化学专业词汇.doc

(完整word)化学专业词汇普通化学术语中英文对照表原子atomadj.atomic原子核nucleus质子proton中子neutron电子electron（abbr.e)离子ionan阳离子cation阴离子anion分子molecularmlekjl单质element化合物compound纯净物puresubstance/chemicalsubstance混合物mixture相对原子质量relativeatomicmass(abbr。Ar）相对分子质量relativemolecularmass(abbr.Mr）化学式量relativeformulamass物质的量amountofsubstance阿伏加德罗常数Avogadroconstant（abbr。NA）摩尔mole摩尔质量molarmass实验式/最简式/经验式empiricalformula气体摩尔体积molarvolume阿伏加德罗定律AvogadrosLaw溶液solution溶解dissolve浓度concentration质量/体积分数mass/volumeconcentration浓缩concentrate稀释dilute蒸馏distillation萃取extraction化学反应方程式chemicalequation反应物reactant生成物product固体solid液体liquid气体gaseous溶液aqueous配平balance化学计量学stoichiometry酸acid碱base/alkali（referstosolublebases）盐salt酸式盐acidsalt离子方程式ionicequation结晶水waterofcrystallisation水合的hydrated无水的anhydrous滴定titration指示剂indicator氧化数oxidationnumber氧化还原反应redoxreaction氧化反应oxidationreaction还原反应reductionreaction歧化反应disproportionationreaction归中反应comproportionation（symproportionation)reaction氧化剂oxidisingagent还原剂reducingagent电子层（壳）(electron）shell电离能ionisationenergy（abbr。I。E.)第一， 第二，第三等电离能first，second,third，etc。ionisationenergy（abbr.1st,2nd，3rd,etc。I。E。）电子亲和能electronaffinityenergy(abbr.A.E。）屏蔽效应electronicshielding（screening)原子轨道atomicorbital电子云electroncloud电子亚层subshell能层layer能级energylevel电子排布electronconfiguration电子云重叠shelloverlap洪特规则Hundsrule泡利原理Pauliexclusionprinciple基态groundstate激发态excitedstate跃迁transition手性chiralitykai-化学键chemicalbond键长bondlength键级bondorder键角bondangle键能bondenthalpies离子键ionicbond供体donor受体acceptor静电吸引electrostaticattraction巨型离子结构giantionicstructure共价键covalentkvelntbond巨型共价结构giantcovalentstructure共用电子对sharedpair/bondingpair孤对电子lonepair/non-bondingpair键bond键bond键bond极性共价键polarbond非极性共价键non-polarbond配位键dipolarbond/dativecovalentbond/coordinatebond电负性electronegativity极性polarity偶极子dipole分子间作用力intermolecularforces氢键hydrogenbond范德华力vanderWaalsforce色散力dispersionforce诱导力inductionforce取向力orientationforce/dipoledipoleforce金属键metallicbond离域delocalisationdi：，luklaizein延展性malleability,mlblti可锻性ductilitydktlt导电性electricalconductivity合金alloy元素周期表thePeriodicTable周期period族group原子序数protonnumber同位素isotopeastp核素nuclidenjuklad同量异位素isobaras（）b金属metal非金属nonmetal碱金属alkalimetal碱土金属alkalineearthmetal卤素halogen稀有气体noblegas元素周期律periodictrends活泼active稳定noble分解反应decompositionreaction化合反应combination（synthesis)reaction取代反应displacementreaction复分解反应saltmetathesismtsisreaction/doublereplacement（displacement)reaction沉淀precipitationpr，spte()n官能团functionalgroup碳氢化合物/烃hydrocarbon饱和烃saturatedhydrocarbon不饱和烃unsaturatedhydrocarbon脂肪烃aliphatic，lftkhydrocarbon脂环烃alicyclicsaklk; hrdrocarbon同系物homologoushmlgsseries异构现象isomerismaismrizm同分异构体isomerideaismraid同素异形体allotropy/allotropism分子式molecularformula通式generalformula结构式displayedformula结构简式structuralformula键线式skeletalformula均裂homolyticfission异裂heterolyticfission亲核试剂nucleophilenjuklifail亲电子试剂electrophile加成反