的牛津英语8Bu1--2现在完成时语法讲解及练习.doc

★现在完成时语法讲解
1.构成
现在完成时是由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。
2.用法
（1）表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如：   -Have you had lunch yet?     -Yes, I have. I've just had it.
    你（已经）吃午饭了吗？ 我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了）
（2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。 
  如：He has taught here since 1981. 他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）
           I haven't seen her for four years.  我有四年没见到她了。
3．结构
1）．陈述句结构：主语＋have( has)（not）+过去分词＋其它。　 have not=haven’t   has not=hasn’t.
2）一般疑问句结构：Have( Has )＋主语＋过去分词＋其它？
3）．特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋have(has) +主语+ 过去分词＋其它？
e.g. He has already finished his homework. He hasn’t finished his homework yet.
   Has he finished his homework yet? --Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t./ No, not yet.
4)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。 如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。
4.现在完成时的时间状语
（1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。
 a. 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。
如：We have already finished our homework. 我们已完成作业了。
                   They haven't finished their homework yet. 他们还没有完成作业。
 b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。 
如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗？
              -I have never been to the Great Wall. 我从未去过长城。
 c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。
例如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where. 我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。
           He has been there three times the last few days. 近几年他去过那里三次了。
 d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now, today, this morning (month ,year, term)等。
例如：-Have you met him today?-No, I haven't.     今天你见过他吗？我 没有。
              How many times have you been there this year?    今年你去过那里多少次？
（2）现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I haven't seen him for two years.  但是，像come, arrive, buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用，必须改为“be（在）”等延续性动词来表述,现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：
        arrive→be here                    begin(start)→be on
        die    →be dead                    come back→be back
        leave →be away                    fall ill(sick, asleep)→be ill(sick, asleep)
        get up→be up                       go out   →be out
        finish →be over                     put on  →wear 或be on
        open →be open                    join  →be in或 be a member of…
        close →be closed                  go to school→be a student
        borrow →keep                      buy    →have             
        catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)   get to know →know       begin to study→study       
如：He has been a soldier for three years. 他参军三年了。
        His father has been dead for two years. 他父亲去世二年了。
        The film has been on for ten minutes. 电影已开始十分钟了。
        We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。
5.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
        现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等，而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系。试比较： I have lost my new book.  我把新书丢了。（现在还未找到）
       I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）
6.几点注意事项
（1）have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never, several times等连用，后者则不能。
如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。  He has gone to Beijing .  他去北京了。
 （2）如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。如：It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two                        years.他父亲去世已有三年了。
 （3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。 如：I haven't left here since 1997. 自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。

现在完成时态专练1
【用since和for填空】1) ______ two years      2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month
 4) ______ 1999              5) _______ yesterday        6) _______ 4 o’clock 7) ______ 4 hours      
  8) _____ an hour ago    9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time     11) ______ she left here
【用since和for填空】 1. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.
2. I’ve known him __________ we were children.
3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.
4. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years.
5. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.
【用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空】
A: Where ____________ Li Fei ___________? B: He ____________ to Hainan Island.
A: How long ___________ he ___________ there? B: He _____________ there for three days.
A: When will he come back , do you know? B: I’m afraid he won’t come back recently.
A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island? B: Sorry, I ________ never ___________ there.
A: How many times _________ Li Fei ________ to that place? B: He ___________ there only once.
【用have/has been to/in, have gone to的各种形式填空】
1.Where is Jack? He ____________________ his country.
2.John _________________ England since he came back.
3.How long _______________ have _______________ this village?
4.The Smiths ________________ Beijing for years.
5.______________ you ever ______________ America?     -- Yes, I ___________ there many times.
6.I _________________________ this school since three years ago.
【按要求把短暂性转换为延续性动词】
①arrive at/in sw. get to/reach sw. come/go/move to sw.
→ be in sw./at school/at home/on the farm/be here/be there(sw.为somewhere的缩写)
1.He got to Beijing five minutes ago.
