自考《英语词汇学》复习资料.pdf

自考英语词汇学复习资料（改编版）刖S何谓词汇学？不少学生误以为，词汇学就是“学词汇”，把词汇学与市场上编写的“突破词 汇大关”的各种词汇手册联系起来。然而，真正开始学习，发现完全是两回事，因此产生畏 难情绪。有的学生说，他们把英语词汇学看过数遍，书上讲的东西似乎都明白了，但参 加考试，结果却不理想。凡此种种，实际上集中于两个问题：一是词汇学属于什么性质的课 程，它包括哪些内容？二是学词汇学，怎样才能收到好效果？本文就这两个问题谈几点意见。一、英语词汇学的性质英语词汇学是一门有关英语词汇的学问，是普通高等院校英语专业普遍开设的专业知识 课程。因为这门课程实用性强，对学好英语语言很重要，所以被列为高等教育自学考试英语 语言文学专业本科段选修课。英语词汇学是专业理论课，它运用现代语言学的有关理论，研究英语语言中的词汇问题。该课程介绍“词”的基本知识，讨论词的形态结构及构成方式，探讨词的意义及语义关系，阐述英语词汇的发展变化乃至相关的词典知识。学习本课程的目的是对英语词汇具有比较系 统、比较完整的知识，较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变过程，并能对现代英语词 汇发展中出现的各种词汇现象做出分析和解释，提高对英语词语的理解、阐释和综合运用的 能力。由此可见，词汇学绝对不是一般意义上的“学词汇”。二、内容的安排及重难点英语词汇学教程共十章，其涵盖的内容可以分为五大块：一、英语词汇的基本常识 及其来源和发展；二、英语词汇的形态结构及构成方式；三、词的意义、关系及变化；四、英语习语；五、英语词典。第一、二、三、四章主要讨论英语词汇的形式；第五、六、七、八章集中探讨词的意义；第九章论述习语，即“多成分”词语；第十章研究词典。各章尽管 长短不同，繁简各异，但每章都有一定数量的知识点，只是多寡不一。至于哪些章节重要，哪些章节不重要很难确定。应该说每个知识点都重要，知识点多的章节比知识点少的更重要。不过，就其实用性而言，还是有区别的。英语词汇的构成方式、词的意义、语义关系、意义 与语境等章节相比之下更为实用，更能锻炼语言综合应用能力。就其难易度而言，亦因人而异。有的章节难是因为涉及的专业术语多，定义多，难以识 记，如第一章、第二章等；有的章节含有大量的例词，难记住，如第三章、第八章、第九章 等；还有的是概念较为复杂，领会起来较难，如第三章、第五章等。因为考生各自的背景不 同，知识面有别，阅读理解能力各异，所以某些人认为难的章节，对另外一些人可能较容易，故不能一概而论。在学习过程中，对自己感觉难的章节多下些工夫。有的术语概念，读一遍 可能朦朦胧胧，读两遍也许有所领悟，多读几遍其义会自然昆论知识课，每个知识点应该说 都重要，所以重点和一般本来就难以界定。从掌握知识来说，不要去分重点和一般，对每章 每节都要以搞懂弄通为原则。特别要防止为考试去猜题、押题。考试的试卷是从题库中临时 抽取拼合而成的，每个知识点都可能成为考点，同样的知识点可能以不同的形式进入试卷，所以，一味地抓重点，猜考题，可能会抓瞎。只有把书上讲的理论知识全部搞明白，才能触 会贯通，以不变应万变，临阵不慌。就考试的题型而言（后面还要谈到），简单应用题和综 合应用题主要集中在实用性较强的那些章节，所以在这些方面多下些工夫，多思考是有益处 的。苦干加巧干，定会收到事半功倍之效。2.识记、领会和应用的关系。英语词汇学考纲上对学习提出了能力层次要求，包 括识记、领会和运用。识记是最低层次，即对有关概念、定义、知识点和主要的例词要记住。但是，“识记”不是“死记”，不是说要把书上的定义逐字背下来，而是把那些概念意义记 住，这样在运用的时候，可以变换方式表述，只要能说清楚就行。领会就是要理解，搞清楚 书中阐述的基本理论知识的精神实质，它们与其它相关理论知识的关系和异同。运用就是能 利用书中所学的理论知识和方式方法去分析、阐释英语词汇的种种现象，并能用自己的语言 对其进行重构、改造和正确表述。三个能力层次虽要求不同，却紧密相关。识记是基础，记 不住的东西谈不上领会，更无从运用。相反，领会了的东西容易记，而且不易忘记。只有领 会了的东西，才可能转化为活的知识，才能达到运用。比如有这样一道简单应用题：If a word is a hyponym in one semantic field,can it also be a superordinate in another semantic field?U se an example to illustrate your point.该题涉及三个术语和概念，即hyponym,semantic field,superordinate；它们之间 的关系是：semantic field（语义场）由两个以上的hyponym（下义词）构成，能概括或支 配semantic field中各个hyponym的词叫superordinate（上义词），它们的关系是上下 义关系。上义词和下义词是相对而言的，它们的身份是可以转化的。如horse（马）在sheep（羊），cow（牛），horse（马），dog（狗）等组成的animal（动物）语义场中是下义词，但在mustang（小野马），mare（母马），mule（骡），stallion（牡马）等构成的语义场 中变成了上义词。要做好这道题，首先必须识记hyponym,semantic field,superordinate 三个术语及其定义，进而领会它们之间的关系与区别，然后才有可能举例阐述出来。所以说 三个能力层次依次递进，且相互联系。记忆是基础，但决不能仅满足于记忆。对每一个知识 点一定要领会，按书中提供的方法对语言现象进行分析，做到学以致用。3.读书与做练习的关系。每章节后都配有思考题和练习，并附有答案，以便复习和巩 固所学的内容。为了帮助自学人员学习，全国高等自学考试委员会还组织由笔者主持编写了 英语词汇学辅导，2000年由外语教学与研究出版社出版。辅导以汉语形式把教材 译写出来，每章补充了练习，并给思考题提供了参考答案。止匕外，社会上也出现了一些所谓 的“配套”读本。这里要提醒大家的是，读书指的是学教材，语言基础差一点的同学可以 把辅导结合起来看。对教材一定要反复读，读懂弄清楚。对每章所配的练习要认真独立 地去做，只有在做完后再查看参考答案，因为做练习最能检测学习结果。思考题是供学习思 考的，提供的参考答案只是答案的一种表达形式，绝对不能逐字逐词地去死背。尤其要注意 的是千万不要本末倒置，把大量的精力放在能弄到手的各种参考书上，更不要去搞题海战术,走入歧途。4.词汇学与语言学的关系。词汇学是语言学的一个分支，属于语言学的范畴。英语词 汇学所介绍和涉及的一些内容与语言学上的某些章节交叉和重叠。如自考科目现代语言学 上的第三章“形态学”(morphology)和第五章“语义学”(semantics)中的“词的意义”(lexical meaning)部分都是词汇学讨论的内容，因此可以联系起来学习。应该说学了语 言学有助于学习词汇学，反之亦然。四、应考问题自考是以自学的形式通过国家规定的相关考试，最后取得国家承认的学历或学位。所以 通过考试是自学人员的现实目标。把教材读懂搞清楚了不一定就能考出最理想的成绩，还有 一个应考的问题。只有熟悉考试的形式、内容和方式方法才能取得最佳效果。1.题型与能力层次。题型在考纲中有明确规定。考纲列了 12种题型，但在全 国英语词汇学题库设计时做了一定的改动。现在的全国英语词汇学的标准试卷由七大题组 成，每题一种题型。它们分别是：I单项选择，II教材内容填空，in匹配题，iv判断填 空，V术语解释，VI简答题，VII分析题。减去了考纲中的第二、七、十二题；把第 三、八题统称为判断填空题。题型与能力层次非一一对等，同一题型可涉及不同能力层次，如单项选择、匹配题、判 断填空三种题型。2.试卷设计与分值配置。按题库设计标准，根据各章节的内容和知识点，每份试卷对 各章都有一定的分值要求。