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Chapter 19 Analgesics 1 1.objective1.掌握掌握 吗啡啡、哌替替啶的的药理作用与作用理作用与作用 机制、机制、临床床应用用,不良反不良反应和禁忌症。和禁忌症。2.熟悉熟悉 阿片生物碱阿片生物碱类镇痛痛药的概念、分的概念、分类 可待因、可待因、喷他佐辛、曲他佐辛、曲马朵、罗通定、通定、纳洛洛酮的的药理作用和理作用和临床用途床用途.3.了解了解 其他其他镇痛痛药的概念与的概念与应用特点用特点2 2.Introduction pain 【definition】1)a common experience;2)an essential defensive function,3)an unpleasant sensory and emotion 4)with actual or potential tissue damage.3 3.Pain function disorders shock;Aching feature、part 、paroxysmDiagnostic gist(诊断依据)断依据)AdvantageDisadvantage4 4.Pain Acute pain 锐痛痛Chronic pain 钝痛痛烧伤、战伤、割、割伤头痛、牙痛、关痛、牙痛、关节痛、痛、神神经肌肉痛等肌肉痛等传导慢、定位不明慢、定位不明确、伴情确、伴情绪反反应刺激刺激强、传导快,快,定位明确定位明确【Classification of pain】5 5.Has an effect on CNS,removes or lessens the sensation of pain.Classification of drugsAnalgesics 镇痛痛药Relieve pain6 6.Antipyretic (解解热)、Analgesic (镇痛痛)Antiinflammatory (抗抗炎)炎)NSAIDs7 7.Opioid analgesicsSection 1阿片生物碱阿片生物碱类镇痛痛药8 8.麻醉麻醉 药品品阿片阿片类:鸦片、海洛因、片、海洛因、吗啡啡古柯古柯类:可卡因、古柯叶:可卡因、古柯叶大麻大麻类:大麻、大麻酚:大麻、大麻酚精神精神 药品品镇静催眠静催眠药:巴比妥:巴比妥类中枢中枢兴奋剂:冰毒、:冰毒、摇头丸丸致幻致幻剂:麦角:麦角酰二乙胺二乙胺 其他其他烟草:烟草:酒精:酒精:挥发性有机溶性有机溶剂:汽油:汽油 毒品的分毒品的分类 9 9.名称名称主要成分主要成分鸦片片 罂粟粟海洛因海洛因 二乙二乙酰吗啡啡 冰毒冰毒 甲基苯丙胺甲基苯丙胺 摇头丸丸二二亚甲基双氧苯丙胺甲基双氧苯丙胺 K K粉粉 氯胺胺酮 常常见毒品的主要成分毒品的主要成分1010.Beautiful poppy(罂粟粟)Blessing or disaster?1111.NOTICE!全世界有全世界有10%的人口卷入了毒的人口卷入了毒 品的生品的生产和消和消费;全世界每年全世界每年约有有10万人因吸毒万人因吸毒 死亡;死亡;全世界每年全世界每年约有有1000万人因吸万人因吸 毒毒丧失正常智力和工作能力;失正常智力和工作能力;世界毒品世界毒品贸易已易已经占到世界占到世界贸 易的易的13%,仅次于次于军火火贸易易;1212.poppyopiumheroinmorphine1313.morphine吗 啡啡 (梦神)(梦神)1414.Pharmacokinetics First-pass elimination is extensive bioavailability is low.Passes through BBB and placenta(胎胎盘)barrier.Excretes:kidney,secretes in milk1515.Pharmacological Effects 一、一、CNS 1、Analgesia 镇痛痛 2、Sedation 镇静静3、Cough suppression 镇咳咳4、Respiratory depression 抑制呼吸抑制呼吸1616.Analgesia 镇痛痛Stronger:510mgExtensive:various pain chronic pain acute painLonger:4 6 hours镇痛痛时,意意识清醒清醒,其他感其他感觉不受影响不受影响1717.Sedation 镇静静消除焦消除焦虑、紧张、恐惧等、恐惧等 欣快感欣快感Decrease anxiety、tension and dread.Euphoria :contentment(满足)足)well-being(飘飘欲仙)欲仙)(欣快)(欣快)1818.Respiratory depression therapy dosage:respiratory rate and tid volume .toxic dosage:1)respiratory failure.2)Sensitivity of respiratory center to CO2.3)(-)respiratory center1919.Inhibition of cough reflex Others Miosis(缩瞳瞳):“pinpoint pupils”is valuable in the diagnosis of opioid overdosage.Cough suppression2020.二.Smooth muscle (1)Constipation(便秘便秘):):(-)CNS 便意便意迟钝 (+)gastroenteric smooth muscle,propulsive peristaltic waves(蠕蠕动)2121.