英语段落写作方法与技巧.pdf

Part Two:Paragraph WritingChapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph1.段落的主题与主题句2.段落的扩展 一3.段落的结尾 一Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns1.歹 l 举法(Listing)一2.举例 法(Exemplification)3.时 空 顺 序 法(Time and Space Sequence)4.因果分析法(Cause and Effect)5.比较对 照 法(Comparison&Contrast)6.分 类 法(Classification)Chapter One:The Structure of a ParagraphI.段落的主题与主题句The Structure of a ParagraphII.段落的扩展m.段落的结尾Chapter One:The Structure of a ParagraphI.段落的主题与主题句1.段落的主题2.段落的主题句BackChapter One:The Structure of a ParagraphI.段落的主题与主题句1.段落的主题 一通常一篇文章只有一个中心思想，这个中心 思想可以分为几个主题，每个主题由一个段落来 完成。I!II段落的组成通常包含三个要素：主题句(topic sentence)扩展句(supportingsentence)和结 尾 句(concluding s entence)。BackChapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph_ 一个段落只表达一个主题思想（主题句），一个段落内的其它句子（扩展句）必须从属于 这一思想，一个段落通常还有一个结尾局与主 题句相呼应，这就是段落的统一性（The Unity of a Paragraph）0不同的主题思想应放在不同的段 落中表达，否则容易枝杈横生，使人不得要领。MMBackChapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph例如：主题句：Beijing is famous for its temperate climate,its large population,and its rapid industrial development.一该主题句有三个不同的观点揉在一起，如果作 为一个段落的主题句则不符合要求，该主题句可 分解为三个主题句，由三个段落分别来完成。BackChapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph_请看下面的段落有什么问题：My name is Roseanna,and I like to keep physically fit.I used to weigh two hundred pounds,but I joined the YMCA（Youngmen s Chris tian As s ociation 基督教青 年会）for an exercise class and diet program.In one year I lost eighty pounds.I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame（身 躯）again.I bought two new suitcases last week.Every day I practice jogging three miles,swimming fifteen laps,lifting twentypound weights and playing tennis for one hour.My mother was a premature baby（早 产儿）.BackChapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph本段的主题句是“Hike to keep physically fit”,段中所有的句子应围 绕这一主题。但段中有两个irrelevant sentences)一个是I bought two new suitcases last week?另一个是My mother was a premature baby.BackChapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph2.段落的主题句_ 主题句是一个段落中最具概括性的句子。一般包含两个基本内容：1）本段要讨论的中心人物或事物-即主题词；2）作者对这个中心人物或事物的态度、观点或见解 即扩展范围或关键词。一_ 主题句既不能过于概括，也不能过于具体。主题句过于 概括（即过于笼统或题目太大），很难用几句话说清楚，通常 会因为得不到应有的充实而显得空泛无力，从而造成不能有效 地表达主题思想。主题句过于具体（即缺乏概括性的观点），则无法展开段落，作者的思想就没有发挥的余地，容易造成对 一个意思的重复描述。用Back科 Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph例如主题句：American food is terrible”和“Pollutionis a serious problem”就过于概括；而主题句：He speaks English 和 a I bought a car last week 就过 于具体。主题句可放在句首、句中和句尾。主题句放在句首是 一种好的写作方法，可以时刻提醒作者不要跑题，而且便 于读者阅读理解。主题句放在句中，对段落的组织较困难,一般用在记叙和描述文体中。主题句放在句尾通常是段落 的开始列举事例或事实，最后总结归纳，引出段落的主题 思想。有时作者为强调起见，在段落的开头点明了主题，结尾又会重复主题，不过不是简单的重复，而是在意思上 与开头相呼应，或者对段落内容进行总结。Chapter One:The Structure of a ParagraphII.段落的扩展其次，一个段落必须有若干扩展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个 完整的感觉，这就是段落的完整性(The Integrity of a Paragraph)。扩展句和 主题句 之间，一要形成意义的相关性即所有的扩展句都必须是主题句的延伸或证明，对主；题句起支持的作用；二要具有逻辑的合理：性即句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从 一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅，这 就是段落的连贯性(The Coherence of a Paragraph)oBackChapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph在一个段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚，并且逻辑 顺序排列正确，但是如果缺乏句与句之间的恰当的过渡，整 个段落的连贯性仍会受到影响。一般使用合适的过渡词语来 加强句与句之间的衔接或连贯。一个段落通常由“启”、“承”、“转”、“合”这样的一些环节构成，也就是说要 正确使用启、承、转、合的词或词组，这样的段落才会既有 统一性、完整性，又有连贯性。下面是一些常用的“启、承、处过渡词语J_I_L_J_ _ _ _LBackChapter One:The Structure of a Paragraphi.“启”即开启，开始，引出主题句或引导第一个扩展at first首先currently最近；现在firstly首先generally一般说来in the beginning首先at present当今first首先；第一first of all首先 一generally speaking 一般说来 in the first place首先BackChapter One:The Structure of a Paragraphi.“启”即开启，开始，引出主题句或引导第一个扩展 句it is clear that.显然it is self-evident that.不言而喻lately 最近presently此刻；现在recently 最近there is some evidencethat.现有证据表明_there is no doubt that.毫无疑问to begin with.首先to start with.首先_XBackChapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph2.“承”即承接，用来承接主题句或第一个扩展句also 又；并且as a matter of fact 事实上at the same time 同时besides 另外；此外certainly 必然地；肯定地consequently 结果；因此especially 特力 U 是for example 例如for intpincp wll unfrom now on 从正匕JLVzJL JLJLJLkJW/y1furthermore 此外；而且in addition 止匕夕卜in addition to.