英语毕业论文(全英文)-Jane-Austen-A-Transitional-Writer-in.doc

Jane Austen,A Transitional Writer in&nbs
【摘  要】简·奥斯汀是英国文学史上18世纪末新古典主义过渡到19世纪初浪漫主义的重要代表作家。本文重点从两方面探讨她的过渡性：一方面从作品的主题看，大部分奥斯汀的小说都反映了人们对婚姻态度及观念的变化；另一方面，从写作风格上看，她的作品以喜剧的形式讽刺社会，令人深思。
【关键词】简·奥斯；过渡时期
As we all know, it is not until the second half of the 18th century that women novelists began to appear in England. And some gifted women from the end of the 18th century to 19th century made some contributions to the development of the English novel, which even won their places in the front ranks of some realists like Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, etc. Jane Austen (1775-1817) was just such a great woman writer in this period. She brought the English novel to its maturity and her satirical fictions marked the transition from the 18th-century neoclassicism to the 19th-century romanticism in the English literature.
Jane Austen was born at Steventon and the seventh child of a country clergyman family. She was educated at home and passed all her life in doing small domestic duties in the countryside. She wrote six complete famous novels, including Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1816), Northanger Abbey (1818), and Persuasion (1818). 
She lived and worked at the turn of the century, which witnessed a great change of the English society. Since the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the 18th century, the English social structure underwent rapid changes. The industrial capitalists began to control not only the economic but also the political power and thus the struggle between the workers and capitalists also became more and more sharp. Consequently, people started to doubt and even lose hope to the enlightening thoughts that was popular in the first half of the 18th century. Literature, as a “barometer” of the social life, also experienced great change. One of the most remarkable changes was in the literary taste. That is to say, people started to dislike Swift’s brutality, Defoe’s frank realism, and even Fielding’s masculine satire. So the works with the rational tone began to give way to the works full of sentiments.
Under such a social and literary environment, Jane Austen exerted her transitional role in English literature. We can see it from two aspects.
 And the hero and theroine are the very sensible people. Mr. Darcy, from a noble family, has a strong sense of family status and turns up his nose at the vulgarity of Bennet family. And Elizabeth Bennet is also very sensitive to her family background and becomes instantly prejudiced against Mr. Darcy, despite his good looks and great wealth. However, with the gradual deep intercourse and understanding between these two people, they fall in love with each other and finally smash the bonds of the ration and social pressure and marry. So this novel shows the victory of the sentiment, for it is just thanks to the deep love that makes these two people from different class status successfully marry. This reflects that Jane Austen’s creating thoughts begins to change from the rationalism to the romanticism. Her last novel Persuasion also displays such a change. Therefore, we can say that it is just through the conflict between the ration and sentiment in the novels that Jane Austen accomplishes the transition from the rational literature to the romantic literature.1Firstly, in theme, most of Jane Austen’s novels reflect the process of the change of the attitude towards the marriage. As we all know, in Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility, one of the heroine, Elinor Dashwood, is quite sensible. She thinks very highly of a man whose worthiness in her eyes only increases when she learns why he cannot marry her. However, another heroine, Marianne Dashwood, is very sentimental at the beginning. So she trusts her senses and falls in love with a man who in truth is not as good as he seems and finally is abandoned. Through the different fates of these two sisters, Jane Austen shows us her early attitude towards the marriage that to marry according to sense will end in failure while with ration will succeed. Such a theme reflects that at first Jane Austen inherits the traditional enlightening thoughts. However, her minds change in her later novels, especially in her novels Pride and Prejudice and Persuasion. In these novels, sentiment becomes upper hand and attains success in the end. For example, at the very beginning of the novel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen wrote, “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”
