宾补句型变为被动结构这种句型有两个宾语，一般地说一为间接宾语，一为直接宾语。变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语,另一宾语不变。We call him Xiao Wang. 我们叫他小王.(主动句）He was called Xiao Wang. 他被叫做小王。(被动句）He painted the table green. 他把桌子漆成了绿色。（主动句）The table was painted green. 桌子被漆成了绿色。（被动句）6. “主+动+that从句”句型的被动句有些以that从句作宾语的主动句可以转换成两种形式的被动句。如：People say that he is the richest man in the city。人们说他是全市头号富翁。It is said that he is the richest man in the city。 据说他是全市头号富翁。He is said to be the richest man in the city. 据说他是全市头号富翁.当说话人认为主动句的主语无关紧要,或者不清楚谁是谓语动作的发出者时，便常常使用上述形式的被动句。如：It was reported that the boy had been found. 据报道，男孩已被找到。The boy was reported to have been found. 据报道，男孩已被找到。常用于上述被动句型的动词有：acknowledge, assume, believe, claim， consider， declare， estimate, expect, find， know, presume， report, say， think等。7. 含有被动意义的主动语态英语中有一些表示被动意义的主动句，其谓语所表示的不是主语的动作，而是其内在的性能。这种句子的特点是：主语为无生命名词，谓语动词为一般现在时；肯定句必须带方式状语；否定句的谓语可以带情态动词.如:She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。The house is to rent。 这个房子要出租.Food can keep fresh in a fridge. 食物放在冰箱里能保鲜。The pen writes smoothly。 这支钢笔很好写.The cloth feels soft。 这布摸上去很柔软。The cake tastes good. 这蛋糕很好吃.练习题： 1.The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from _(blow) the earth away. 2。Mr Smith kept on _ （ask) the players to remember-TEAMWORK 3。Alice didnt hear what the teacher said just now，so she doesnt know how _ (do) the problem. 4。The policeman asked the old granny to put down her heavy box and let him _ (carry） it for her。 5.用help,happen,listen,have,ask,be，plant,miss,leave，look的适当形式填空：（1)。WangHai is a good comrade。He always does his best _others.(2）.Dig the hole big enough,or the trees cant _well 。(3).Its time for class。Lets stop _to the teacher。（4）。Her face turned red when she _ to sing a song for all of us.（5)。She is older than Mary but _much younger。(6）.-I cant find my keys。Maybe you _ them in the pocket。句型转换练习题 将下列主动句转换成被动句。1。 The government official told him not to waste time on fighting for rights._2。 I gave my cousin a toy at Christmas._3。 They should do it right now._4。 He is likely to let you down._5. They named the boy Johnson。_6. The monster let the little girl clean the cave。_7. People in the town laugh at Hugh for his fancy dress._被动语态第二讲一、主动形式表示被动意义 英语的被动意义除了用及物动词的被动语态形式表示外，还可以用其他方法来表示，就像在汉语中并非一定要用“被”字来表示的被动意义一样。 1、用某些不及物动词表示被动意义，如carry，cut，drive，iron，keep,lock,open,pick，read，sell,shut,tear,wash,wear，write等等。这类动词既能作及物动词，也能作不及物动词。作不及物动词时，形式上虽为主动，却表示被动意义。例如： Meat cuts easily.肉容易切. His novel sells well。他的小说畅销。 The car drove easily。这车很容易开. Your pen writes quite smoothly.你的笔写起来很滑。 在上述句子中，主语通常指物，起动作承受者的作用,也可以说是不及物动词的逻辑宾语。但是有时也有用人称主语的.例如： The girl does not photograph well。这女孩不上像.比较：The girl has not been photographed well.这女孩的照片没拍好。 2、某些感觉动词的主动态表示被动意义。例如: This shirt feels much softer than that one。这件衬衫比那件衬衫摸起来柔软得多。 That book smells old.那本书有一股霉味。 These oranges taste nice.这些橙子味道很好。 以上这些动词都不能用进行时表示。若用进行时，则表示主动含义.比较：The child is smelling the paint.小孩正在闻油漆的气味. 3、有少数动词（bind，cook，do，owe,print）的进行时有时有被动意义.在这种用法中，句子的主语都应该是指物的。例如： The magazine is binding（printing）。这本杂志正在装订（印刷）。 He paid all that was owing。