除.之夕卜in eflect 事实上in fact 事实上in other words 换言之in particular 特另 1是in the same way 同样地indeed 确实likewise 同样加BackChanter One:The Structure of a Paraeraohmoreover此外；而且 no doubt 无疑namely 也就是说second第二一similarly 同样地more than that再者；更重要的是即;soon不久or即；也就是说 particularly 特别是 secondly第二 一so所以such as例如Back Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraphtake.for example 以为例that is,.即；也就是说that is to say,.即；也就是说 there are many reasons why.的原因有许多third 第三thirdly 第三the most important 再者；更重要的是truly事实上；其实是whats more再者；更重要的是whats more important 再者；更重要的是BackChapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph3.“转”即转折，用来表示语气的转折although 虽然as opposed to 与.相反but 但是conversely 相反地despite 尽管fortunately 幸运地 /1 I_ ll-t 11however 无为如何；然而 _in opposition to 与.充目反in other words 换言之in spite of 尽管instead of 相反luckily 幸运地BackChapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph3.“转”即转折，用来表示语气的转折nevertheless 然而；不过on the contrary/日反地on the other hand另一方面otherwise不同样地unfortunately 不幸地unlike 不同于regardless of不管；不顾 一the differences are asfollows 区别如下whereas 然而while然而；另一方面yet 然而；但是BackChapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph4.“合”即合拢，总结，表示段落的结束accordingly 于是to sum up总之as a consequenceas a result 结果因此at last 取后at length 取后briefly 简言之consequently 因止匕finally 最后hence 因此in all 总之in a word 简言之in brief 简言之in conclusion 最后；总之BackChapter One:The Structure of a Paragraphin consequence 结果in short 简言之in sum 总之in summary 总之last 最后一点lastly 最后一点in the last place 最后shortly简言之SO 因此therefore 因止匕thus 因此to sum up 总之to summarize 总之Backo第 Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph例如：一Many students have difficulty taking test.As a result,they get poor grades on their quizzes.They must,therefore,work harder in class to communicate their understanding of the course.In addition,they usually devote great periods of time to writing assignments in the hope that these assignments will raise their averages.Finally,many offer to do extra assignments duringvocations in an effort to raise their grades.The effects of doingpoorly on even one quiz can be stressful to most students.在本段落中，作者使用了一系列的合适的过渡词语使得文 章衔接自然、字句通顺、内容连贯。BackIyChaDter One:The Structure of a Paragraph m.段落的结尾结尾句通常是对段落的归纳总结和概括，也可以是对 主题加以评论。在论述性较强的议论文体中，一般都有结 尾句。例如：l)For the past ten years,traffic jams in Beijing have been more and more serious.(2)There are many reasons but in general they come down to three main causes.(3)First,with the rapid development of economy in Beijing,too many transportation tools are brought into use,especially taxis and private cars which count for a remarkable number of traffic jams.BackUChapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph 1(4)Next,the traffic system in Beijing was established mainly in the 1940 s.the roads are still narrow that they can not bear such heavy traffic.(5)The final reason is that the population of Beijinghas been increasing so fast that there are many pedestrians on the streets.(6)From the foregoing,it is clear that the traffic system in Beijingmustbe reestablished as soon as possible.分析上面段落，我们可以看出：是引入句，（2）是主 题句，（3）（4）（5）是扩展句，（6）是结尾句。BackChapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns段落的展开，有很多方法和模式，下面介绍最常用的几种:1.列举法(Listing)2.举例法(Exemplification)Sequence)5.比较对照法，(Comparison&Contrast)4.因果分析法(Cause and Effect)25Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns1.歹!举法(Listing)-A general statement supported byspecific details or reasons列举法是指在主题句之后列举一些足以支持主题句观点的 具体细节。这种具体细节一般是事实描述、数据、例子等。一 般来讲，所列举的具体细节按照重要性递增的顺序排列。列举法常常和举例法结合起来使用。一一卜，一一 1一bun来看看下面这个用到举法展开的段处LBackChapter Two:Basic Paragraph PatternsChatting Online My Most Rewarding Exp erience(1)As one of my most rewarding experiences,chatting online has brought a lot of benefits to my life.(2)For one thing,it helps me avoid nervousness and embarrassment I used to feel in regular talks.(3)Unlike the face-to-face conversation,it offers me much freedom in time to think out my ideas and prepare them well before posting them on the screen.