动词不定式用法小结.doc

    动词不定式用法
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。另外，动词不定式具有动词特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。动词不定式的肯定形式是to＋do；其否定形式是not to＋do。
下面以动词不定式在句中的作用来予以详细说明。
1．作主语
可以直接作主语。如： To see is to believe．
但在英语中，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面。如：
It's wrong to play tricks on other people．
It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy．
点击规律：动词不定式在句中作主语时，常放在It is ＋adj．（形容词）＋to do sth．或 It is ＋n．（名词）＋to do sth．句型中，it仅作形式主语。
2．作宾语
a．want，decide ，agree等动词后面跟并且只能跟不定式。如：
We agreed to start early．
She wants to be a doctor．
b．love，like ，begin，start，hate ，prefer等词后面可以接不定式。
点击规律：上述动词后面除接不定式外，还可以接动名词，意思无很大区别。
提示板：like doing指经常性动作，而like to do指一次性的动作。如：
I like swimming，but I don't like to swim now．我喜欢游泳，但我现在不想游。
c．stop，forget，remember，go on ，try等词或短语后面可以接不定式。
点击规律：上述动词后面接不定式和接动名词意思大不相同。
提示板：
1）stop to do sth．：停止一件事，去做另一件事。
stop doing sth．：停止正在做的事。
例句：When the teacher came in，the students stopped talking；when he came out，the students stopped to talk． 当老师走进来时，学生们停止说话；当老师走出去时，学生们又开始说话。
2）思考：forget，remember，go on，try等词或短语后面接不定式和动名词用法有何区别？
d．在find／feel＋it＋adj．＋to do sth．句型中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。如：
The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep．
I feel it easy to recite the text．
点击规律：某些动词或短语后面既可以接动词不定式作宾语，又可接动名词作宾语，二者用法上的区别可以通过造句子加以区分，如上面stop例句。
3．作宾语补足语
a．tell，ask，want，order，teach，invite，warn，wish，help，get，wish，help等词后面常接不定式作宾补。如：
I tell him not to go there by bus ．
Edison's mother taught him to read and write．
b．let，make，have，see，hear，feel，watch， notice后面接不带to的不定式作宾补。如：
The boss makes them work 16 hours a day． I heard her sing in the next room．
提示板：若变成被动语态，在上述结构中，不定式符号to要加上。如：
They are made to work 16 hours a day by the boss．
She was heard to sing in the next room．
4．作定语：放在被修饰的名词、代词后面
例句：I have a lot of work to do．
The doctor said he could do nothing to help the boy．
点击规律：动词不定式若在句中作定语，常放在被修饰的名词、代词之后。
提示板：如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系，若动词是不及物动词，切记不要忘掉介词。如：
I have a small bedroom to live in．
Have you got some pens to write with？
5．表语：放在连系动词be后面
例句：His wish is to become a scientist．
The first important thing is to save the soldiers' lives．
当务之急是抢救战士们的生命。
点击规律：动词不定式在句中作表语时，通常对连系动词前面的名词进行诠释说明。
6．作状语
a．目的状语：放在go，come，use，live，in order等词后面。如：
I come to see you．
He runs fast in order to get there in time．
b．原因状语：放在sorry，glad，surprised， disappointed，excited等词后面。如：
I am glad to see you here．
I am sorry to trouble you．
c．作结果状语。如：
Some of the apples are hard to reach．
The room is large enough to hold 1000 people．
7．与what，who，whose，when，where， how等疑问词连用，作宾语、宾语补足语、主语等。
如： I don't know what to do next．（宾语）
He taught us how to use the computer．（宾语补足语）
It's still a question how to get there．（主语）
   【模拟试题】（答题时间：30分钟）
    一. 选择填空：
    1. He asked me ________ here earlier.
    A. come         B. to come             C. coming             D. came
    2. Please tell him _______ on the wall.
    A. don’t draw        B. to not draw        C. not to draw              D. not draw
    3. He wanted ________ a cup of tea.
    A. to have              B. having        C. have          D. had
    4. I’d like ________ a word with you.
    A. had            B. having        C. to have              D. have
    5. I came here _______ my uncle.
    A. saw           B. to see         C. seeing        D. to be seen
    6. The man refused （拒绝）________ back his words.
    A. to take              B. taking         C. took           D. takes
    7. I can let you ________ one ticket.
    A. to have              B. have           C. having        D. had
    8. We often heard him _________ in his room.
    A. to sing              B. sings          C. sang          D. sing
    9. He was made ________ day and night.
    A. work         B. working            C. to work             D. worked
    10. He stopped ______ a look, but saw nothing.
    A. having        B. to have              C. have          D. had
    11. My father was too angry _________ a word.
    A. to say        B. not to say          C. to saying           D. didn’t say
    12. My brother was old enough ________ to school.
    A. went          B. goes           C. going         D. to go
    13. It is time ________ him ________ supper.
    A. of, to have         B. for, to have        C. of, having          D. for, to has
    14. It’s very kind _______ you ______ me.
    A. of, to help         B. for, to help         C. of, help             D. of, helping
    15. It’s important _________ our classroom clean every day.
    A. kept           B. to keep              C. to give              D. keep
    16. Before liberation （解放）they had no chance _______ to school.
    A. went          B. go              C. to go          D. to be gone
    17. He said he had an important meeting ________.
    A. attend        B. would attend             C. attending           D. to attend
    18. Please give me a piece of paper ________.
    A. to write             B. to write on         C. writing              D. to write it
    19. I don’t know _______.
    A. what do            B. what will do              C. what to do         D. do what
    20. Your radio needs ________.
    A. to be repaired     B. to repair            C. repaired             D. to repairing
    21. My wish is ________ a teacher.
    A. becoming          B. to become         C. become             D. became
    22. I want ________ him a letter now.
    A. to write             B. not write           C. write          D. wrote
    23. It took us three days _________ the trees.
    A. plant          B. planted              C. to plant             D. plants
    24. Why not ________ here _______ me?
    A. to come, to see      B. come, to see       C. came, seeing       D. come, see
    25. He wishes me ______ my best _________ hard at English.
    A. to do, to work      B. doing, working      C. to do, working     D. do, work
    26. Please tell me ________ her. I have something _______ her.
    A. where to find, telling         B. where to find, to tell
    C. where can find, to tell        D. where finding, telling
    27. How happy they are ______ each other again!
    A. to see         B. see             C. saw           D. being seen
    28. They decided （决心）_______ a letter ______ their thanks.
    A. to write, expressing（表达）
    B. writing, express
    C. write, expressed
    D. to write, to express
    29. The officer ordered （命令）him _______ down _________ a rest.
    A. lying, have    B. to lie, to have     C. to lie, having     D. lie, had
    30. The headmaster called on （号召）us ______ hard for our country.
    A. to work             B. worked             C. work         D. to working
    二. 根据上句意思完成下句，使两句意思相近或相同，每空一词。
    1. He was so angry that he couldn’t say anything.
       He was too angry _______ ______ anything.
    2. I don’t know when we will have the meeting.
       I don’t know when _______ _______ the meeting.
    3. He said he would write a letter.
       He said he would have a letter ______ _______.
    4. That you read English in the morning is very important.
       It is very important _____ you _____ _______ English in the morning.
    5. He was so strong that he could lift the stone. （石头）
       He was strong _____ _____ ______ the stone.
    6. His father went to Beijing for his holiday.
       His father went to Beijing ________ ______ his holiday.
    7. They got up early so that they could get there in time.
       They got up early _____ ______ _______ ______ there in time.
    8. His brother decided that he would buy the book.
       His brother decided _____ _______ the book.
    9. He hopes that he can visit the Great Wall.
       He hopes _____ _______ the Great Wall.
    10.I saw him go into the room.
       He was seen _____ ______ into the room.
    11.We made him work five hours a day.
       He was made _____ ______ five hours a day.
    12.Do you want to say anything for yourself?
       Do you have anything _____ _____ for yourself?
    13.We don’t know what we shall do next.
       We don’t know what ____ _______ next.
    14.I’m very sorry on hearing the bad news.
       I’m very sorry _____ _______ the bad news.
    15.He stopped and had a look at me.
       He stopped _____ ______ a look at me.
    16.I helped him with his English.
       I helped him _____ ______ English.
    17.My father promised （许诺）that he would buy me a bike.
       My father promised ____ ______ me a bike.
    18.The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it.
       The box is too heavy ______ me _______ _______.
    19.“Lie down! ”the boy said to his dog.
       The boy ordered his dog ______ ______ down.
    20.“Don’t make any noise, ”she said to me.
       She told me ______ _______ ________ any noise.

一：形式主语或形式宾语it
那些未曾去过那个小村庄的人很难描绘出它的美丽。（ it ）
It is very hard for those who haven’t been to the small village to describe its beauty.
我发现很难与那些一贯固执己见的人合作。（it ）
I find it hard/it is hard to cooperate with those who always stick to their own opinions.
常需要用形式主语来翻译的情况
1、It’s + adj. + of/for sb. to do sth.
Eg. It’s so careless of you to make so many spelling mistakes in the English exam
2、It so happened that…
Eg. It so happened that I didn’t have any money on me.
3、It’s reported/ believed/ estimated that…
It’s estimated that about 30 passengers were killed in the bus accident.
4、在强调句it is + that 中
Eg. It’s because of his perseverance that led to his late success.
5、在含有某些形容词的句子中，如important，necessary，impossible, natural, common, strange等。
6、It’s likely that…
Eg. It’s likely that John won’t come though he has promised do.