欠的钱他都还了. The meat is cooking.正在火敦肉。 4、动词get，come,go之后接过去分词，表示被动意义。get的这种用法局限于口语和非正式的书面语言，更强调动作的结果而非动作本身，并常用来表示突发性的、出乎意料的偶然事件。而come和go常接含否定意义的过去分词.例如： After working selflessly in here for several years,Mr Li got promoted at last.李先生在此地无私地干了好几年,终于得到提升。 They got delayed because of the holiday traffic.由于节日交通阻塞，他们被耽误了. The buttons on my coat came undone。我上衣的扣子松开了. The womans complaints went unnoticed.那位女士的投诉无人理睬。 5、在need(want,require,deserve，etc.）doing句型中，动名词(doing）相当于动词不定式的被动式(to be done)，在意思上没有多大差别。例如： The garden needs watering.The garden needs to be watered。花园需要浇水。 The problem requires studying with great care.The problem requires to be studied with great care.这个问题需要仔细研究。 These jobs want doing at once.These jobs want to be done at once。这些工作需要马上就做。 用法相似的结构还有bear doing，stand doing，be worth doing，习惯不用动词不定式.如: That wont bear thinking of.那是不堪想像的。 The little girl cant stand criticizing.小女孩经不起批评。 The food is not worth eating.这种饭菜不值一吃。 Its well worth making the effort to learn how to do it.很值得花一番功夫去学会怎么做这事。 值得注意的是,在be worth doing句型中，只能用动名词的主动式，而在be worthy to be done中,才能用动词不定式的被动式，两者不可混淆。 6、在某些性质形容词动词不定式的句型中,其动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义.例如： The question is easy to answer.这问题容易回答。 That book is difficult to understand。那本书难懂。 在这种句型结构中，动词不定式和主语的关系实际上是一种逻辑上的动宾关系，可以说是动词不定式作主语变换来的，相当于Its easy to answer the question。和Its difficult to understand that book。由于把动词宾语放在主语位置，所以和不定式的关系构成一种被动关系. 7、有些动词不定式不论用主动形式还是被动形式，动词不定式和主语的关系都是被动的.例如： Nobody was to blame （to be blamed） for the accident.这个事故，谁也不能责怪. The house is to let （to be let)。这房子出租. There are a lot of books to read （to be read）.有许多书要读。 Those cars are to rent （to be rented)。那些汽车出租。 8、以able或ible结尾的形容词可表示被动意义。例如： These tickets are available for one month.These tickets are capable of being used for one month.这些票可用一个月. Its a credible explanation.The explanation can be trusted。这是一种可信的解释。 The fish was hardly eatable.The fish could hardly be eaten。这鱼几乎不能吃. 9、有些介词短语用作表语或定语时，可以表示被动意义.例如: The thief is under arrest。The thief has been arrested.小偷已被捕。 Apples are on sale。Apples are being sold。苹果在出售. The phenomenon under study is very interesting。The phenomenon which is being studied is very interesting.正在研究的现象十分有趣。 10、在冠词the和a （an）后面只能用动名词的主动形式,这种名词化的动名词有时表示被动意义.例如: The boy took a beating.那男孩挨了打。 It was spoilt in the making.这东西在制作过程中被损坏了。 11、在某些名词词组中，表示动作的名词无疑具有动作的含义，往往可以表现被动意义，而这种被动意义与英语的被动结构无任何语法上的联系。例如： After his release from prison,he returned home。他从监狱被释放出来以后回到了家。 His family lived on government aid for three years.他一家靠政府救济生活三年了。 二、语态转换和某些动词的关系 1、一般以为凡及物动词都有相应的被动句，其实不然，当“主 动 宾”结构的谓语动词是表示状态或特征的及物动词,如contain,cost,fit,have,lack,resemble,suit等，主动句便没有相应的被动句： Linda resembles her mother。琳达象她母亲。 This red coat becomes her.这件红上衣合她的身。 The auditorium holds 2000 people。大礼堂能容纳两千人。 My shoes dont fit me.我的鞋不合脚. Jack always lacks confidence。杰克总是缺乏信心。 但是,状态动词know有相应的被动态:Experts have been known to make this mistake。大家知道，专家也会犯这种错误. 有时,有些不能用于被动语态的状态动词，在同一意义上，如果不用by词组,可以有被动句.如：All my things are held inthis box。这只箱子里装着我所有的东西。 2、某些被动句没有相应的主动句。例如： She was born in Nanjing.她生于南京。 He was said to be an honest man。据说他是个老实人。 