其分值配置为：第一、二章占15%；第三、四章占20%；第五、六章占25%；第七、八章各占10%；第九章占15%；第十章占5%.分值的配置基本上能显示各 章节的分量。前面已说过，每章都重要。这一点从分值的分配可以看出。当然，这种分值配 置只是理想化的设计，具体操作上很难做到如此准确。一套试卷由7大题50小题组成。匹 配题和判断题各10小题，每题1分；简答题3小题，每题4分；综合运用题2小题，每小 题9分；其它每小题均为2分。3.读书与做题。如前所述，要想学好词汇学，必须要有恒心和拼劲，下大气力学习教 材，无捷径可走。但要提高考试成绩还是有方法的。譬如匹配题和判断题，如果不熟悉其形 式和思路，尽管对考题所涉及的内容很熟悉，也不一定能做好题。现以2002年上半年全国 自学英语词汇学试卷其中的两题为例：Match the words in Column A with those in Column B according to rhetorical features of idioms;sense relations;assimilation degree;characteristics of the basic word stock;motivation(10%)ABreiteration()A high and lowrepetition()B pick and choosejuxtaposition()C face to faceperfect homonym()D F ailure is the mother of successpersonification()E hissStudy the following words and expressions and identify types of context;types of word formation;types of sense relations and meaning change rhetorical features of idioms(10%)1 making a restatement of a new word or concept in familiar words()2 sitcom()3 the usual amenities such as a pub,a post office and a school()4 from cradle to grave()5 might and main()这两道题看似简单，做起来却不容易。两道题有一个共同的特点，即涉及到不同章节的 内容。前一题包括第九章、第六章、第一章、第五章的内容和知识。要做好题，必须知道英 语习语的各种修辞特色；六种语义关系；两种同化程度；基本词汇的五大特征和四种理据。然后将两栏提供的语词进行比较，逐一分析，对号入座。答案是reiteration(B),repetition(C),juxtaposition(A),perfect homonym(E),personification(D)。其实，真正与题目有关的只是习语的修辞特色和词义的理据，其它都是干扰项。比较而言，后一道题更难一些。该题要求考生根据所提供的例词和定义写出它们各自属 于哪一类中的何种名称。如例1是第一类中的definition(定义)，例2是第二类中的 blending(拼缀法)，例3是第三类中的hyponymy(上下义关系)，例4是第四类中的 synecdoche(提喻)，例5是第四类中的alliteration(押头韵)，等等。如果熟悉这些题型，并能模拟做一做，在阅读中能根据题型的要求去思考问题，做到有 的放矢，效果肯定会更佳。这就是所谓的“巧干”。4.术语英汉对照表的利用。教材后附有术语英汉对照表，主要目的是为了帮助阅读和 理解。知道英语专业名称的汉语意思既可以加深记忆，也可以帮助理解。还有一个更重要的 用途，往往不被大家注意。术语英汉对照表基本上囊括了教材中主要知识点。尤其是名词或 名词词组，每一个都是一个知识点。学完教材后，不妨把这些专业术语作为一种自测手段。如按照字母顺序逐一复习。对每一个术语都想一想其概念、定义，试着用英语表述，并能回 忆一两个例子（书中的例子）。如果忘了，再翻书复习。假如能按这种要求把所有的名词术 语记住，基本上可以说把教材弄懂搞清楚了。总而言之，英语词汇学是一门理论知识课程，涉及的内容丰富，知识点较多，学起来有 一定难度。但只要同学们有决心，有恒心，敢于下工夫，在苦干的同时一，加一些巧干，定能 收到事半功倍的效果。第一章1.Word-A word is a minimal free form of a language that has agiven sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.E.g.“woman“means Frau,in German,Femme in French and Funv in Chinese.On the other hand,the same sound/rait/can mean right,rite and write,though denoting different things,yet have the same sound.3.The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.(At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns)a).the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b).Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc).Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d).Borrowing of foreign language4.Vocabulary-Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to thesum total of all the words of a language.It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect,a given book,a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.Classification of Wordsby use frequency,by notion,by origin1).Basic word stock-the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character(most important)-natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animalsaction,size,domain,statenumerals,pronouns,prep.,conj.2.stability-they donate the commonest thing necessary to life,they are like to remain unchanged.Only relative,some are undergoing some changes.But the change is slow.e.g.arrow,bow,chariot,knight-pastelectricity,machine,car,plane-now3.productivity-they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words,they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g.foot-football,footage,footpath,footer4.polysemy-often