社会学基础英文授课第六讲-性别阶层化-PPT.ppt

TheFoundationsofSocietyLecture6GenderStratificationGender and InequalitynGenderPersonal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female and malenHierarchy-ranking men and women differently in terms of power,wealth,and other resources.nGender stratificationUnequal distribution of wealth,power,and privilege between men and womennMale-female biological differencespbe careful not to think of social differences in biological terms.pexample of womens right to vote and athletic performancenDo men naturally outperform women in athletic competition?nThe answer is not obvious.Early in the twentieth century,men outpaced women by more than an hour in marathon races.But as opportunities for women in athletics have increased,women have been closing the performance gap.Only eleven minutes separate the current world marathon records for women(set in 2003)and for men(set in 2008).Some differences in physical ability between the sexsnMales are 10%taller,20%heavier,and 30%stronger especially in the upper body;nWomen,as a group,live longer than men.In all developed countries and most undeveloped ones,women outlive men,sometimes by a margin of as much as 10 years.nResearch does not point to any difference in overall intelligence between males and females.nBiologically men and women differ in limited ways;neither one is naturally superior.But culture can define the two sexes very differently.Gender in a Global PerspectivenIsraeli kibbutzimpGender equality is a stated goal.pMen and women share in both work and decision making.pWomen and men in the kibbutzim have achieved remarkable(although not complete)social equality,evidence that cultures define what is feminine and what is masculine.Gender in a Global PerspectivenMargaret Meads research in New GuineapCulture is key to gender differences.pArapesh-both sexes were femininepMundugumor-both sexes were masculinepTchambuli-Females were dominant and rational and males were submissive,emotional and nurturing toward children.Gender in a Global PerspectivenGeorge Murdocks researchpSome global agreement about feminine and masculine tasks.pHunting and warfare,generally fall to men,and homecentered tasks such as cooking and child care tend to be womens work.nGender and culturepWhat it means to be male or female is mostly a creation of society.Patriarchy and SexismnMatriarchyA form of social organization in which females dominate malespMusuo in China-women control everthingPatriarchy and SexismnPatriarchy(“rule of fathers”)-a form of social organization in which males dominate females.nWomens social standing in relation to mens varies around the world.In general,women live better in rich countries than in poor countries.nSexism-the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other.nInstitutional sexism found throughout the economynThe costs of sexismnSexism limits half of the human population.nInevitability of patriarchynMost sociologists believe gender is socially constructed and can be changed.Gender and SocializationGender and SocializationnResearch suggests that most young people develop personalities that are a mix of feminine and masculine traits.nGender affects how we think of ourselves and teaches us how to behave.nGender roles(sex roles)Attitudes and activities that a society links to each sexWhy Do Gender Roles Differ?nThere are many theories to explain for the differences in gender roles from culture to culture:1.Sociobiologyargues that evolution and genetic factors can explain why men are generally more aggressive than women.To propagate their genes,they must defeat their competition.2.Social learning theorysays that people learn attitudes,beliefs and behaviors through social interactions.The learning is a result of reinforcement.Why Do Gender Roles Differ?3.Cognitive development theoryArgues that children acquire female or male values on their own by thinking,reasoning,and interpreting information in their environment.4.Symbolic interaction theorysays that gender roles are socially constructed categories that emerge in social situations.5.Feminist theoristssay that gender is a socially constructed role that is taught carefully and repeatedlymuch like social learning theory.How Do We Learn Gender Roles?nParents are usually the first and by far the most influential socialization agents.pParents teach gender roles through:nTalkingparents often communicate differently with boys and girls.nSetting expectationseven at times unknowingly,parents set different expectations for girls and for boys in things like sports,school,and household chores.nProviding opportunitiesParents provide cultural opportunities based on what is accepted for boys and girls.Gender and the FamilynIs it a boy or girl?pColor-coding gendernTraditional notions of gender identitynHandling of childrenpFemale:passivity and emotionpMale:independence and actionGender and Peer GroupsnJanet Lever(1978)pBoys favor team sports with complex rules and clear objectives.pGirls sports teach interpersonal skills and the value of sharing and cooperation.nGilligan(1982)p Boys reason according to abstract principles.Girls consider morality a matter of responsibility to others.Gender and SchoolingnGender shapes our interests and beliefs about our own abilities,guiding areas of study and,eventually,career choices.nAreas of study are always gender-typedTeachers and SchoolsnTeachers and schools send a number of gender-related messages that follow boys and girls from grade school through college.nTeachers in elementary,middle,and high schools have a huge influence on our children and some have very sex-stereotyped expectations.CollegenWomen earn about 