They will be married next month。他们将于下月结婚. Mary said that she was not obliged to work overtime.玛丽说她并不是非加班不可。 3、当“主 动 宾”结构的宾语为反身代词或相互代词时，通常不能转换为被动句。例如: The doctor dedicated herself to finding a cure.这位医生为寻求一种治疗方法奉献了她的一生. Did he hurt himself when he fell?他跌倒时有没有摔伤了自己? We could hardly see each other in the fog。在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。 They told each other about their families。他们互相向对方讲述了各自的家庭情况. 4、用于被动语态的have. 动词have作为“有”的意思时，是状态动词，没有相应的被动态。但是在下列情况中，have有被动语态。 a、作为“被买到（得到）、“被找到”意思时： We tried to get a copy of her book,but there was none to be had（to be bought）.我们想弄到一本她的书，但就是买不到. That is about the only work to be had（=to be found） at this time of the year.那大概就是今年此时唯一能找到的工作了。 b、作为“欺(哄）骗”意思时，口语中常用被动态: Im afraid youve been had。恐怕你上当了. Hes not the first person thats been had in that way。他并非第一个这样上当受骗的人. c、作“被贿赂”意思时: The man was had (=was bribed) into giving them the documents。这人被贿赂，给他们提供了文件. d、与某些介词或副词构成短语动词时,相当于一个及物动词： Ive been had on （=have been fooled） too often to take his stories seriously.我时常上他的当,不再把他的话当真了。 The young man was had up (=was taken to court)for dangerous driving。这年青人因危险驾车被法庭传讯。 5、有些原来不及物的动词，如果作使役动词来用,那么有被动语态，较常见的有fly,run，stand,walk等.例如: Many cars have been flown to Europe。许多汽车已被空运到欧洲去了。 This bottle must not be stood close to the fire。这只瓶不得放在近火处。 Horses should be walked for some time after a race。赛马后，得溜一会儿马. 三、被动语态结构与SVC（动词ed形式作表语)结构的区别 被动语态表示动作，句子主语为动作的对象，SVC结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态，其中的过去分词相当于形容词，be只有一般时态和完成时态。被动结构的时态一般要与相应的主动结构一致。下面把这两种结构作一比较： 1、The library is usually closed at 6。图书馆通常六点关门。(被动语态) The library is now closed。图书馆关门了。(SVC结构) 2、The bridge was completed in 1968.桥是1968年建成的.（被动语态） The bridge is completed.桥已修好。（SVC结构） 3、The glass was broken by my sister。玻璃杯是我妹妹打破的。（被动语态） The glass is broken.玻璃杯破了。(SVC结构） 为了便于考生们的理解,我们再举几个SVC结构的例句： The gun is loaded.枪装上子弹了. Your composition is well written.你的作文写得很好。 The door is locked。门锁着. He was injured in the leg.他腿部受了伤。 翻译题一、把下列句子翻译成英语的被动句1、他常被派做这项工作。 2、你叫雨淋湿了。 3、这孩子昨天挨来了一顿批评。 4、我们的衣服给汗水湿透了。 5、东西受潮了。 6、他们去年遭了灾. 7、历史是人民创造的. 8、这首歌是我一个朋友谱写的. 9、这个问题必须予以处理. 10、这座桥将在今年年底建成.11、应该说,基本情况是健康的.12、据报,敌人当时离那里只有十里。13、很明显，这计划应当取消。 14、据谣传，那场事故是由于玩忽职守而造成的. 15、据了解这地方有丰富的自然资源. 11、他常被派做这项工作。 He is often sent to do this work。12、你叫雨淋湿了。 Have been wetted in the rain。13、这孩子昨天挨来了一顿批评. The boy was criticized yesterday.14、我们的衣服给汗水湿透了. Our clothes were soaked with sweat。15、东西受潮了。 The things have been affected with damp。16、他们去年遭了灾。 They were hit by a natural calamity last year.17、历史是人民创造的. History is made by the people.18、这首歌是我一个朋友谱写的。 The song was composed by a friend of mine。19、这个问题必须予以处理. This matter must be dealt with。20、这座桥将在今年年底建成.The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.21、应该说，基本情况是健康的。 It should be said that the situation is basically sound。22、据报,敌人当时离那里只有十里.It is reported that the enemy were ten li away.23、很明显,这计划应当取消。 It is obvious that the plan should be scrapped。24、据谣传，那场事故是由于玩忽职守而造成的. It is rumored that the accident was due to negligence。25、据了解这地方有丰富的自然资源. It is known that the area is rich in natural resources.