Moreover, her development from rationalism to the romanticism also reflects in her new concept of marriage. That is she advocates the only base of marriage should be the true love, not the family backgrounds and economic base. This vividly reflects in the scene of Elizabeth Bennet refusing Mr. Collins’ proposal. When Mr. Collins proposes to Elizabeth, she answers,
1 “I thank you again and again for the honor you have done me in your proposals, but to accept them is absolutely impossible. My feelings in every respect forbid it.”
 These words show Elizabeth the determination that she prefers to keep single in all her life 
Secondly, her transitional role also displays in her writing style. That is to say, on the one hand, she inherited some characteristics of the neoclassicism in style and painted the world she knew; so it is foolish to expect from her the high-flown sentiment; but on the other hand, to some degree, her style is also different from the previous enlightening writers, like Fielding, just as she herself claimed that she not only painted the world she lived in with fidelity, but also with sympathy; with a sensitive sense of its blemishes, but also with a true insight into its redeeming virtues. So her characters evolve themselves without any great dramatic episodes. And although her language sparkles with wit and irony, they are moderate. Her novel Pride and Prejudice provides a good example for this point. We know that Mr. Collins is a clergyman in this novel. When he sings high praise for his patroness, he says, 
2“Lady Catherine was reckoned proud by many people, he knew, but he had never seen anything but affability in her. She had always spoken to him as she would to any other gentleman; she made not the smallest objection to his joining in the society of the neighborhood, nor to his leaving his parish occasionally for a week or two to visit his relations.”
It is true that these words are also the satire to Mr. Collins’ snobbery. But different from the traditional satire, Jane Austen is too conscious of people’s snobbery to be angry with them, and thus gives her criticism a flavor of humor. Therefore, we say that in style she is also a transitional writer at the turn of the century, just as one of the most important neoclassicist, Sir Walter Scott, comments on her, 
3“The big bow-wow strain I can do myself, like any now going; but the exquisite touch which renders ordinary commonplace things and characters interesting from the truth of the description and the sentiment is denied me.”
To sum up, through the above analysis, we can make such a summary that Jane Austen plays a transitional role in the English literature from the 18th neoclassicism to the 19th romanticism. Trained in the enlightening tradition, she displays the feeling moderately; influenced by the coming romanticism, she satirizes the society in comedy. So it might be an error to say that Jane Austen is incapable of sentiment, because nobady can create a true comedy of life without romance and passion that is even in the humblest existence.
【Notes】
[1]Austen, Jane, 1997, Pride and Prejudice, Bei Jing: Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press & Oxford
University Press, p.1.
[2]Austen, Jane, 1997, Pride and Prejudice, Bei Jing: Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press & Oxford
University Press, p.48.
[3]Craik, W. A. 1965, Jane Austen: The Six Novels, New York: Barnes & Noble Inc., p.56.
【References】
[1]Austen, Jane, 1997, Pride and Prejudice, Bei Jing: Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press & Oxford University Press.
[2]Craik, W. A. 1965, Jane Austen: The Six Novels, New York: Barnes & Noble Inc., p.56.
[3]Rubinstein, Annette T. 1953, The Great Tradition in English Literature from Shakespeare to Shaw, New York: The Citadel Press.
[4]朱红编写，1985，《奥斯丁研究》，北京：中国文联出版公司。

