1、(完整版)第六章 酸碱平衡和酸碱滴定法习题答案第六章 酸碱平衡和酸碱滴定法习题61 根据下列反应,标出共轭酸碱对(1) H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH(2) HAc + H2O H3O+ + Ac(3) H3PO4 + OH H2PO4 + H2O(4) CN + H2O HCN + OH解:共轭酸碱对为H3O+H2O H2OOH-HAcAc H3O+H2OH3PO4H2PO4- H2O-OH-HCNCN- H2OOH-习题6-2 指出下列物质中的共轭酸、共轭碱,并按照强弱顺序排列起来:HAc,Ac;NH3;HF,F-;H3PO4,;H2S,HS解:共轭酸为:HAc、HF、H3PO4、
2、H2S 共轭碱为:Ac- 、NH3、 F、HS-共轭酸强弱顺序为:H3PO4、HF、HAc、H2S、共轭碱强弱顺序为:NH3、HS-、Ac-、F-、习题63 已知下列各弱酸的和弱碱的值,求它们的共轭碱和共轭酸的和(1)HCN =9。31 (2)NH4+ =9。25(3)HCOOH =3.75 (4)苯胺 = 9。34解:(1) = 4。69 (2) = 4.75 (3) = 10。25 (4) = 4。66习题6-4 计算0.10 molL1甲酸(HCOOH)溶液的pH及其离解度。解: c/500 pH = 2.38习题65 计算下列溶液的pH(1) 0。050 mol。L-1 HCl (2)
3、 0.10 mol。L-1 CH2ClCOOH(3) 0。10 mol.L1 NH3H2O (4) 0.10 mol.L1 CH3COOH(5) 0。20 mol。L-1 Na2CO3 (6) 0.50 mol。L-1 NaHCO3(7) 0.10 mol。L1 NH4Ac (8) 0。20 mol.L1 Na2HPO4解:(1) c(H+) = 0。050 mol。L1 pH = 1。30 (2) = 1。4103 c(H+) =1.2 10-2 mol。L1 pH = 1.92 (3) c(OH-) = 1.310-3 mol.L1 pOH =2。89 pH =11.11 (4) c(H+
4、) = 1。3103 mol。L-1 pH = 2.89 (5) = 1.78104 c(OH-) = 6。0103 mol.L-1 pOH =2。22 pH =11。78(6)c(H+) = 4。9109 mol.L1 pH = 8.31(7)pH =7.00(8)c(H+) =1。210-10 mol.L-1 pH = 9.92习题66 计算室温下饱和CO2水溶液(即0。0400 mol。L-1)中, c(H+), c(),c() 解: H2CO3 H+ + = 4.30107c(H+) =1.31103 (mol。L-1) c()c(H+) =1。31 10-3 (mol.L-1) H+
5、 + =5。6110-11 c()= 5。611011 (mol。L-1)习题6-7 欲配制pH=3的缓冲溶液,有下列三组共轭酸碱对 (1)HCOOH-HCOO (2)HAc-Ac (3) NH3 问哪组较为合适?解:(1) HCOOHHCOO- (= 3.75)较为合适习题68 往100。0mL0。10molL1HAc溶液中加入50。0mL0.10molL1NaOH溶液,求此混合液的pH。解:混合后为HAc-NaAc体系习题6-9 欲配制pH=10.0的缓冲溶液,如用500。0mL0.10 molL1NH3H2O溶液,需加入0。10 molL-1 HCl溶液多少亳升?或加入固体NH4Cl多少
6、克?(假设体积不变)解:(1) 设需加入0。10 molL1HCl v mL, (2) 设需加入固体NH4Cl m克 m = 0.48 (g)习题6-10 酸碱滴定中,指示剂选择的原则是什么?答:指示剂选择原则:指示剂变色范围全部或部分落在突跃范围内。习题611 借助指示剂的变色确定终点,下列各物质能否用酸碱滴定法直接准确滴定?如果能,计算计量点时的pH,并选择合适的指示剂。 0.10molL1 NaF 0.10molL1 HCN 0.10molL-1 CH2ClCOOH。解:1) = 3.53104 = 2。831011 c= 2。810-12 108 不能直接滴定2) = 4。9310-1
7、0 c= 4。931011 10-8 能直接滴定 CH2ClCOOH + OH-CH2ClCOO- + H2O计量点时 pOH = 6。22 pH=7。78 选苯酚红作指示剂.习题612 一元弱酸(HA)纯试样1。250g,溶于50。00mL水中,需41.20ml 0.0900molL1 NaOH滴至终点.已知加入8。24mLNaOH时,溶液的pH=4。30,(1)求弱酸的摩尔质量M,(2)计算弱酸的离解常数Ka,(3)求计量点时的pH值,并选择合适的指示剂指示终点。解:(1) n(NaOH)= n (HA)0.0900041。20103=1。250/M(HA)M (HA)=337.1 (gm