He ________ _________ _________ Beijing for _________ _________.                           
2.I moved to the USA last year.
I ________ ________ __________ the USA since __________ __________.
3.I went home yesterday. I _______ ________ _________ home for _________ __________.
4.They came here last week. They _________ _________ here since _________ __________.
②come/go back, return → be back             come/go out → be out
1.He came out two years ago. He _________ __________ _________ for __________ __________.
2.We return to Fuzhou yesterday. We ________ ________ _________ to Fuzhou since __________.
③become → be
1.I became a teacher in 2000. I ________  __________ a teacher for _________ _________.
2.The river became dirty last year. The river _________ _________ dirty for _________ __________.
④close → be closed  open → be open
1. The shop closed two hours ago.
The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________.
2.The door opened at six in the morning. The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours.
⑤get up → be up  die → be dead leave sw. → be away from sw.
fall asleep/get tot sleep → be asleep finish/end → be over  marry → be married
1.I got up two hours ago. I ________ ________ ________ since ________ ______ ______ .
2.He left Fuzhou just now. He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes.
3.My grandpa died in 2002. My grandpa _______ _______ ________for _______ ________.
4.The meeting finished at six. The meeting ________ ______ ______ for six hours.
5.I got to sleep two hours ago. I ________ _______ ________ since ________ _______ ________.
6.They married in 1990. They ________ _________ __________since _________.
⑥start/begin to do sth. → do sth.        begin → be on______
1.I began to teach at this school in 1995. I __________ __________ at this school since __________.
2.The film began two minutes ago. The film ____ _______ _______ for __________ __________.
 ⑦borrow → keep        lose → not have           buy → have          put on → wear      
catch/get a cold → have a cold              get to know → know
1.They borrowed it last week. They _________ _________ it since __________ __________.
2.I bought a pen two hours ago. I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________.
3.I got to know him last year. I _________ __________ him since __________ __________.
4.I put on my glasses three years ago. I __________ ________ my glasses for _________ _________.
⑧have/has gone to → have been in
He has gone to Beijing. He ____ ____ _____ Beijing for two days.
⑨join the league/the Party/the army → be a league/a Party member/a soldier
→ be a member of the league/the Party → be in the league/the Party/the army
1.He joined the league in 2002.
He ________ _________ a _________ _________ for two years.
He ________ __________ a __________ ___________ the __________ for two years.
He ____________ ___________ ___________ the league for two years.
2.My brother joined the army two years ago.
My brother __________ __________ a ___________ for ___________ ___________.
My brother ___________ ___________ in ____________ ___________ for two years.
【写出短暂性动词和其对应的延续性动词：】
buy----- leave------- turn on/off------
borrow----- join--------- finish-------
arrive------ die---------- fall asleep----
stop-------- get married--------- catch a cold----
begin/start------- come/go---------
【写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词】
be_______ ________ do_______ ________ have_______ _______
go______ ________ see_______ _______ hear_______ _______
make______ ______ eat_______ ________ get_______ _______
forget______ ______ stand_______ ______ understand_______ ______
take_______ _______ know_______ ______ grow_______ ______
throw______ ______ blow______ _______ fly______ _______
let______ ________ set______ ________　 hit_______ _______ 　
put______ _______　 cut______ ________ cost_______ _______
read_______ ________ come_______ _______ become______ _______
swim______ ________ sing_______ ______ begin_______ ______
drink_______ _______ give______ ________ sit_______ _______
write______ _______ drive______ _______ break_______ ______
speak_______ _____ think_______ _______ buy_______ ______
bring____________ teach________ ______ catch_______ ______
keep_____ _____ feel________ _______ sleep_______ ________
meet______ _____ spend______ _______ build_______ ______
lose_______ ______ mean______ _______ tell______ _______
sell_______ ________ hold_______ ________ find________ ______
【用never, ever, already, just, yet, for, since填空】
1. I have _______________ seen him before, so I have no idea about him.
2. Jack has ________________ finished his homework.
3. Mr. Wang has taught in this school _______________ ten years.
4. “Have you ________________ seen the film?” “No, I have ________________ seen it.”
5. “Has the bus left ________________?” “Yes, it has ___________________ left.”
【用适当的时态填空】
1.She’s _____________________ (live) here ever since she was ten.
2.Both of them ________________ (be) in Hongkong for ten days.
3.Both of them _____________________ (come) to Hongkong ten days ago.
4. Half an hour ___________________ (pass) since the train ___________________ (leave).
5. Mary_________________(lose) her pen. ____________ you __________(see) it here and there?
6. __________________ you ____________ (find) your watch yet?
7. ---Are you thirsty? ---No I __________________just ________________ (have) some orange.
8. We already _________ (return) the book.
9. ________ they ______________ ___ (build) a new school in the village?
10. I ______________________(not finish) my homework . Can you help me?
11. My father ____________ (read) the novel twice. 12. I ________________ (buy) a book just now.
13. I _________________ (lose ) my watch yesterday.
14. My father ____________________ (read) this book since yesterday.
15. --- The door is open. Who _________________ (open) it? Do you know?---- Sorry, I don’t know.
16. ----She _________________________(buy) a Hello Kitty for you , hasn’t she?
---Yes, she _________________.She __________________(buy) it in Sanrio Puroland last summer.
17. This is the nicest park I _____________________(see).
18. ---Are you sure you__________________________(lose) your dictionary?
---Yes, I _________________________(look) for it everywhere , but I still can’t find it.
19. The children ____________________ (enjoy) themselves in the party last Sunday morning..
20. They ____________________ (study) English for a long time.
21.She __________ ________ (live) here ever since she was ten.
22.Both of them _________ __________ (be) in Hongkong for ten days.
23. He _________ never ___________ (go) to the science museum.
24. Half an hour ________ _______(pass) since the train __________ (leave).
25. Mary________(lose) her pen. ________ you ___________ (see) it here and there?
26. __________ you _______ (find) your watch yet?
27. —Are you thirsty? —No I _______ just ________ (have) some orange.
28. We _______ already ________ (return) the book. 29.My father _______________(read) the novel twice.
30. He ___________ __________ (be) to Shanghai, has he?
31. We ________________(study ) in Little Star English since two years ago.
32. Tsunami _________________________(not happen) in the south-east of China recently.
33. My father ______________________ (read) the novel twice.
34. --- I ________(see) the film “Chicken Run”. --- Where and when ______ you _____ (see) it? --- Last week.
35. ---_____ Uncle Wang ____ (mend) the TV yet? ---Yes, he______. ---When _____ he ____ it? --- Yesterday.
36. My father _________ ( buy) a book for me yesterday. He______ already __________(pay) fifty yuan for it.
37. She______________________ (not read) this book before.
38. --- ______________ Wei Hua _______________ (come) yet?
---Yes. She_________________ (come) already. She ________________ (come) just now.
39. ---How long _______________you _____________(learn) English? ---For more than two years.
40. They _____________________ (live) in China since they _______________ (move) to China.
41. Where’s Li Ming ? He ____________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
42. So far I ______________(make) quite a few friends here.
43. ---How long ______ the Smiths ________(stay)here? ---- For two weeks.
44 ----Are you sure you __ _(lose) the book ?
-----Yes, I _________ __ (look) for it everywhere, but I still can’t find it .
45. It____(be) two months since he ______ ____(leave)his hometown.
46. They _________already__________(do) their homework. But they don’t know what__________ (do) next.
47. ---_______ you ________ (see) the film last night? ---No, I _________ (see) it for several times.
48. She ____________ (be) ill for three days.
49. My father __________ (buy) a book for me yesterday. He_________ already ________(pay) fifty yuan for it.
50. She_____________ (not read) this book before.
51. __________ you ever __________ (travel) on a train before?
52. --- ____________ Wei Hua ___________ (come) yet?
---Yes. She__