The Comparison of Family Education
英语毕业论文----中美家庭教育的比较

[Abstract] In the last few years, with the development of diathetic education has stricken root into the hearts of the people, the family education has been a hot spot of society, in which tens of thousands of families#39; vital benefits and urgent need lie. Because, good family education is closely related to children#39;s quality and behaviour, and related to the future of our country. At present, the situation of family education is good, large number of parents and schools have created successful experience, even many parents study the family education knowledge initiatively, the educational idea has undergone the profound change. Nevertheless, the family education is still a weak link, particularly, As the Western educational thought is penetrating through the East and facing the traditional and modern thought about family education, the Chinese parents are torn between the two choices. Therefore, developing family education is either an opportunity, or a challenge. Moreover, Chinese and the Western family education each has its own good points, but in different aspects, the educational methods are different, so we need to understand the differences between Chinese and Western family education, make up for one#39;s deficiency by learning from others#39; strong points, and push forward the family educational modernization instantaneously, in that case, China will have the inestimable prospects.

[ key words] family education china and the west tradition difference comparison

[ 摘要 ] 近几年来，随着素质教育的深入人心，家庭教育已经成为当今社会关注的一个热点，是千万家庭的切身利益和迫切需求所在。因为，良好的家庭教育直接关系到了孩子的素质和品行，更关系到祖国的未来。就中国目前来看，家庭教育的发展态势良好，一大批家长、学校创造了成功的经验，更有许多学生家长主动学习家庭教育知识，教育观念发生了深刻变化。但是尽管如此，家庭教育仍是一个薄弱环节，尤其是随着西方教育思想的传入，中国家长面对传统与现代家教思想，表现出无所适从的无奈。因此，对于开展家庭教育，既是机遇，又是挑战。而且，中西家庭教育各有千秋，在不同方面，教育方法也不同，所以我们就需要深刻了解中西家庭教育的差异，取长补短，并且不失时机地推进家庭教育现代化，这样中国的未来才具有不可估量的发展前景。

[ 关键词 ] 家庭教育，中西，传统 ，差异 ， 比较
From ancient times to modern times, family education has been playing an important role in the national educational cause. A great man-Xiaoping Deng said, “The basis of a country#39;s modernization lies in talents, the basis of talents lies in education, and the basis of education lies in family. China is a country with emphasis on the home education. The outstanding home education in the deep education culture.” The family education, the school education and the social education are the three big props of education. They are indispensable. Nowadays, increasing attention has been paid to family education by the modern society, and it gets a hot spot of society, which is closely related to tens of thousands of families#39; vital benefits and urgent need.

At present, family education maintains a good momentum of growth in China. It gets more and more important to Chinese families. Throughout the ages, many men of insight work delightly in the field of home education, and accumulate quite substantial achievements. And China is an oriental country with a long history, its deep educational culture includes the elements of excellent family education. As we all know, China’s ancient educatinal thought want through the ancient family educational field.[ “Family Instruction of Yan” , Zhitui Yan, Southern and Northern Dynasties] For example: moral instructions first; the respect for old; the care for the young; the cultivation of moral character; example setting; the determination of being strong; learned profound knowledge, careful consideration; and so on. These outstanding thoughts are go back to ancient times.

Nevertheless, there are still a lot of problems emerging out in that family education, which is still weak. The education expert concerned, who made the long-term pursuit of investigations, thought that 2/3 family education is improper. All the analysis justifies the conclusion : the first, malignant events erupt unceasingly. It not only indicates the importance of family education, but indicates the importance and necessity of carrying on scientific family education; the second, in current home education, there is still erroneous zone. It may be summarized as “three excess” and “one excessive height”: that is , quite some parents are excessively concerned with the children, excessively reatrain and nosed into the children#39;s affairs, excessively chatter and criticize the children, and something excessive is expected of the childern. These problems are in need of immediate solution; The third, under the market economy condition, there is the multiple concept of value, the only child community grows as well as the divorce families increase and so on, all this brings about many unprecedented new situations and new problems; The fourth, rural population account for 80%, the countryside housing disperses, the condition is bad, guardian#39;s cultural quality is somewhat low, the countryside#39;s family education has become the key and difficult point n developing family education .

And at the same time, with the development of educational cause, Western educational thoughts penetrate slowly through the East. When facing the traditional and modern thoughts, chinese parents are at a loss as to what to choose. Therefore, directing at some bad phenomena, we regard it as necessary to make a comparison between chinese family education and western family education.
But, before the comparison,we need to know about the social background of China and Western Countries. As we all know, China is a socialist country and most Western countries belong to capitalist countries. And, they have different history and cultures. China advocates Confucianism and the western countries advocate the revival of literature and art. But the most important point is that their attitude towards the position of family institution#39;s position is also different. In china#39;s traditional family, parents#39; authoritative consciousness plays a leading role while western civilizations mainly emphasize struggle, equality, democracy and human rights home Of course, home education is a kind of humanity#39;seducational practice. China and the Western family education have many things in common. Generally speaking, it can be summed up as follows1st, emphasis is laid on family education.
No matter which country you come from, what nationality you belong to all think the family is a person#39;s first school, and the parent is the first teacher. Either China or Western countries, either the ancient times or the modern times, family