8、ol-1)(2) 当加入8.24ml NaOH时,溶液组成为HA-A-缓冲体系(3) 化学计量点时 pOH=5.25 pH=8.75 选酚酞作指示剂习题6-13 用因保存不当失去部分结晶水的草酸(H2C2O42H2O)作基准物质来标定NaOH的浓度,问标定结果是偏高、偏低还是无影响?解:标定结果偏低.习题6-14 称取纯碱试样(含NaHCO3及惰性杂质)1.000g,溶于水后,以酚酞为指示剂滴至终点,需0.2500 molL1 HCl 20。40mL;再以甲基橙作指示剂继续以HCl滴定,到终点时消耗同浓度HCl 28。46mL,求试样中Na2CO3和NaHCO3的质量分数。解:CO32-+H+
9、 (V1mL)=HCO3- HCO3-+H+(V2mL)=H2CO3习题615 称取含NaH2PO4和Na2HPO4及其他惰性杂质的试样1。000 g,溶于适量水后,以百里酚酞作指示剂,用0。1000 molL-1 NaOH标准溶液滴至溶液刚好变蓝,消耗NaOH标准溶液20.00 mL,而后加入溴甲酚绿指示剂,改用0。1000 molL-1 HCl标准溶液滴至终点时,消耗HCl溶液30.00 mL,试计算:(1)(NaH2PO4),(2)(Na2HPO4),(3)该NaOH标准溶液在甲醛法中对氮的滴定度。解: + OH- + H2O 百里酚酞 + H+ 溴甲酚绿T(N/NaOH) = 0.10
10、0014。01103=1.40110-3 (gmL1)习题616 蛋白质试样0.2320 g经克氏法处理后,加浓碱蒸馏,用过量硼酸吸收蒸出的氨,然后用0。1200 molL-1 HCl 21.00 mL滴至终点,计算试样中氮的质量分数。解: NH3 + H3BO3 + H+ + = H3BO3 n(N) = n(NH3) = n() = n(HCl) (N)= c(HCl)V(HCl)M(N)/ms= 0。120021.0014.01103/ 0。2320 = 0.1522习题617 称取土样1.000 g溶解后,将其中的磷沉淀为磷钼酸铵,用20。00mL0。1000molL-1 NaOH溶解
11、沉淀,过量的NaOH用0。2000 molL1 HNO37。50 mL滴至酚酞终点,计算土样中(P)、(P2O5).已知:H3PO4+12+ 2NH4+ + 22H+(NH4)2HPO412MOO3H2O +11H2O(NH4)2HPO412MOO3H2O +24OH- 12+ 2+13H2O解: H3PO4+12+ 22H+ (NH4)2HPO412MoO3H2O +11H2O(NH4)2HPO412MoO3H2O +24OH 12+13H2On(P) = n(H3PO4) = n(NH4)2HPO412MoO3H2O) = n(OH)/24习题6-18 Calculate the conc
12、entration of sodium acetate needed to produce a pH of 5。0 in a solution of acetic acid (0。10molL1) at 25 for aceticacid is 4.756 at 25. 解: 习题6-19 The concentration of H2S in a saturated aqueous solution at room temperature is approximately 0.10 molL-1.Calculate c(H+), c(HS-) and c(S2-) in the soluti
13、on。解:已知298K时,(H2S) = 9.110-8 (H2S) = 1.110-12,计算H+ 浓度时只考虑一级离解 H2S H+ + HS-又c/= 0.10/(9.110-8) 500,c(HS-) = c(H+) = 9.5105 molL-1因S2-是二级产物,设c(S2) = x molL1 HS H+ + S2-平衡时 9。510-5-x 9。510-5+x x由于极小,9。5105x 9。5105,则有 = c(H+)c(S2) / c(HS) = 9。5105c(S2)/ 9。510-5 = 1。110-12故c(S2-) =1.110-12 (molL1)习题620 Calculate the equilibrium concentration of sulfide ion in a saturated solution of hydrogen sulfide to which enough hydrochloric acid has been added to make the hydronium ion concentration of the solution 0。10 molL1 at equilibrium。 (A saturated H2S solution is 0.10 molL-1 in hydrogen sulfide)解: