新概念第一册语法汇总.doc

新概念一共144课，其中单课为课文，双课为语法和练习。整本书是以单数课为正课，并附带有插图而双数课则是针对单数课所讲的内容有针对性地进行练习，从此出展现出整个新概念一教材区别于其他教材的独特之处。以下是对新概念一整本教材的理解和剖析，以供各位对整个课本的理解和把握上参考和借鉴。首先根据课本中出现的时态来分析：本册书的语法出现层次性和规律性是很强的，首先我们先来整本书中都出了哪些时态，这些时态的具体分布和讲解时我们大家需要注意的递进性。Lesson 3134 现在进行时Lesson 3740 第一次出现be going to 的将来时Lesson 5156 一般现在时Lesson 6776 为一般过去式Lesson 8390 为现在完成时Lesson 9196 为一般将来时 (will)Lesson 117118 过去进行时Lesson 119120 过去完成时除去前面所有时态和句型所占据的76课我们一起来看一下以下的68课，每一课小的语言点，语法点都是在什么地方，应该用什么样的方式来讲解。在这里告诉学员新概念一的每一个单课的重点都是出现双课的标题和课后的练习题里面。Lesson12语言点：与陌生人说话或引起别人的注意。Excuse me. Yes? Pardon? Thank you very much.语法点：主系表结构this为主语，名词做表语1的一般疑问句以及它的肯定回答。Is this your handbag? Yes, it is.Lesson 56 语言点：如何介绍别人。This is Miss Sophie Dupont. Nice to meet you. 语法点：主语为第三人称单数的主系表结构。She is French. He is German. Its a Volvo.(L6) a/an 的使用。Lesson 78语言点：如何自我介绍和相互认识。语法点：主语为第二人称的主系表结构。Are you French?What nationality are you? Whats your job? 特殊疑问句。Lesson 910语言点：朋友或熟识的人之间如何相互问候。How are you?语法点：主系表结构形容词做表语。 介词短语表示位置 near the window, on the televion, on the wall Lesson 2930语言点：如何发号命令。语法点：祈使句（肯定）。 动词与宾语的固定搭配。Lesson 3738语言点：如何表达将要做的事情。 语法点：现在进行时态be going to do结构表达将要发生的事情。 There be 句型的一般疑问句形式。Lesson 41-42语法点：如何表示不可数名词的量。Lesson 63-64语言点：建议忠告。语法点：dont do. You mustnt doLesson 65-66语法点：具体时间表示法(半点和刻钟）。 反身代词。 具体日期表达方式。Lesson 73-74语言点：问路。语法点：不规则动词的过去式。 形容词转变成副词。Lesson 77-78语言点：看病。语法点：综合时间表达方式。Lesson 105-106语言点：办公室用语。语法点：want sb to do./ tell sb to do以及其否定形式。Lesson 103-104语言点：考试。语法点：宾语从句。（从句部分为非现在时态） 程度副词 too, very ,enoughLesson 125-126语言点：/语法点：have to do/ dont need to doLesson 127-128语言点：娱乐界。语法点：must/cant 对现在事情的肯定/否定猜测。Lesson 129-130语言点：交通状况。语法点：must/cant have been.对过去事情的肯定/否定猜测。Lesson 131-132语言点：度假。语法点：may 对现在/过去事情的肯定或否定猜测。以下学的知识慢慢与新二接轨：现在完成时：Lesson 8390直接引语变成间接引语：Lesson 99102形容词的比较级和最高级：Lesson107112neither ,so 的用法：Lesson 113114不定代词的用法：Lesson 115116过去进行和过去完成时：Lesson 117120定语从句：Lesson 121124情态动词的综合用法：Lesson 125132 直接引语变间接引语：Lesson 133136（着重讲时态的倒推） if 的用法：Lesson 137140被动语态：Lesson 141144英语中的时态一共有八种，它们是：一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、现在完成时、一般将来时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时。今天我们所要讲的就是第一种： 一般现在时表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。1、含有be动词的句子 He is a teacher. The girl is very beautiful. Tim and Jack are students.变疑问句将be动词移到句首 Is he a teacher? Is the girl very beautiful? Are Tim and Jack students?变否定句在be动词后面加not He is not a teacher. The girl is not very beautiful. Tim and Jack are not students.肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, he is. / No, he is not. Yes, she is. / No, she is not. Yes, they are. / No, they are not.2、不含有be动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子。(1)第三人称单数及单数名词 He likes books. She likes him. The dog likes bones.变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型 Does he like books? Does she like him? Does the dog like bones?变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesnt, 动词变为原型，原句中的动词不再有第三人称变化。 He doesnt like books. She doesnt like him. The dog doesnt like bones.肯定回答及否定回答： Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt. Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt Yes, it does. / No, it doesnt.注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。(2)其他人称及复数名词 I want to have a bath. We have some meat. The students like smart teachers.变疑问句在句首加do Do you want to have a bath? Do we have any meat? Do the students like smart teachers?变否定句在主语和动词之间加dont. You dont want to have a bath. We dont have any meat. The students dont like smart teachers.肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, I do. / No, I dont. Yes, we do. / No, we dont Yes, they do. / No, they dont.现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作构成：主语be动词动词的现在分词其它成分 We are having lunch.He is reading a book.The dog is running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Are we having lunch?Is he reading a book?Is the dog running after a cat?Are the boys swimming across the river?变否定句在be动词后面加 notWe are not having lunch.He is not reading a book.The dog is not running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.特殊疑问句：what, which, how, where, who, etc.疑问词动词主语现在分词What are you doing?What is she doing?What is the dog doing?没有进行时的动词（必背）表示状态，思想，感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作：1. 表示感觉，感官的词see, hear, like, love, want2. have, has当“拥有”讲时没有进行时一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或事件，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago.含有be动词的句子，将be动词变为过去式。am, is的过去式为was, are的过去式为were：I was at the butchers.You were a student a year ago.The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago.变疑问句将be动词移动到句首Were you at the butchers?Were you a student a year ago?Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?变否定句在be动词后面加notI was not at the butchers.You were not a student a year ago.The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.