DevelopmentbyClassificationnew.ppt

Development by ClassificationTo classify is to sort things into categories according to their characteristics/their similarities and differences.Essential to a good classification is parallelism.Classification is to group individual terms into categoriesWarm-up ActivityTalk about different kinds of Books you like to read Movies you have seenSports you enjoyWrite down a paragraph of classification according to your discussionNotes:Criteria must be unifiedYou can express the criterion in this way:X may be classified according to(the criterion)Topic sentence may contain the subject to be categorized,the criterion,and the subcategoriesEg:There are two ways in which one can own a book.The first is the property right you establish by paying for it,just as you pay for clothes and furniture.But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession.Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself,and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it.An illustration may make the point clear.You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butchers icebox to your own.But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream.I am arguing that books,too,must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any g o o d.-Writing Between Lines Organizational StructureSample 1 The time most students spend for a test can be divided into three distinct phases.Phase One,often called the“No problem”phase,runs from the day the test is announced to approximately forty-eight hours before the dreaded exam is passed out.During Phase One,the student is carefree,smiling and enjoying life as usual.When asked by classmates if he has studied for the test yet,his reply will be an assured“No problem.”During Phase One,no actual studying takes place.Phase Two is entered two days prior to the test.It is sometimes referred to as the“Tomorrow”phase,since students often reply to questions with the statement,“Ill study tomorrow.During Phase Two,again,no actual studying takes place,but he is considering it.Phase Three,the final phase,is entered twelve hours before“Zero Hour.This is the actual phase,characterized by sweaty palms,nervous twitches,and confused mental patterns.Phase Three is also termed the“Shock phase since the student is shocked to discover the imminent nature of the exam and the amount of material to be studied.He will probably be unable to sleep and will mumble meaningless phrases.This phase will not end until the exam is over.Questions:1 Is there a topic sentence in this paragraph?Where is it?2 What is the subject that is classified here?3 Are the phases arranged in a logical order?If so,in what order?Draw the outline according to its organization Time order Outline:Subject:the time most students spend studying for a test.Topic sentence:the 1st one1)Phase one runs from the day the test is announced to approximately forty-eight hours before the exam is passed out.2)Phase Two is entered two days to the test.3)Phase Three,the final phase,is entered twelve hours before“Zero Hour.”Sample 2 Students in our school fall into three groups according to their different intentions of taking part in sports.Many students go to the playground when they feel tired after a few hours of study.These students put much more emphasis on their study efficiency than on the fun of sports.They just went to go back to their classrooms from the playground with a clearer and quicker mind.Thus they dont actually care whether they can enjoy themselves on the sports ground or not.Students that make up the second group are real sports lovers.Sometimes they even put aside their studies for a game.They take part in the sport that interests them most,not caring whether it is most beneficial to their health.They may be called fun-oriented sports participants.The third group wants beauty from sports.Boys want to become strong;girls want to be slim and graceful.Those who consider sports the only way of reducing weight also belong to this group.They are very careful in choosing the kind of exercise they do,and they are afraid that certain sports may ruin their figures.No matter which group they belong to,they all benefit from sports.Questions:1.Where is the topic sentence in this paragraph?2.What is the subject that is classified in this paragraph?How many groups has it been divided into?3.Are the groups arranged in the same order as in Sample1?If not,in what order are they arranged?order of degreeOutlineSubject:students in our school.Topic sentence:the 1st one1)Students who go to the playground when they feel tired after study.2)Real sports lovers who even put aside their studies for a game.3)Students who want beauty from sportsConcluding sentence:No matter which group they belong to,they all benefit from sports.Can you summarize the pattern?Topic sentence:subject&the number of categories&criteria body:explain in a logical ordertime sequence/less specific to more specific/less important to more importantconcluding sentence:brings readers attention back to the topicAre these classifications appropriate?Subject:friendsDivision:new friends old friends life-long friends female friendsSubject:newspapersDivision:wrapping garbagemaking paper planereadingeditorialPrinciples of ClassificationMake sure that the categories are exclusive.They should not overlap.Do not omit any important categories.The classification should be exhaustive.The criteria should not be shifted.Useful ExpressionsCan you complete the following topic sentences for classification using different expressions?1 Drugs _three categories:stimulants,depressants,and hallucinogens.2 Universities in China can be _two kinds_the ownership.3 _ basically three _degrees:bachelors degree,masters degree,and doctors degree.4 Bus drivers in this city _the following categories:the friendly,the indifferent,and the mean.Be classified intoBe grouped into Be divided intoBe categorized intoAccording to Various/different kinds/types ofFit into the following categoriesFall into categories/groupsWriting TaskWrite down a paragraph describing your classification of College students Or your friends What is the criteria?Rate search engine from best to worst based on your search experience.(evaluation approach)