应additionreaction加水加成hydrationreaction加成聚合反应additionpolymerisation聚合物polymer单体monomer链节repeatunit缩合聚合反应condensationreaction缩聚物condensationpolymer取代反应substitutionreaction脱水dehydration水解hydrolysis卤代反应halogenationreaction酯化反应esterificationreaction亲核取代nucleophilicsubstitution消去反应eliminationreaction裂化反应cracking(reaction)石油分馏fractionaldistillation燃烧combustion发酵fermentation氟氯烃chlorofluorocarbons产率percentageyield原子利用率atomeconomy红外光谱学infraredspectroscopy质谱分析massspectroscopy光谱spectrum挥发性volatility冷凝回流reflux反应机理reactionmechanism能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy热力学thermodynamic：mudai-焓enthalpy(abbr。H)enlpi焓变enthalpychange（abbr。H)标准焓standardenthalpychange（abbr.H）标准反应焓standardenthalpychange（abbr。Hr)燃烧热heatofcombustion标准燃烧焓standardenthalpychangeofcombustion(abbr。Hc)标准生成焓standardenthalpychangeofformation(abbr。Hf）放热反应exothermiceksu-reaction吸热反应endothermicreaction热化学方程式thermochemical：muequation活化能activationenergy（abbe.Ea）比热容specificheatcapacity键焓bondenthalpy平均键焓averagebondenthalpy盖斯定律Hesslaw有效碰撞理论collisiontheory反应速率rateofreaction/reactionrate反应动力学reactionkinetics催化剂catalyst催化作用catalysis酶enzymeenzaim波尔兹曼分布律theBoltzmanndistribution化学平衡(chemical)equilibriumi：kwi-可逆反应reversiblereaction动态平衡dynamicequilibrium平衡常数chemicalequilibriumconstant浓度幂concentrationpower平衡移动shiftofequilibriumstate吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy（abbr。G)阿累尼乌斯方程theArrheniusri：nisEquation自发反应spontaneousspnteinisreaction熵entropy（abbr.S)温室效应greenhouseeffect吸附作用adsorption绿色化学greenchemistry溶解度solubility离子反应ionicreaction电离ionisation电解质electrolyte电离平衡ionisationequilibrium电离常数ionisationconstant离子积ion-productconstant氢离子浓度指数hydrogenionconcentration(abbr。pHfromFrenchpotentieldhydrogne)溶解平衡dissolutionequilibriumdslu()n ekw溶度积solubilityproduct原电池galvanic（voltaic)cellglvnk盐桥saltbridge电极electrode正极/阳极anode负极/阴极cathode标准电极电势standardelectrodepotential(abbr。E0）干电池drycell一次电池primarycell（battery)二次电池/蓄电池secondarycell/storagebattery充电charge放电discharge燃料电池fuelcell电解electrolysis电解池/电解槽electrolyticcell电镀galvanisation,lvnaizein电偶腐蚀/电化腐蚀galvaniccorrosion分子空间构型moleculargeometries杂化hybrid轨道orbital晶格lattice晶体crystal晶胞crystalstructure堆积作用sedimentation，sedmnten常见元素氢hydrogen(abbr.H）haidrdn氦helium(abbr.He)hi:lim锂lithium(abbr。Li)liim硼boron（abbr.B）b:rn碳carbon（abbr.C）k:bn氮nitrogen(abbr。N）naitrdn氧oxygen（abbr.O）ksidn氟fluorine(abbr.F)fluri：n氖neon（abbr.Ne）ni:n钠sodium（abbr。Na）sudim镁magnesium(abbr.Mg）铝aluminum（abbr。Al)，lminim硅silicon（abbr.Si)silikn磷phosphorus（abbr.P）fsfrs硫sulfur(abbr.S)slf氯chlorine（abbr.Cl)kl:ri：n氩argon（abbr.Ar):n钾potassium(abbr。K)ptsim钙calcium(abbr.Ca）klsim钛titanium（abbr.Ti)taiteinim铬chromium(abbr。Cr）krumjm锰manganese（abbr.Mn）mni:z铁iron（abbr。Fe)an钴cobalt（abbr。Co）kub:lt镍nickel（abbr。Ni)nikl铜copper（abbr.Cu）kp锌zinc（abbr.Zn）zik砷arsenic（abbr。As）:snik溴bromine(abbr.Br)brumi:n银silver(abbr.Ag）silv锡tin(abbr。