新视野B4U1-PPT.ppt

Love and logic:The story of a fallacyUnit 1 Section AUnit 1 Section A2apply the reading skill skimming3write a narrative essay4practice the translation skill free translation5develop a critical view on logic and fallaciesuse the key language to talk about logic of discourse1 Objectives Section A Love and logic:The story of a fallacyWarming-up ActivitiesText StudyLanguage AppreciationSummary Warming-up ActivitiesTrue or FalseTrue or FalseThe following are some statements to test your reasoning ability.Tell whether the conclusions after the word“Therefore”are true(T),false(F),or uncertain(U).Write your answer on the line before each statement.1.All odd numbers are integers(整数).All even numbers are integers.Therefore,all odd numbers are even numbers.2.There are no dancers that arent slim and no singers that arent dancers.Therefore,all singers are slim.3.A toothpick(牙签)is useful.Useful things are valuable.Therefore,a toothpick is valuable.4.Three pencils cost the same as two erasers.Four erasers cost the same as one ruler.Therefore,pencils are more expensive than rulers.5.Class A has a higher enrollment than Class B.Class C has a lower enrollment than Class B.Therefore,Class A has a lower enrollment than Class C.FTTFF Warming-up Activities 6.A fruit basket contains more apples than lemons.There are more lemons in the basket than oranges.Therefore,the basket contains more apples than oranges.7.Taking the train across town is quicker than taking the bus.Taking the bus across town is slower than driving a car.Therefore,taking the train across town is quicker than driving a car.8.All the tulips in Zoes garden are white.All the roses in Zoes garden are yellow.Therefore,all the flowers in Zoes garden are either white or yellow.TUU Warming-up Activities Lead-in1.Why is it important to develop logical reasoning skills?Reasoning skills deal with the process of getting from a problem to a solution or a conclusion.By improving your reasoning skills,you can improve your success in doing things.Specifically,strong reasoning skills can help you to:improve the quality and validity of your own arguments;improve your ability to assess the quality and validity of others arguments;make more logical decisions;solve problems more efficiently and effectively.Lead-in2.Do you think it is possible to deal with life in a completely rational and logical way?When it comes to making a choice,many people tend to use rational and logical reasoning;Males are more rational than females;Rational world is not necessarily a wonderful one;Rational individuals can make choices that are bad news for others;It is ridiculous to deal with love in a logical way.Section A Love and logic:The story of a fallacyText StudyGlobal UnderstandingGlobal UnderstandingDetailed UnderstandingDetailed UnderstandingRead the whole passage and answer the following questions.Text StudyGlobal understandingGlobal understandingTask 1 Global understanding of the structure 1)What type of passage is it?Narration.2)What parts are included in this type of passage?Please find out these parts in this passage.A piece of narration should include five basic elements of plot structure:exposition,rising action,turning point,falling action and resolution.Text StudyGlobal understandingGlobal understandingTask 1 Narrative elementsParas.Main ideasExposition1-3Setting of the story:The narrator and Rob make a deal the exchange of a leather jacket for Polly.Rising action4-25Teaching Polly logic to make her intelligentTurning point26Planning on asking Polly to be his girlfriendFalling action27-37Pollys refutation of the narrators arguments as logical fallaciesResolution38-43Polly refuses to be the narrators girlfriend.1.What did the narrator do with his roommate Rob?(Para.1)TipsTipsTipsTipsThey made a deal that the narrator gives Rob his leather jacket,and Rob,in exchange,gives the narrator his girlfriend.Read the text again and answer the following questions.Detailed understanding of the textText StudyDetailed understandingDetailed understandingTask 1 2.Why does the narrator want to have Polly as his girlfriend?(Paras.2-3)TipsTipsTipsTipsPretty,well-off,radiant;The right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged,brilliant lawyer;Help the narrator in his competition with other applicants to some elite law firms.Text StudyDetailed understandingDetailed understanding3.When the narrator and Polly have their first date,the narrator says that what he has got in mind is a little eccentric.Why?(Paras.4-5)TipsTipsTipsTipsThe narrator feels this way because he cant stop thinking that his purpose of dating Polly is not for romance but for improving her intelligence,and he cant let Polly know his plan.Text StudyDetailed understandingDetailed understanding4.Why does the narrator decide to teach Polly logic?(Para.7)TipsTipsTipsTipsThe narrator decides to teach Polly logic because he believes logic is essential to clear thinking.By teaching Polly logic,he can make her intelligent.Text StudyDetailed understandingDetailed understanding5.What is Dicto Simpliciter?Give an example.(Paras.9-11)TipsTipsTipsTipsAn unqualified,too simple generalization;One example:Exercise is good,therefore,everybody should do exercise.Text StudyDetailed understandingDetailed understanding6.What is Hasty Generalization?Give an example.(Paras.12-15)TipsTipsTipsTipsReaching a hasty conclusion without sufficient evidence;One example:You cant speak French.Rob cant speak French.Looks like nobody at this school can speak French.Text StudyDetailed understandingDetailed understanding7.What is Ad Misericordiam?Give an example.(Paras.16-21)TipsTipsTipsTipsAppealing to ones sympathy instead of answering the question directly;One example:A man applies for a job.When the boss asks him what his qualifications are,he says he has six children to feed.Text StudyDetailed understandingDetailed understanding8.What is False Analogy?Give an example.(Paras.22-25)TipsTipsTipsTipsWrong inference;making an analogy between two situations that are altogether different;One example:Students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during exams,because surgeons have X-rays to guide them during surgery.Text StudyDetailed understandingDetailed understanding9.Is the narrator successful in teaching Polly logic?How do you know?(26-37)TipsTipsTipsTipsYes.He is only too successful in teaching Polly logic because in the end when he asks Polly to be his girlfriend,Polly refuses his request by applying all the logical fallacies he has taught her.Text StudyDetailed understandingDetailed understanding10.What happened at last?(Paras.38-43)TipsTipsTipsTipsPolly refused to be the girlfriend of the narrator;Full disclosure;Polly liked Rob in leather;She told Rob to make the pact with the author so that he could have the jacket.Text StudyDetailed understandingDetailed understandingThe author sets the scene of the story by providing information about the four“wh-”words:who,where,what,and why.“Who”refers to the narrator,his roommate Rob,and the beautiful girl Polly.“Where”refers to .“What”and“why”refer to what to do and why to do it:The narrator decides to make Polly“”because as a promisingly brilliant lawyer,he wants to have a girlfriend who is not only beautiful but also intelligent.Part I Paras.1_3a college campuswell-spoken The narrator tries to help Polly become smarter by giving her lessons in logic.Altogether he spends five nights teaching Polly four logical ,namely,Dicto Simpliciter,Ad Misericordiam,.Part II Paras.4-25fallaciesHasty GeneralizationFalse Analogy When asked to be the narrators girl friend,Polly refutes his arguments with the exact taught by him and refuses by making that she is dating the narrator simply because it is a trick she and Rob have decided to play on him in order to get his .Part III Paras.26-43logical fallaciesfull disclosureleather jacketLanguage AppreciationTranslation:这四位好友约好每年拍一张合影。reach an agreement 约好；达成协议The four friends made a pact to take a picture together each year.1.make a pact(Para.1)Language AppreciationTranslation:他将给我们3,000美元以获得我们的帮助。giving one thing and receiving another(esp.of the same type or value)in return 作为（对的）交换（或替代）In exchange for our help,hell give us$3,000.2.in exchange for(Para.1)Language AppreciationTranslation:他的谈判技巧使他赢得了精明商人的名声。1)able to judge people and situations very well and make good decisions（人）精明的，机敏的2)well judged and likely to be right（决定和判断）准确的，英明的3.shrewd:a.(Para.1)His skill in negotiating earned him a reputation as a shrewd businessman.Translation:他继承了一大笔钱，然后又通过正确的投资使之得到升值。He inherited a considerable fortune and then increased it by shrewd investments.Language AppreciationTranslation:汤姆刚又买了辆新车，他一定很有钱。(infml.)rich,or having enough money to live well 富裕的；有钱的Tom has just bought another new car;he must be very well-off.4.well-off:a.(Para.2)Language AppreciationTranslation:和大多数其他精英大学一样，斯坦福大学的学生群体也越来越多元化。a.of or relating to the best or most skillful people in a group 精英的；精锐的n.C a group of people who have a lot of power and influence because they have money,knowledge,or special skills(社会)精英；上层人士5.elite(Para.2)Stanford,like most other elite universities,has an increasingly diverse student body.Translation:就读斯坦福大学后，他觉得自己是精英分子中的一员了。After he attended Stanford University,he considered himself to be one of elite.Language AppreciationTranslation:新娘看上去满面春风。