肯定回答否定回答Yes, I was. / No, I was not.Yes, you were. / No, you were not.Yes, he/she was. / No, he/she was not.特殊疑问句What did you do?（必背）不含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式：I finished my homework yesterday.The boy went to a restaurant.The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.变疑问句在句首加did，动词变为原型Did you finish your homework yesterday?Did the boy go to a restaurant?Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?变否定句在主语和动词之间加did notI did not finish my homework yesterday.The boy did not go to a restaurant.The Sawyers did not live at King Street a year ago.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I did. / No, I didnt.Yes, he did. / No, he didnt.Yes, they did. / No, they did not.现在完成时构成：主语+助动词have, has+过去分词用法：1） 表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用。I have just had lunch. （饱了，不用再吃了。）He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝。）They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了。）The boy has already read the book. （已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了。）2） 询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：Have you finished your homework?Have you been to Beijing?Have he seen the film?3） 表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school for 1 year.4） 表示一种经历，经验：去过地方，做过事情，经历过事情I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film.I have never been to cinema.I have ever been to Paris.Have been to表示去过，have gone to 表示去了I have been to London.（人已经回来）He has gone to London.（人还在那里）5） 表示一种结果， 一般不和时间副词联用I have lost my pen.I have hurt myself.He has become a teacher.She has broken my heart.句型变化：变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not.Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I have. / No, I have not.特殊疑问句What have you done?What has he done?一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时。注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用。错：Ive left Beijing for 3 days.对：I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days.一般将来时 表示将来将要发生的动作， 经常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours time, etc. 表示将来的词联用。结构：主语+助动词will+动词原形I will go to America tomorrow.The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.变疑问句将助动词移到句首Will you go to America tomorrow?Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next?Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?变否定句在助动词后面加notI will not go to America tomorrow.The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I will. / No, I will not.Yes, he/she will. / No, he/she will not.Yes, he will. / No, he will not.特殊疑问句What will you do?过去完成时 用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。结构：had+过去分词After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.They had sold the car before I asked the price.The train had left before I arrived at the station.After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。 变疑问句将助动词移到句首 Had she finished her homework? 变否定句在助动词后面加notShe hadnt finished her homework. 肯定回答及否定回答Yes, she had. / No, she hadnt. 特殊疑问句What had she done?过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作，经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。结构：was/were+doingWhen my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.Their father was watching TV whilethey were having dinner.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Was their father watching TV whilethey were having dinner.变否定句在be动词后面加 notTheir father was notwatching TV whilethey were having dinner.过去将来时结构：would doShe said she would go here the next morning.两个特殊句型：there be 句型，be going to 结构1） Be going to 结构表示打算，准备，计划做某事结构：主语+be动词+going to +动词原型I am going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Are you going to make a bookcase?Are they going to paint it?Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?变否定句在be动词后面加notI am not going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I am. / No, I am not.Yes, they are. / No, they are not.Yes, he is. / No, he is not.特殊疑问句（必背）What are you going to do?What are they going to do?What is the father going to do?2） There be 句型表示哪里有什么东西（某处有某物） There is单数名词表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）There is a book in this room.There is a pen on the tableThere are复数名词表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）There are two pens on the table.There are three schools there.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Is there a book in this room?Are there two pens on the table?变否定句在动词后面加notThere is not a book in this room.There are not two pens on the table.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, there is. / No, there is not.Yes, there are. / No, there are not.