Week-2-the-Commonwealth--British-History.ppt

Radiohead isAn English Rock band from Abingdon,An English Rock band from Abingdon,Oxfordshire formed in 1985.Oxfordshire formed in 1985.Ranked#73 in Rolling Stones list of“The Ranked#73 in Rolling Stones list of“The Greatest Artists of All Time”.Greatest Artists of All Time”.“Their music talks to you,in a real way.”Dave“Their music talks to you,in a real way.”Dave Mathews in Rolling Stone about Radiohead Mathews in Rolling Stone about Radiohead music.music.Very very popular in the U.S.Most people I Very very popular in the U.S.Most people I know love Radiohead,and even if they do not know love Radiohead,and even if they do not love them they have an appreciation for them.love them they have an appreciation for them.Ask foreigners if they like Radiohead.Ask foreigners if they like Radiohead.Commonwealth of NationsNoteNote:this is not a political union!This is just a:this is not a political union!This is just a loose group of countries,showing that they loose group of countries,showing that they share common values and goals,and a common share common values and goals,and a common history with Britain.history with Britain.The CommonwealthToday,what was once the Today,what was once the British Empire is just a loosely British Empire is just a loosely organized community of former organized community of former British Colonies.British Colonies.1/3 of the worlds population 1/3 of the worlds population belongs to the Commonwealthbelongs to the CommonwealthRead page 217 Read page 217(Beginning with“The(Beginning with“The Commonwealth as a Commonwealth as a whole”)whole”)Question:If America used to be a colony of the British Empire(1607-1776)why isnt it a part of the Commonwealth?Mostly because the US Mostly because the US gained independence gained independence from Britain as a result of from Britain as a result of a Revolutionary War a Revolutionary War(more about this in(more about this in American Culture)rather American Culture)rather than a peaceful change of than a peaceful change of rule.rule.History of the CommonwealthToward the end of the 19Toward the end of the 19thth century,the British Empire was changing century,the British Empire was changing and Lord Roseberry called the newly independent colonies a and Lord Roseberry called the newly independent colonies a“Commonwealth of Nations”.“Commonwealth of Nations”.In 1917,Jan Christian Smuts coined the term,“the British In 1917,Jan Christian Smuts coined the term,“the British Commonwealth of Nations”and envisioned the future constitutional Commonwealth of Nations”and envisioned the future constitutional relations and readjustments of the British Empire.relations and readjustments of the British Empire.After World War I and World War II the British Empire lost most of its After World War I and World War II the British Empire lost most of its colonies.colonies.-Why?Because the colonies helped the UK fight its wars and-Why?Because the colonies helped the UK fight its wars and afterward demanded independence.afterward demanded independence.In 1949 the word,“British”was dropped from the title of the In 1949 the word,“British”was dropped from the title of the Commonwealth.Commonwealth.Since World War II there have been some disagreements between Since World War II there have been some disagreements between the“Old Commonwealth”(Australia,Canada,Britain,New Zealand the“Old Commonwealth”(Australia,Canada,Britain,New Zealand and South Africa)nations and the“New Commonwealth Nations”and South Africa)nations and the“New Commonwealth Nations”(colonies mostly in Asia and Africa).(colonies mostly in Asia and Africa).The BasicsOrganization of 54 member states.All but two(Madagascar and Organization of 54 member states.All but two(Madagascar and Algeria)were former British Colonies.Algeria)were former British Colonies.Officially founded in 1949.Headquarters is Officially founded in 1949.Headquarters is Marlborough House,Marlborough House,London.London.The member states cooperate within a framework of common values The member states cooperate within a framework of common values and goals outlined by the and goals outlined by the Singapore DeclarationSingapore Declaration.Its activities are carried out through the Its activities are carried out through the Commonwealth SecretariatCommonwealth Secretariat.The Commonwealth Games The Commonwealth Games is the most visible activity of the is the most visible activity of the Commonwealth.Commonwealth.These days there are not really many legal benefits.It is more of a These days there are not really many legal benefits.It is more of a friendship organization.friendship organization.-If you are traveling in a foreign country and your nation does not-If you are traveling in a foreign country and your nation does not have an embassy,you can obtain assistance from a fellow have an embassy,you can obtain assistance from a fellow commonwealth monwealth nation.