Sn)tin碘iodine（abbr。I）氙xenon（abbr.Xe)zenn钡barium(abbr。Ba）berim钨tungsten（abbr。W）tstn铂platinum(abbr。Pt)pltinm金gold(abbr。Au)uld汞mercury（abbr.Hg）m:kjuri铅lead(abbr.Pb)led常见单质氢气、氮气、氧气、氟气、氯气、液溴、固态碘的名称同元素名称金刚石diamonddaimnd石墨graphitegrfait臭氧ozoneuzun红磷redphosphorus白磷whitephosphorus常见根离子(commonradicals)氢化的hydridehaidraid硼酸boric(acid)adj.boratebret碳化的carbideka:baid碳酸carbonickbnk (acid)adj.carbonate碳酸氢根bicarbonate/hydrogencarbonate氮化的nitridenaitraid叠氮化的azidezaid硝酸nitric(acid)adj。nitrate亚硝酸nitrousnatrs (acid）adj.nitrite氧化的oxideksaid二氧化的dioxidedai-三氧化的trioxidetraksad过氧根peroxy（radical)adj。peroxidepksaid超氧化的superoxidesjupksaid氢氧根hydroxylhaidrksil(radical)adj.hydroxide水合氢离子hydronium氟化的fluoride偏铝酸metaaluminicmetljuminik(acid)adj。metaaluminateljumnet四羟基合铝酸hydroxylaluminichaidrksil-(acid)硅酸silicicsilisik（acid)adj.silicate磷酸phosphoric(acid)adj。phosphate磷酸二氢根dihydrogenphosphate 磷酸氢根hydrogenphosphate硫化的sulfide硫氢根bisulphide/sulphanide/hydrogensulphide硫酸sulphuric（acid)adj。sulphate硫酸氢根bisulphate/hydrogensulphate亚硫酸sulphurous（acid）adj。sulphite亚硫酸氢根bisulphite/hydrogensulphite硫代硫酸根thiosulphateaiu焦硫酸根persulphatep：氯化的chlorideklraid氢氯酸/盐酸hydrochloric(acid)高氯酸perchloric(acid)adj。perchlorate氯酸chloric(acid）adj。chlorate亚氯酸chlorous（acid)adj。chlorite次氯酸hypochlorous(acid)adj。hypochlorite溴化的bromide氢溴酸、高溴酸、溴酸、亚溴酸、次溴酸名称参见氯碘化的iodideaidaid氢碘酸、高碘酸、碘酸、亚碘酸、次碘酸名称参见氯卤化的halide铵根ammoniummunim高锰酸根permanganate锰酸根manganate氰根cyanidesainaid硫氰根thiocyanateaiusaineit铬酸根chromate重铬酸根dichromate常见无机化合物（commoninorganiccompounds）氢化钠sodiumhydride氨ammonia/azane-硅烷silanesi磷化氢phosphine硫化氢hydrogensulphide氮化镁magnesiumnitride四氧化三铁iron（II,III)oxide二氟化氧oxygendifluoride氯化氢hydrogenchloride氯化亚铁iron（II）chloride/ferrouschloride氯化铁iron(III）chloride/ferricchloride氯化亚锡tin(II)chloride/stannouschloride四羟基合铝酸钠sodiumaluminate磷酸二氢钠monosodiumphosphate磷酸氢二钠disodiumphosphate氯化铵ammoniumchloride硫氢化钠/硫氢酸钠sodiumhydrosulphide系统命名法（chemicalnomenclature）一mono-二di-三tri-四tetra五penta-六hexa-七hepta-八octa九nona十deca-烷烃alkane(preffixalkyl，suffix-ane)甲meth乙eth丙prop丁but戊pent-己hex-庚hept-辛oct-壬non癸dec-十一undec-十二dodec十三tridec-十四tetradec-十五pentadec-十六hexadec-十七heptadec-十八octadec-十九nonadec二十eicos三十triacont-四十tetracont-五十prntacont-正构型normal(n）异构型iso（i）新构型neo(n）聚poly烷基alkyl甲基methyl（abbr.Me)乙基ethyl（abbr。Et)丙基propyl(abbr。Pr）环烷烃cycloalkane（preffixcyclo,suffixane）烯烃alkene（preffixalkenyl，suffixene)二烯烃allene（suffix-adiene)环烯烃cycloalkene(preffixcyclo，suffixene）炔烃alkyne（preffixalkynyl,suffix-yne）顺式异构preffixcis-（Z）反式异构preffixtrans(E)苯基phenyl(abbr。Ph）（preffixphenyl-，suffixbenzene)苄基benzyl(abbr。Bn)（preffixbenzyl,suffixtoluene)醇alcohol（preffixhydroxy，suffix-ol）带卤素的化合物halogens（preffixfluoro-，chloro，bromo,etc.)酮ketone(preffixoxo-，suffixone）醛aldehyde(preffixoxo，suffixalornotincludedincarbonchainpreffixformyl,suffixcarbaldehyde)羧酸carboxylicka:bksilik(acid)adj.carboxylate(suffixoicacid)羧基carboxyl（preffixcarboxyl-，suffixoicacidormultiplegroupssuffixdi,tri,tetracarbonylacid)乙酸根carboxylradical(abbr.Ac）醚ether（suffixaneand-oxy）脂ester（preffixRoxycarbonyl-,suffixoicacid/oate)胺和酰胺amine(preffixamino-,suffixamineoraccordingtopositionof Natomwithpre/suffixN-）andamide(preffixcarbamoylandamido-，suffixamideand-carboxamideoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)氨基amino酰胺基amido磺酸sulphonic（acid）adj.sulphonate（preffixsulpho，suffix-sulphonicacid）腈nitrile（preffixcyano-，suffixnitrile)酚phenol/carbolicacid常见有机化合物(commonorganiccompounds)酚酞phenolphthalein（abbr。Hln/phph）finlfeili:n石蕊litmus溴酚蓝bromophenoblue百里酚蓝thymolblue甲基橙methylorange龙胆紫gentianviolet氯仿chloroform异戊二烯isoprene月桂烯myrcenemairsi：n聚乙烯polythene聚氯乙烯poly(chloroethene)（abbr.PVC）聚丙烯polypropylene聚四氟乙烯/特氟龙poly（tetrafluoroethene)/teflon（abbr.PTF）晴纶orlon二甲醚methoxymethane苯酚phenol乙酸乙酯methylpropanoate甲酸/蚁酸methanoicacid/formicacid乙酸/醋酸ethanoicacid/aceticacid乙二酸/草酸oxalicacidadj。oxalate丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid软脂酸/棕榈酸hexadecanoicacid/palmiticacid硬脂酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid硬脂酸钠sodiumstearate柠檬酸citricacid柠檬酸钠sodiumcitrate乳酸lacticacid乳酸钠sodiumlactate葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj。gluconate氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose半乳糖galactose核糖ribose脱氧核糖desoxyribose核糖核酸rebonucleicacid（abbr.RNA）脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleicacid（abbr.DNA)麦芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose磺酸sulphonic（acid)adj。sulphonate（preffixsulpho,suffixsulphonicacid)腈nitrile（preffixcyano,suffix-nitrile)酚phenol/carbolicacid常见有机化合物(commonorganiccompounds)酚酞phenolphthalein(abbr.Hln/phph)finlfeili：n石蕊litmus溴酚蓝bromophenoblue百里酚蓝thymolblue甲基橙methylorange龙胆紫gentianviolet氯仿chloroform异戊二烯isoprene月桂烯myrcenemairsi：n聚乙烯polythene聚氯乙烯poly（chloroethene）(abbr.PVC)聚丙烯polypropylene聚四氟乙烯/特氟龙poly（tetrafluoroethene)/teflon(abbr。PTF）晴纶orlon二甲醚methoxymethane苯酚phenol乙酸乙酯methylpropanoate甲酸/蚁酸methanoicacid/formicacid乙酸/醋酸ethanoicacid/aceticacid乙二酸/草酸oxalicacidadj。oxalate丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid软脂酸/棕榈酸hexadecanoicacid/palmiticacid硬脂酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid硬脂酸钠sodiumstearate柠檬酸citricacid柠檬酸钠sodiumcitrate乳酸lacticacid乳酸钠sodiumlactate葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj。gluconate氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose半乳糖galactose核糖ribose脱氧核糖desoxyribose核糖核酸rebonucleicacid（abbr。RNA)脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleicacid（abbr。DNA)麦芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose曲颈瓶retortri-表面皿watchglass石棉网asbestossbestsgauze玻璃棒glassrod/stirringrod/stirrod铁架台ironstand滴定管burette/buret泥三角pipeclaytriangle启普发生器Kippsapparatus/Kippgenerator酒精喷灯alcoholblastburner坩埚钳tong坩埚pot索氏提取器Soxhletextractor冷凝管coldfinger称量瓶weighingbottle