问句：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定疑问句1） 一般疑问句：助动词/be动词+主语Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea?2） 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句What is your name?3） 选择疑问句：orDo you want beef or lamb?4） 反意疑问句： 肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分，否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分You dont need that pen, do you?5） 否定疑问句：一般疑问句+否定词Arent you lucky? Dont you want have a rest?限定词：some, any, many, much some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句。注意：当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some。I have some milk.I dont have any milk.May I have some milk? many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词。在口语中表示“很多”一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示“很多”用many, much。I have a lot of money.I dont have much money.名词 名词分为可数名词和不可数名词：1）不可数名词 无法分开的东西：water, tea, bread, milk, rice抽象的东西：love, beauty, coldness不可数名词有以下特点：不能用a, an修饰；不能加s；和单数be动词或动词搭配。2）可数名词 单数可数名词要用冠词修饰，复数可数名词要在名词后面加s。名词复数共有以下几种变化： 规则变化的名词复数形式规则1 一般情况+s e.g. shellshells bookbooks规则2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. foxfoxeschurchchurches, busbuses, watchwatches规则3 以o结尾+s或+es e.g. potatopotatoes, NegroNegroes, heroheroes, tomatotomatoes，（口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿），剩下一般加s, radioradios规则4 以f, fe结尾的，变f, fe为ves e.g. lifeliveshalfhalves, shelfshelves, citycities, wifewives规则5 以辅音字母+y结尾， 变y为i+es e.g. skyskiesflyflies 不规则变化的名词复数形式man（men）woman（women）foot（feet） goose（geese） tooth（teeth）child（children）sheep（sheep） deer（deer） mouse（mice）fish（fish）副词副词可以修饰形容词，动词，副词或整个句子。如：The book is very good.He runs fast.She came here quite early.Certainly I will go with you.副词变化形式： 直接在形容词后加-ly：careful-carefully, slow-slowly 以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变i, 加-ly：happy-happily, lucky-luckily 有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化：fast, hard, late 有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远：neary-nearly, high-highly, late-lately情态动词的使用1）情态动词can（能够），must（必须），may（可以）结构：主语+can/must/may+动词原型He can make the tea.Sally can air the room.We can speak English.变疑问句将情态动词移到句首Can he make the tea?Can Sally air the room?Can we speak English?变否定句在情态动词后面加notHe cannot make the tea.Sally cannot air the room.We cannot speak English.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he can. / No, he cannot.Yes, she can. /No, she cannot.Yes, we can. / No, we cannot.特殊疑问句：（必背）What can you do?注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加s。2）must/have to的区别must 表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，have to是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何时态3）must, may, might表示猜测： must do 表示对现在事实的猜测 must have done表示对过去事实的猜测 must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测 may/might do, may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，might的可能性更小。4）cant/couldnt 表示不可能need的用法 表示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：I need a pen.Do you need any beer? No, I dont.I need to have a rest.Need doing=need to be done （表示被动）The flowers need watering. =The flowers need to be watered. 花需要浇水。 need在否定时做情态动词使用：You neednt go so early. (=You dont need to go so early.)Must I clean the desk right now? No, you neednt.不定代词及不定副词some, any, no, every-thing: something, anything, nothing, everything-one: someone, anyone, anything, everyone-where: somewhere, anywhere, anywhere, everywhere-body: somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody例子：1）I looked for my book everywhere, but I cant find it anywhere.2）If you want to go somewhere, if you want to be someone, you must wake up.3）Help! Somebody? Anybody?4）You are really something. 你真了不起！（口语中常用 something来表示“真像回事儿”，“真行”的意思）5）Since everybody is here, lets begin our class.6）Where did you go? I went nowhere.7）Nobody is at home.感叹句：1） What +名词+主语+谓语What a beautiful girl she is!What tall buildings they are!2） How +形容词+主语+谓语How beautiful the girl is!How tall the buildings are! 在口语中，感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略：What a nice present!（省略it is）How disappointed!（省略she is或其它可作本句主、谓的词语）祈使句表示请求、命令、建议、邀请等，谓语动词一律用原型，句子中通常不用主语，句末用惊叹好或者句号，用降调。肯定句：动词原型Come here, please.Go downstairs, please.Stand up.Sit down.Be quiet.Be careful.祈使句中如果有唤语，一定要用逗号隔开，放在句首或者句尾：Come in, Amy.Sit down here, Tom.Mary, give me a book please.否定：Dont+动词原型Dont come here.Dont sit down.Dont stand up.Dont give me it.let sb. do 让某人做Let me pass.Let us have a rest.Lets have a rest.反意疑问：Lets have a walk along the river, shall we?Let us go out for a drink, will you?倒装句：so/neither的倒装eg: He can swim. So can I.I didnt go to class. Neither did I.结构：so/neither+be+ 主语so/neither+助动词+ 主语so/neither+情态动词+ 主语助动词： 一般现在时: do, does/am, is, are现在进行时: am, is, are一般过去时: did现在完成时: have, has一般将来时: will, shall过去进行时: was, were过去完成时: had过去将来时: would直接引语/间接引语如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点及指示词1） 时态变化：一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时be going towas/were going to