(4)For another,it adds no little to the improvement of my English.BackChapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns(5)Through online chatting,I have more chances to speak with native speakers,thus bathing mys elf in the sea of genuine English.(6)The most valuable result of chatting online is that it gives me insights into other cultures and keeps my mind open to better ways of seeing things.(7)Now I tend to see things from a more objective perspective.8)In short,there is not anything in my free time that is more beneficial than chatting online.BackChapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns一 根据本段的主题句（1）一 句，作者列举了三个理由（2）、（4）、（6）句，分另1由 for one thing,for another,the most valuable result 等 连 接词语引出，并分别给予必要的进一 步的阐述（3）（5）、（7）句（二级扩展），使得该段条理清楚、层次分明、内容连贯。IBackChapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns常用于列举法段落的过渡词有以下几组。一般要相互呼应,不混用。1.First,-second,-third,last2.firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally3.the first,the second,the third,-thelast4.to begin with/to start with/in the first place,then/next/in addition(to)/besides/also/moreover,furthermore/what is more,finally运用列举法展开段落的写作模式如下：Topic sentence-Detail 1-Detail 2,-Detail 3,Concluding sentence.BackChapter Two:Basic Paragraph PatternHomework:Marking up a Bookis Indispensable to Reading 参考范文：一Why is marking up a book indispensable（必不可少的）to reading?First,it keeps you awake.I don tmean merely conscious;I mean wide awake.In the second place,reading,if it is active,is thinking,and thinking tends to express itself in words,spoken or written.The marked book is usually the thought-through book.Finally,written helps you remember the thoughts you had,or the thoughts the author expressed.Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns2.举例 法(Exemplification)-A general statementsupported by some examples作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例 法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在 于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实 力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典 型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多 可少。BackChapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns 我们来看看下面这个用举例法展开的段落：一There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes.For example,those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games.For another example,if they prefer to exercise alone,they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening.Besides,people can go swimmingin the summer and go skating in the winter.In short,no matter what their interests are,people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns 本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句，分别由连接词for example,for another example 和 besides 弓|出，最后由 In short 弓|导的结尾句总结全段内容。常用于举例法段落的句型、句式和词语有：一For example/instance,There are many examples to show thatThis can be illustrated/shown by the following examples/instances.One example is.Another example isAn example of this is/involves 运用举例法展开段落的写作模式如下：Topic sentence-one or more examples-Concludingsentence.BackChapter Two:Basic Paragraph PatternsHomework:Knowing A foreign Language is Helpful 参考范文：Knowing a foreign language is helpful.I have got a better understanding of this with my own experience.Yesterday morning,I went to the bookstore to buy some books.When I got there,I saw a foreign lady talking to a salesgirl.But the salesgirl could not understand what she was saying.I went up to them.She told me she needed a pocket English-Chinese dictionary.So I told the sales girl what the foreigner wanted to buy.In a moment the foreign lady got the dictionary and she was very happy.Both she and the salesgirl thanked me a lot.国 Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph PatternsHomework:Knowing A foreign Language is Helpful 参考范文：AKnowing a foreign language is helpful.Firstly,if you know a foreign language you can communicate with its native speakers thus enablingyou to make a lot more friends.Secondly,it will help you to know about another culture and open your mind to new was of seeing things.Thirdly,it may offer you more chances to find a good job in a joint venture enterprise or an foreign-funded enterprise.So,knowing a foreign language is very important,we college students must work hard to master a foreign language.Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Pattern3.时空顺序法(Time and Space Sequence)-Todescribe a series of actions or a situation according to the time or space sequence 时空顺序法是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序,通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次、分步骤地表 达主题的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本色F 从而使读者可以清晰、完整地理解 文章的含义QWUIW.IVSKV.COM3BackChapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns例如:Yesterday was one of those awful days forme when everything!did went wrong.First,I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work.Then,I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss.During the coffee break,I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt.At lunch time,I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it.After lunch,my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting.Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said nWet Paint11 and so I spoilt my jacket too.When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office.So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.BackChapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns本段采用的是时间顺序法，根 据本段主题句中的关键词组 everything I did went wrong)作 者按时间顺序列举了他所做的8件 错 事，分别 由 first,then,during the coffee break,after lunch 等连 接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、内容连贯。BackChapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns一 再看一例：一In the flat opposite,a woman heard the noise outside.When she looked out through the window,she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone.She immediately called the police station.In answer to the call,a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly.Three policemen went inside the flat at once,and othersguarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.死WUIW.IV5KV.CDMBackChapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns本段是按照事物发展的空间和先后顺序，叙述从发现案 情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程。作者采用了许多表 示空间位置的词汇，如：In the flat opposite,outside,lookout through the window等等，使读者仿佛身临其境。一_ 常用于时间顺序法段落的过渡连接词有：first,at the beginning,to start with,after that,later,then,afterwards,in the end,finally等可以表示时间先后的词汇。一|常用于空间顺序法段落的过渡连接词有：from here,inside,out of,in front of,behind,at the back of,next to,beside,on,over,above,under,beneath,beyond,on the right/left-hand side,on the corner,on the opposite side of,between等可以表示空间位置的词汇。BackO Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph PatternsHomework:My Dormitory is a Large,Spacious and Comfortable Room with Four Beds参考范文：一My dormitory is a large,spacious and comfortable room with four beds.As you walk into the room,you are faced with a large window on the southern side of the room.Below the window is a large desk on which there is a clock,a telephone and a computer.Around the desk are four chairs for us to sit on duringour study.The four beds are located in the four corners of the room.Between the two beds on the east side of the room is a large wardrobe for hanging clothes and storing bedding.Opposite to it is a large bookcase with neatly arranged books.BackChapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns4.因果分析法（Cause and Effect）-To analyze thecauses of sth or the effects of sth_ 因果分析法是通过分析事物的因果关系来展开段落。我们可以先提出某种现象，然后分析导致这种现象的原因,这就是一果多因（例1）；也可以先给出原因，然后再说 明原因导致的结果，这就是一因多果（例2）o运用因果 分析法展开段落最好把主题句放在句首，即一果或一因放 在开头。BackChapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns例i：(1)Now there s a large gap between rich and poor in China.(2)The cause lies in three aspects.(3)First the gap is the result of the economic reform.(4)Some become millionaires by working hard and seizing the opportunities.(5)Meanwhile the slow development in agriculture and the closedown of many state-owned enterprises hinder the farmers and workers from greatly raisi