-Benefits differ by country but it is generally easier to work,visit and-Benefits differ by country but it is generally easier to work,visit and immigrate to fellow Commonwealth Nations.immigrate to fellow Commonwealth Nations.Question:What if a country does not abide by the rules?Nations can be suspended like in the case of Nations can be suspended like in the case of Nigeria in 1995 for imposing the death penalty on Nigeria in 1995 for imposing the death penalty on activists,the case of Fiji in 2000 after the overthrow activists,the case of Fiji in 2000 after the overthrow of an elected government,and in 2003 the of an elected government,and in 2003 the Commonwealth suspended Zimbabwe following Commonwealth suspended Zimbabwe following the countrys flawed political elections.the countrys flawed political elections.“This decision recognizes the serious nature of the“This decision recognizes the serious nature of the crisis in Zimbabwe and the lack of genuine efforts crisis in Zimbabwe and the lack of genuine efforts by the government to respect the basic rights of its by the government to respect the basic rights of its people,”people,”Commonwealth RealmsToday,there are also commonwealth realms:Today,there are also commonwealth realms:These are These are 1616 independentindependent countries that countries that still view still view Queen Elizabeth II as their monarchQueen Elizabeth II as their monarch.Britain has no legislative or judicial power over these Britain has no legislative or judicial power over these nations and the Queen only acts on the advice of nations and the Queen only acts on the advice of the government of the realm country regarding the government of the realm country regarding executive affairs.executive affairs.All but 2 million live in the 6 most populous All but 2 million live in the 6 most populous countries.countries.The 6 most populous countries areThe 6 most populous countries arel lThe United Kingdom(of course)The United Kingdom(of course)l lCanadaCanadal lAustraliaAustralial lPapua New Guinea(Papua New Guinea(巴布亚新几内亚巴布亚新几内亚)l lNew Zealand(New Zealand(新西兰新西兰)l lJamaica(Jamaica(牙买加牙买加)Early SettlementWhen did people come When did people come to Britain?to Britain?l lAfter the Ice Age,After the Ice Age,migrationmigration to Britain to Britain became more difficultbecame more difficultl lPeriod of IsolationPeriod of Isolationl lBritain developed Britain developed insular characteristics insular characteristics(from about 6000 B.C.(from about 6000 B.C.to about 3000 B.C.)to about 3000 B.C.)Celtic Tribes Celtic Tribes began to began to settle around 750 B.C.settle around 750 B.C.l lGaels,Britons,etc.Gaels,Britons,etc.CeltsWho were the Celts?l lEuropean tribes European tribes originating from originating from SpainSpain and and FranceFrance When did they come to Britain?l lBetween 750 and 100 B.C.Between 750 and 100 B.C.What did they contribute to British society/culture?l lBegan trade with the continentBegan trade with the continentl lAncient civilization,language(Ancient civilization,language(GaelicGaelic)Roman Occupation(55 B.C 411 A.D.)Julius Caesar and the Romans invaded Britainl lFought many battlesFought many battlesl lRoman influence was a Roman influence was a threat to threat to hill dwellershill dwellers (Celts)in Wales and(Celts)in Wales and ScotlandScotlandl lRomans built Romans built Hadrians Hadrians WallWall to keep back to keep back revolting tribes revolting tribes in in ScotlandScotlandRomansHow did the Romans influence British society?l lBuilt roads(trade Built roads(trade routes)routes)l lLanguage(alphabet)Language(alphabet)l lBrought Christianity to Brought Christianity to BritainBritainEnd of Roman Rulel lWhen the Roman empire collapsed,British people When the Roman empire collapsed,British people were left with no leaders and no defenses against were left with no leaders and no defenses against Northern tribes(Picts and Scots)coming onto the Northern tribes(Picts and Scots)coming onto the islandislandAnglo-Saxon Times(410-871)*Who were the Anglo-Saxons?l lGermanic TribesGermanic Tribes:Angles,Saxons,Angles,Saxons,Jutes,etc.Jutes,etc.l lSpoke what is now Spoke what is now known as“known as“Old Old EnglishEnglish”l lDefeated the CeltsDefeated the Celts Pushed them into the Pushed them into the mountains of Wales,mountains of Wales,Scotland,and across to Scotland,and across to IrelandIrelandAnglo-Saxon TimesWhy are they important?l lCreated a“Created a“Nation of Nation of the Englishthe English”Different tribes lacked Different tribes lacked unity,divided into many unity,divided into many different kingdomsdifferent kingdoms Finally united against Finally united against Vikings in 8Vikings in 8thth Century Centuryl lLanguage contributionsLanguage contributionsInvasion of Vikings and Danish RuleWho were the Who were the VikingsVikings?l lVikings(Northern warriors)Vikings(Northern warriors)invaded Englandinvaded Englandl lMost came from Most came from Norway Norway or or DenmarkDenmarkl lSailed up and down rivers,Sailed up