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(完整word)英语构词法讲解及专项练习
构词法 Word Formation
在英语中,词的构成方式主要有三种:合成、转化和派生。
一、 合成 Compounding 两个或更多的词合成一个词。
方式:1。 直接写在一起。 2. 用连字符(—)连接。 3。 由两个分开的词构成。
(1) 合成形容词
方式
例词
1形容词+形容词
red-hot
2形容词+名词
first—class, full-time, part—time
3形容词+现在分词
good-looking, free—thinking,
4形容词+过去分词
ready—made
5形容词+名词-ed
good—tempered, middle—aged, cold-blooded
6名词+名词-ed
iron-willed
7名词+形容词
world—famous, day-long
8名词+现在分词
beauty—loving, freedom—loving, job-hunting,
9名词+过去分词
man-made, water—covered,
10副词+形容词
ever—green
11副词+现在分词
hard-working, far—seeing
12副词+过去分词
well—prepared, quickly—cured, well-known
13数词+名词
five-year
14数词+名词+形容词
five-year—old
15数词+名词—ed
four—legged, six-storied
(2)合成动词
构成方式
例词
1名词+动词
day-dream
2副词+动词
overcome, upturn翻起
3形容词+动词
white-wash
(3)合成名词
构成方式
例词
1名词+名词
horseback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone,
2形容词+名词
back-yard, forehead,
3动名词+名词
hiding place, reading-room
4动词+副词
get-off, break in,
5副词+动词
output, overflow
(4)合成副词however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever
(5)合成代词whoever,, whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something, anything,
二、派生 Derivation
前缀
前缀
含义
例词
a-
处在……
arise, aside, alone
en-
使可能
enrich, enable, enslave
dis—
不,否定
dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder, disagree
un-
不
做相反动作
unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair,
unclose, undress, uncover, untie
in-
im—
ir-
il-
不,非
inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect
impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impractical
irregular, irresponsible
illogical,
non—
不,非
non existent, non—interference, non-conductor, non-stop
de-
向相反方向发展
Decentralize(分散), defrost(解冻)
anti-
反(对)
anti—freeze, anti—fascist
mis-
错误的,坏的
misdoings, misunderstand, misfortune
re
重复,再
rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle,
co—
共同
co—exist, co-operate, co-education
ex
以前的
Ex—husband, ex—president
tele
远程
telephone, telegraph, telescope
super—
在上面,超级
supermarket, superpower,
under-
在……之下
underline, underestimate, underground,
inter-
相互,之间
international, interact, inter—change
sub-
下,次
subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent,
trans—
过,穿过,变
transformation(变形), translate
vice—
副
vice-premier, vice—president
semi—
半
semifinal, semicircle, semi-automatic
bi
两个
bicycle, biennial两年一次的
tri
三个
triangle三角形, tricycle三轮脚踏车, triplets三胞胎
mul—
多,多种
multiply, multi—national, multi—coloured
kilo-
千
kilometre, kilogram
后缀
后 缀
例 词
名
词
—er
farmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater
—ess
actress, waitress, princess, hostess
-or
conductor, sailor, transistor, operator,
-ar
beggar
—ese
Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese
-ian
musician, Egyptian, physician
-ist
scientist, dentist, communist, socialist,
-ent/—ant
assistant
-ment
argument, judgment, government
—ness
happiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness
—tion
dictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, invention
-ing
building, wedding, painting
—ship
leadership, friendship, hardship
-age
shortage, marriage, leakage
—ty
loyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty
—th
truth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth
-ance
acceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance
—ence
dependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence
—ful
mouthful, handful, plateful,
-al
refusal, denial, arrival
—y
difficulty, possibility,
-dom
freedom, wisdom, kingdom
—ism
socialism, materialism
注意: —ese, -ian, —ist 既可以构成名词,又可以构成形容词。
-er 构成的名词,既有表示人的,又有表示物的。
后 缀
例 词
形
容
词
—al
central, industrial, national, natural
-an
European, American, Australian
—ern
eastern, northern, southern
—able
reasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable, sensible
-ful
careful, cheerful, grateful, faithful,
—ish
childish, Swedish, selfish
—ive
destructive, collective, active, creative, effective
—y
thirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny
-less
careless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless
—en
golden, wooden, woolen
—ous
courageous, famous, continuous, serious, various
—ary
imaginary, revolutionary, secondary
—ic
realistic, historic, poetic
—some
troublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome
—like
childlike, womanlike, manlike
-ant
ignorant, significant, observant, important
—ent
diligent, silent, excellent, frequent
-ly
lively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly
-ish
childish, foolish
后 缀
例 词
动
词
—ize
realize, modernize, mechanize, criticize,
-en
widen, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten, quicken, deepen
-fy
Simplify, beautify, terrify,
后 缀
例 词
副
词
—ward(s)
forward, northward, backward, downward
—ly
slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendly
三、转化 Conversion: 指一个词不变化词形,而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。
1. 名词和动词之间的转化
telephone电话-—打电话, mirror镜子——像镜子一样反映, drink喝——饮料, record录音-—记录, name, date, hand, study,
2. 形容词转化为动词 perfect完美的—-使完善
3.名词转化为形容词(副词) front前面—-前面的
4.形容词转化为名词 chief 主要的——首领
语法填空之构词法专项练习
1. The soldier died for saving the child,so his________(die) is heavier than Mount Tai。
2. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________(long)。
3. How________ (fool) he is!
4.The black people were against slavery and fought for their ________(free) bravely.
5. What you said sounded________(reason) but in fact it was untrue。
6.One thing you should do is to _____(large) your vocabulary。
7。________ (honest)speaking,I didn’t do it on purpose。
8. Tianjin and Guangzhou were also found to be safe from_____ (legal) drugs。
9。 As he tried to read a map, he drove off the road into a river ______ (luck)
10. Thunder and lightning happen ______________ (simultaneous)。
11。The weather was good except for an _________ (occasion) shower。
12. The big earthquake made thousands of people ________(home)。
13。 I'm very careful not to give out my ________ (person) information.
14. To his______(puzzle), his son was ___(happy) hammering dents(凹痕) into the shiny paint of the truck。
15。 While your IQ tells you how ______ (intelligence) you are, ……
16. Diet and exercise are __________(equal) important.
17. I felt a great sense of ___________(achieve)when I reached the top of the mountain.
18. The police successfully arrested Richard Matt , who was one of the country’s most wanted __________(crime).
19。 My _________(suggest) is that we should always have a notebook within easy reach.
20。The police were interviewing the 30 museum __________(employ)
21. The mother didn't know why her daughter was crying _______. (noise)
22. The boy had the _______ of being half starved. (appear)
23。 Please give me some reference work. It will ______ my task. (simple)
24。 It snowed _____ last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy)
25。 Edison was a great ______。 During his life he had many ______。 (invent)
26。 More and more _____ have come to visit China over these years。 (foreign)
27。 We want _________ reasons for your failure to help。 (satisfy)
28. The doctor said that Mary’s mother needed an _______.(operate)
29。 The teacher was pleased with her _______。 (honest)
30. The police have _______ a plot against the President。 (cover)
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