1)full of happiness and love,in a way that shows in your face and makes you look attractive 容光焕发的；喜悦的2)very bright 灿烂的；明亮的6.radiant:a.(Para.2)The bride looked radiant.Translation:湛蓝的天空阳光灿烂。The sun was radiant in a clear blue sky.Language AppreciationTranslation:巴黎是法国首都，也是法国最大的城市，坐落于塞纳河畔。(be)in a particular place;located 位于；坐落于Paris is the capital and the largest city of France,situated on the River Seine.7.situated:a.(Para.4)Language AppreciationTranslation:夜光中大楼颜色十分明亮，好像在闪烁发光。1)very bright 很明亮的；灿烂的2)shining in the dark 发光的；夜明的8.luminous:a.(Para.4)In the evening light the color of the building was so luminous that it seemed to shimmer.Translation:我闹钟上的指针是发光的，在黑暗中我也能看时间。The hands on my alarm clock are luminous,so I can see what time it is in the dark.Language AppreciationTranslation:这些数据太模糊、太简单，所以可能会歪曲国家的总体经济状况。1)change sth.such as information so that it is no longer true or accurate 歪曲;曲解2)change the way sth.looks,sounds,or behaves so that it becomes strange or difficult to recognize.使变形；使失真；使反常9.distort:vt.(Para.7)The statistics are vague and oversimplified,and thus may distort the states overall economic picture.Translation:他的声音从喇叭里传出来好像失真了。The loudspeaker seemed to distort his voice.Language AppreciationTranslation:调查者感到困惑，他们不知道这是一起意外事故，还是自杀，或者谋杀。(usu.passive)be unable to find an answer or think of a reply to a question or peoblem 使困惑；难倒Investigators are stumped.They dont know whether this was an accident,a suicide,or a murder.10.stump:v.(Para.11)Language AppreciationTranslation:他们将选定举行婚礼的日子。choose a particular day for sth.为定日期They will set a date for the wedding.11.set a date for(Para.15)Language AppreciationTranslation:我们试图唤起他们的同情，但没有用。他们仍然没给我们任何帮助。1)try to get sb.to do or accept sth.By making them think it is a sensible or fair thing to do 诉诸；唤起2)have a character that makes a particular person interested;attract 吸引；感染12.appeal to:(Para.20)Weve tried to appeal to their compassion,but it is just not working.They still didnt give us any help.Translation:虽然没有退休金，但这份工作仍然吸引了她，因为有医疗福利。Though there was no pension,the job appealed to her because it provided health benefits.Language AppreciationTranslation:把汽车和飞机进行类比是很难的。make a comparison between(sth.and sth.else)在之间作类比Its difficult to make an analogy between cars and airplanes.13.make/draw an analogy between(Para.24)Language AppreciationTranslation:不要企图把一个和警察激烈作对的人塑造成英雄。change a person or thing into sth.else 使变成Dont try to make a hero out of a man who violently confronted the police.14.make sth.out of sb./sth.(Para.26)Language AppreciationTranslation:用新方法处理税收及福利问题的时候已经到来。It is time for sth.该是的时候了The time has come for a new way of dealing with the tax and benefit issues.15.The time has come for sth.(Para.26)Language AppreciationTranslation:太阳能就是把太阳的能量转化为热与电。the process of changing sth.from one form,purpose,or system to another 转变；改造；转换Solar power is the conversion of the suns energy into heat and electricity.16.conversion:n.C,U(Para.26)Language AppreciationTranslation:他希望有一天能刷新世界纪录。be even better or greater than sb.or sth.else超过；胜过He hopes one day to surpass the world record.17.surpass:vt.(Para.31)Language AppreciationTranslation:经理和他的团队讨论了策略问题。a particular method or plan for achieving sth.方法；策略；手法The manager discussed tactics with his team.18.tactic:n.C.usu.pl.(Para.33)Language AppreciationTranslation:他觉察到他们的欢迎有点冷淡。1)(fml.)notice sth.,esp.after thinking about it carefully or studying it（尤指仔细思考或研究之后）看出，觉察出，辨明2)see or hear sth.,esp.sth.that is far away or not very clear 看到；听到；辨认出He discerned a certain coldness in their welcome.19.discern:vt.(Para.36)Language AppreciationTranslation:他所有的希望开始化为泡影。vi.stop existing or being effective 崩溃；瓦解；消失v.break sth.into very small pieces,or be broken into very small pieces 弄碎；（使）成碎屑 All his hopes began to crumble away.20.crumble:(Para.36)Language AppreciationTranslation:晋升名单宣布后，员工层中爆发了嫉妒心理。1)suddenly become angry or violent突然发怒；突然爆发2)suddenly burn or shine brightly 突然烧旺；闪耀3)become worse 恶化；加剧Jealousy flared up within the ranks of employees when the promotion list was announced.21.flare up:(Para.38)Language AppreciationTranslation:她男朋友不肯戒烟，所以她和他断了关系。1)end a relationship abruptly抛弃（恋人等）；和某人一刀两断2)dismiss sb.from their job解雇某人；开除某人Her boyfriend did not want to stop smoking,so she gave him the axe.22.give sb.the axe:(Para.42)Language AppreciationTranslation:她是个心灵手巧的厨师。1)(of a person)good at inventing things and solving problems in new ways（人）有独创性的2）(of a machine,plan,etc.)cleverly made and well suited to its purpose（设备或计划等）别出心裁，构思巧妙的She is an ingenious cook.23.ingenious:(Para.42)Language AppreciationTranslation:你选择和我们呆在一起，我们满心喜悦。contain or be covered in a lot of sth.满是;充满/充溢 We are dripping with delight now that you have chosen to stay with us.24.be dripping with:(Para.43)