and down rivers,taking over one kingdom after taking over one kingdom after anotheranotherWho is Who is King AlfredKing Alfred?l lAnglo-Saxon KingAnglo-Saxon Kingl lDefeated Vikings Defeated Vikings l lUnified Anglo-SaxonsUnified Anglo-Saxonsl lConsidered the Considered the first national first national heroheroFeudalismNorman Conquest and Its ConsequenceWho were the Normans?Who were the Normans?People from France People from France Eventually replaced Anglo-Saxon rulers.Eventually replaced Anglo-Saxon rulers.The The Battle of HastingsBattle of Hastings was a war to decide who would was a war to decide who would be king.be king.Harold,was from Wessex(Britain)Harold,was from Wessex(Britain)William the Conqueror,was from Normandy(France)William the Conqueror,was from Normandy(France)Who won the Battle of Hastings?Who won the Battle of Hastings?l lIn 1066,William the Conqueror was the first Norman kingIn 1066,William the Conqueror was the first Norman kingl lWilliam introduced feudalism to BritainWilliam introduced feudalism to BritainFeudalismWhat is What is feudalismfeudalism?l lA political,social and A political,social and economic systemeconomic systeml lThe king is the most The king is the most powerful person in this powerful person in this systemsysteml lEvery person under Every person under the king should commit the king should commit their loyalty to himtheir loyalty to him FeudalismWhat did William the Conqueror do?l lEstablished a strong Established a strong monarchymonarchyHow did feudalism influence British society?King controlled all of the King controlled all of the land in the countryland in the country Natural economyNatural economy (exchange of goods and(exchange of goods and services instead of money)services instead of money)Agriculture Agriculture is necessary for is necessary for this type of economythis type of economy LandLand Serfs Serfs(peasants)(peasants)The Consolidation of MonarchyStrong and centralized government continued in feudalized societyWhat changes occurred?l lSkilled trade,Skilled trade,commerce,agriculture,commerce,agriculture,and the arts made rapid and the arts made rapid progress as the land-progress as the land-owning classes became owning classes became more settledmore settledThe Singapore DeclarationA declaration issued by the Heads of Government of the A declaration issued by the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations.Commonwealth of Nations.States,“The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of States,“The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent independent sovereign statessovereign states,each responsible for its own policies,each responsible for its own policies,consulting and consulting and co-operating in the common interests of their peoples co-operating in the common interests of their peoples and in the promotion of international understanding and world and in the promotion of international understanding and world peacepeace.”.”The second article describes the extent and diversity of the The second article describes the extent and diversity of the Commonwealth,encompassing Commonwealth,encompassing both rich nations and poor both rich nations and poor across across six continents and five oceans.six continents and five oceans.The third article details core principles of the Commonwealth.The third article details core principles of the Commonwealth.These include:These include:world peace world peace and support for the United Nations;and support for the United Nations;individual liberty and egalitarianism;the eradication of poverty,individual liberty and egalitarianism;the eradication of poverty,ignorance,disease,and economic inequalityignorance,disease,and economic inequality;free trade;institutional;free trade;institutional cooperation;multilateralism;and the rejection of international cooperation;multilateralism;and the rejection of international coercion.coercion.Back to“The Basics”pageBack to“The Basics”pageThe Commonwealth SecretariatMain intergovernmental Main intergovernmental agency and central institution agency and central institution of the Commonwealth of of the Commonwealth of Nations.Nations.It is responsible for facilitating It is responsible for facilitating cooperation between members cooperation between members and organizing and organizing The The Commonwealth Heads of Commonwealth Heads of Government MeetingGovernment Meeting.This is.This is a biennial meeting of all the a biennial meeting of all the Prime Ministers or Presidents Prime Ministers or Presidents of Commonwealth Nations.of Commonwealth Nations.The chief executive of the The chief executive of the Commonwealth Secretariat is Commonwealth Secretariat is the Commonwealth Secretary the Commonwealth Secretary General.General.-The current Secretary General-The current Secretary General is is Kamalesh Sharma.Kamalesh Sharma.Kamalesh SharmaKamalesh SharmaBack to“The Basics”pageThe Commonwealth GamesMulti-national,multi-sport event held every four y