特殊名词变复数.doc

名词的词形变化

1.不规则复数形式
1）来自古英语的复数形式，如：
child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth goose---geese man---men woman---women mouse---mice louse---lice ox---oxen penny---pence analysis---analyses appendix---appendices
parenthesis---parentheses basis---bases stimulus---stimuli ellipsis---ellipses axis---axes hypothesis---hypotheses oasis---oases crisis----crises criterion---criteria phenomenon---phenomena datum---data medium---media
bacterium---bacteria nucleus---nuclei fungus---fungi
alumnus---alumni focus---foci radius---radii terminus---termini larva---larvae alga---algae formula---formulae data---datas lens---lenses。

2）词尾读音为[f]并以－f或0－fe结尾的名词复数形式有以下几种情况：
a）规则形式：
belief---beliefs chief----chiefs cliff----cliffs grief----griefs
b）不规则形式，即把－f或－fe变成－v，再加－es,读音为[vz]:
calf---calves half---halves leaf----leaves life----lives loaf---loaves self---shelves thief---thieves wife---wives wolf---wolves
c）既可是规则形式又可是不规则形式：
dwarf---dwarfs/dwarves hoof---hoofs/hoves
scarf---scarfs/scarves wharf---wharfs/wharves

3）词干以－o结尾的名次有三种情况：
a）附属形式为－s：这类词包括缩略词kilos, photos；表示国籍或民族的词Filipinos, Eskimos以及radios ,solos, sopranos, studios
b）复数形式为－es，如：heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, Negroes。
c）复数有规则的和不规则的两种形式，如：
cargo---cargos/cargoes mosquito---mosquitos/mosquitoes volcano---volacbos/volcanoes

2.单复数同形的名词
1）某些动物名词，如：deer, grouse, salmon, trout, carp, bison, sheep等
2）以－ese或－ss结尾的表示民族或国籍的名词，如：Chinses, Japanese, Portuguese, Swiss, Vietnamese等
3）某些以－s结尾的名词，如：barracks, corps, crossroads, gallows, headquarters, means, series, species, works等
4）某些表示计量单位的名词，如：horsepower, hertz, kilohertz, li, mu等
其他一些名词，如：aircraft, spacercarft, craft, offspring等。其中请特别注意－s结尾的单复数同形的名词，它们是考试的重点！！

3.不可数名词
不可数名词前一般不需要加定冠词，永远不能加不定冠词！
不可数名词作主语，谓语要用单数形式。
如：Water is important.
但如果不可数名词前面被piece, drop, set等词修饰时，谓语应该与piece, drop, set等的单复数形式保持一致
例如：Few drops of water are needed to save the flower.
下面是典型的不可数名词，是应该熟记的！！

air,smoke,steam,vapor,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,water,oil,soup,juice,ink,rain,snow,ice,tea,coffee,wine,sunlight,sunshine,

lightning,thunder,weather,darkness,heat,light,electricity,energy,power,sugar,salt,rice,corn,powder,flour,sand,dust,dirt,

garbage,grass,hair,furniture,luggage,clothing,mail,equipment,food,meat,fruit,bread,toast,stone,iron,copper,chalk,paper,

glass,wood,money,poetry,jewelry,machinery,weaponry,personnel,scenery,happiness,kindness,honesty,friendship,attention,wi

sdom,success,courage,bravery,health,wealth,ignorance,trouble,ease,luck,laughter,love,peace,news,information,knowledge,

intelligence,fun,pleasure,entertainment,enjoyment,recreation,relaxation,progress,room,work,homework,population,percent,

mathematics,econmics,statistics,meteorology,anthropology,architecture,physics,photography,ethics,politics,mechanics,

genetics,geology,geography,chemistry,philosophy,biology,history,music,English,measles,mumps,diabetes,malaria,pediatrics,

obsterics