(2)(2)biliary pressure:constricts biliary smooth muscle biliary colic(胆胆绞痛痛)(3)(3)Urinary retention (尿潴留尿潴留)(4)bronchial SM(+)-induced asthma(诱发哮喘哮喘););2222.三三.Cardiovascular system (1)Hypotension (低血低血压):a.Cause peripheral vasodilation.(外周血管舒外周血管舒张)b.Increase histamine(组胺)胺)release.c.Respiratory depression CO2 vasodilation2323.2.Intracranial pressure(颅内内压)respiratory depression CO2 Cerebral vasodilation.3.Protections of myocardiac ischemia simulate ischemic preconditioning (模模拟缺血性缺血性预适适应)2424.Inhibit immunoreaction免疫系免疫系统 ()lymphopoiesis(淋巴淋巴细胞增殖胞增殖),),secretion of cellular factors,()immunoreaction induced by HIV.四四.Others2525.Morphine ()()Opioid receptors 模模拟内源性阿片内源性阿片肽作用作用 增增强内源性内源性镇痛系痛系统的功能的功能 analgesia 镇 痛痛Mechanism of action2626.内源性内源性镇痛系痛系统脑啡啡肽神神经元元脑啡啡肽阿片受体阿片受体结合20%2727.2828.Mechanism of action morphine阿片阿片-R2929.Opioid receptors (2)variety 多型性多型性 阿片受体的阿片受体的亚型主要有四种:型主要有四种:、和和 型。型。(3)天然底物天然底物 内阿片内阿片样肽:脑啡啡肽、-内内啡啡肽、强啡啡肽(1)confirmation 证实 1973 1973年年三个不同的三个不同的实验室用高比活性的室用高比活性的标记阿阿 片物片物质各自各自证明了明了脑内阿片受体的存在。内阿片受体的存在。1993 1993年年阿片分子克隆成功。阿片分子克隆成功。3030.Clinical Uses 1.Analgesia 镇痛:其它痛:其它镇痛痛药无效的急性无效的急性锐痛痛 心梗心梗剧痛:痛:前提:前提:BPBP正常正常 机理:机理:镇痛、痛、镇静、静、扩血管血管 biliary colic(胆胆绞痛痛):with atropine一个前提一个前提三个机理三个机理3131.2.Cardiogenic asthma强心心甙类加加强心肌收心肌收缩力力速尿速尿减减轻心心脏负荷荷氨茶碱氨茶碱强心,松弛支气管平滑肌心,松弛支气管平滑肌吗啡啡心源性哮喘心源性哮喘治治疗3232.吗啡啡扩张外周血管外周血管外阻外阻 心心负荷荷 镇静静消除焦消除焦虑恐惧恐惧心心负荷荷 呼吸中枢呼吸中枢对CO2的敏感性的敏感性缓解解浅快呼吸浅快呼吸3333.THANK YOUSUCCESS2024/5/27 2024/5/27 周一周一3434.Diarrhea from almost any cause can be controlled.3.Diarrhea3535.Side Effects 1.Dizziness,nausea,vomiting,constipation,respiratory depression,increased biliary tract pressure.3636.戒断症状戒断症状:成成瘾性性药物反复使用后物反复使用后,停停药可出可出现兴奋、失眠、流涕、流、失眠、流涕、流泪、出泪、出 汗、震汗、震颤、呕吐、腹泻、呕吐、腹泻、虚脱、意虚脱、意识丧失等失等,重复用重复用药后可后可减减轻或消失。或消失。2.Tolerance and Physical Dependence3737.成成瘾者者为获得用得用吗啡后的欣快感及避免啡后的欣快感及避免停停药后引起的戒断症状后引起的戒断症状,常不常不择手段以手段以获得得吗啡啡.3838.毁灭自己自己:剜骨剃髓不用刀,:剜骨剃髓不用刀,请君夜吸相思膏君夜吸相思膏祸及家庭及家庭:烟:烟瘾一来人似狼,一来人似狼,卖儿儿卖女不女不认娘娘 危害社会:危害社会:毒品的危害毒品的危害3939.因毒因毒瘾发作疼痛作疼痛难忍砍断自己手指。忍砍断自己手指。4040.吸毒瘦弱不堪吸毒瘦弱不堪4141.珍珍爱生命生命,远离毒品离毒品 !Yes to life,no to drugs!6.264242.addiction therapy1.1.替代替代疗法:法:使用成使用成瘾性性较轻的阿片的阿片类药物物进行治行治疗。-美沙美沙酮和二和二氢埃托啡埃托啡联合治合治疗,交替使用,交替使用,6-76-7天基本脱天基本脱瘾。2.2.外科手外科手术法:法:开开颅戒毒戒毒术,钻颅切切断断脑毒毒隐细胞胞.4343.1)又称冷火)又称冷火鸡法或干戒法。法或干戒法。2)强制中断吸毒者的毒品供制中断吸毒者的毒品供给,使其戒断症状自然消退而达到脱毒目的使其戒断症状自然消退而达到脱毒目的.自然戒断法自然戒断法4444.1)是指采用)是指采用针灸、理灸、理疗仪等等,2)减)减轻吸毒者戒断症状反吸毒者戒断症状反应的的 一种戒毒方法。一种戒毒方法。自然戒断法自然戒断法4545.morphine poisoning cause coma、pinpoint pupil、respiratory depression.naloxone 纳洛洛酮、nikethamide 尼克刹米、尼克刹米、artificial respiration.Overdosage 吸吸O2O2、Treatment4646.impaired hepatic function patientsDelivery(分娩)(分娩)breast-feeding women(哺乳)(哺乳),bronchial asthma(支喘)(支喘)pulmonary heart disease(肺心病)肺心病)High intracranial pressure patients(颅内内压升高)升高)4747.Contraindications:禁忌症禁忌症P.1784848.codeine可待因可待因4949.1.analgesic and antitussive action morphine,addiction morphine;2.use:1)relief of mild and moderate pain;2)acute dry cough.3.side action characteristics 5050.Section 2 Synthetic analgesic drugs Pethidine 哌替替啶 5151.Pethidine 哌替啶 1.Effects and addiction all morphine;2.Onset rapid and duration short;3.Produces less constipation;action and uses 度冷丁、度冷丁、度冷丁、度冷丁、dolantin5252.1.Analgesia a Used to trauma(创伤),operation,late stage of cancer.b.Used with atropine to treat visceral colic.c.Before delivery the pregnant women should not use meperidine.clinic uses5353.2.Premedication for surgical operation(麻醉前麻醉前给药).3.Artificial hibernation(人工冬眠人工冬眠)dolantin+Chlorpromazine +promethazine(异丙(异丙嗪)4.Cardiogenic asthma5454.Adverse effects Low dose:Sweating、Dry mouth、Nausea、Vomiting、tachycardia and postural hypotension.Large dose:respiratory depression.Contraindications 同同 Morphine5555.fentanyl 芬太尼 1)Analgesic potency and respiratory depressant properties morphine.2)Used for acute pain;3)neuroleptanalgesia 神神经组织镇痛痛droperidol(氟氟哌啶醇醇)+fentanyl5656.Methadone 美沙美沙酮 1)analgesic potency almost like morphine.2)Used for acute pain.3)often substituted for other opioids for treatment of physical dependence.5757.pentazocine 喷他佐辛(镇痛新)1 1)the analgesic potency and inhibition of respiration morphine 2)Inhibits receptor and has less dependence.3)Used for moderate pain.非麻醉品非麻醉品5858.dihydroetorphine 二氢埃托啡 1)镇痛作用为吗啡的500-1000倍,2)作用仅2小时.3)成瘾性较吗啡轻.4)常用于镇痛或吗啡类毒品成瘾 者的戒毒。5959.Section 3 Others 延胡索乙素、延胡索乙素、罗(颅)通定通定 (Corydolis ambigua、rotundine)1)analgesic effect meperidine.2)Used for chronic dull pain,3)No effect on sharp pain.No addiction.6060.Section 4 Opioid Antagonists 纳洛洛酮、纳曲曲酮 (naloxone、naltrexone)6161.1)Block opioids receptors.2)Used for opioid and other analgesics acute intoxication.3)Use for diagnosis of addiction.(纳洛洛酮催催瘾实验)6262.小小结Analgesic mechanismPharmacological EffectsClinical Uses6363.questions1.Please describe the effects、clinical uses and adverse reactions of morphine.2.List the major uses of dolantin.3.心源性哮喘和支气管哮喘能否使用心源性哮喘和支气管哮喘能否使用吗啡?啡?简述理由。述理由。6464.6565.6666.THANK YOUSUCCESS2024/5/27 2024/5/27 周一周一6767.
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