58%of bachelors degrees and 60%of masters degrees.Still,women focus more on traditional female kinds of roles like teaching,social work,and nursing.nSome say women choose these fields because they like them,while others say they are not given the same early chances in math and science that boys are given,so they dont choose those fields.Gender and the Mass MedianWhite males have center stage.nMinorities locked out until the early 1970s.nWomen receive roles based on sex appeal.nMedia myths that every women should look like a supermodel assault our senses every day.nAdvertisementsis one important way that women are“taught”to look a certain way.It is not overt,but tends to be very covert.The Publishing MedianNewspapers especially tend to be very male-dominated.A survey of 104 national magazines and local newspapers found that in 3,500 frontpage stories,male sources outnumbered female sources almost three to one!nFor the most part,men still dominate written and television media.What Are the Costs and Benefits?nTraditional roles have both benefits and costssee the table following.Why Do Traditional Roles Continue?nFor many families,traditional roles are beneficial for several reasons,especially when one partner can be the sole breadwinner and one partner can be the caregiver when it comes to the children.Gender StratificationnGender stratification refers to peoples unequal access to wealth,power,status,prestige,opportunity,and other valued resources because of their gender.Gender in the WorkplacenIn most of the world,occupations are gendered.While we say that anyone can do any job,there still tend to be jobs that are“womens”jobs and jobs that are“mens”jobs.HouseworkThe Second ShiftnIn many cases,one of the major sources of tension between couples is that there is an unequal split of the second shiftthat time after work when housework,dinner,and child care takes place.Gender and PoliticsnAgain,as with workplace discrimination,discrimination in politics has come a long way.nWomen hold just 19%of seats in the worlds 188 parliaments.Gender and EducationnOur educational system seems to be gendered to some regard.When children enter kindergarten they score the same on similar tests,but by third grade the boys are scoring better on math and science.Is it because we expect them to do better in those areas so we“push”them?n In higher education women earn the higher percentage of post-graduate degrees,but in typically“male”fields like engineering,a woman is much less likely than a man to be hired in higher education as an instructor in that course.Gender and ReligionnReligion shapes gender and family roles in many ways.Religion also shapes the division of labor in the home.nAt religious colleges and universities,some female faculty members believe that their expected gender roles are constraining.Often there are few female full-time faculty at such institutions.Gender and InteractionnWomen and men are more similar than different in their interactions.nResearch shows that womens interactions focus around relationship and relationship building,while mens communication tends to be more focused on conversational dominance,such as speaking more frequently and for longer periods of time.The GlobalGender Gap IndexnThe GGGI tries to measure the well-being of women on a global scale.It gauges the relative equility between men and women on an indicator.Are Women a Minority?A minority is any category of people distinguished by physical or culturaldifference that a society sets apart and subordinates.nAt every class level,women have less income,wealth,education,and power than men.nIntersection theoryThe interplay of race,class,and gender,often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage.pDisadvantages linked to gender and race often combine to produce especially low social standing.nMultilayered system of disadvantage for some and privilege for othersFeminismnWorking to increase equalitynExpansion of human choicenEliminate gender stratificationnEnding sexual violencenPromote sexual freedomThe advocacy of social equality for women and men,in opposition to patriarchy and sexismTypes of FeminismnLiberal feminismpFree to develop own talents and interestsnSocialist feminismpPursues collective personal liberationnRadical feminismpEliminate idea of genderpEgalitarian,gender-free revolutionnOpposition to feminismpThreat to male status and self-respectpGrowing evidence that men and women think and act in different waysGender inequalities in ChinanAccording to a 2011 survey,men and women seem to have the same educational opportunities in China,with 91%of girls going at least through elementary education.nWhile in higher education even more females than males are enrolled in the universities.Gender inequalities in ChinanDespite these numbers,few women seem to have achieved success in the workplace of China and panelists agreed that different cultural expectations for the two sexes are basically the root of the problem.neven with equal educational opportunities,not all women have equal upbringing opportunitiesGender inequalities in ChinanThe women who successfully enter the workplace face inequality when it comes to promotion or even their wage(earning 69%of what their male counterparts are paid)and are expected to be masculine in order to survive in the business environment.The same discrimination applies in politics as well with only 27%of National Peoples Congress delegates being women.Gender inequalities in ChinanEven though there have been efforts to ameliorate gender inequality in the Chinese society,the gap between the two sexes remains big.nEspecially in poverty-stricken rural areas