possess more than one meaning.Become polysemous.e.g.take to move or carry from one place to anotherto remove5.collocability-quite a number of set expressions,idiomatic usages,proverbial saying and otherse.g.heart-a change of heart,a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary-1.terminology-technical termsphotoscanning,hepatitis,indigestion,penicillin,algebra,trigonometry,calculus2.jargon-specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line,ballpark figures,bargaining chips,hold him back,hold him in,paranoid3.slang-substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread,grass and pot,beaver,smoky,bear,catch,holler,Roger,X-rays,Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4.argot-words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener,dip,persuadercant,jargon,argot are associated with,or most available to,specific groups of the population.5.dialectal words-only by speakers of the dialectbeauty,chook,cocky,station,auld,build,coo,hame,lough,bog6.archaisms-words no longer in common use or restricted in use.In older poems,legal document and religious writing or speech.7.neologism-newly created words with new meaning e.g.microelectronics,futurology,AIDS,internet,E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g.mouse,monitor2).Content word(notional word)-denote clear notions.Functional word(empty word,form word)-do not have notions of their own,express the relation between notions,words and sentences.a.Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b.Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c.Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3).Native words-are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes.Ango-Saxon Words,50,000-60,000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world.More are1.neutral in style(not stylistical specific)2.2.frequent in use(in academic fields and science French,Latin or Greek are used)(usage 70-90%)Borrowed words(loan words,borrowing)-words taken over from foreign language.80%According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing,we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizens-words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g.port from portus(L)shift,change,shirt,porkcup from cuppa(L)2.Aliens-retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g.decor(F)blitzkreeg(G)emir,intermez,rowtow,bazaar,rajar,status quo3.translation loans-formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1).Word translated according to the meaninge.g.mother tough from lingua maternal(L)black humor from humor noirlong time no see,surplus value,master piece2).Words translated according to the sounde.g.kulak from kyrak(Russ)lama from lama(Tib)ketchuptea4.Semantic loans-their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g.stupid old dumpnew sassydream old joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering worknew a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent,sassy,cheeky第二章Indo-European language family(Europe,the Near East,India)Balto-Slavic Indo-1ranian Italic GermanicPrussian Persian Portuguese NorwegianLithuanian Hindi Spanish IcelandiePolish Italian DanishBulgarian R oumanian SwedishSlovenian F rench EnglishR ussian GermanAlbanian Armenian Celtic HellenicIrish GreekBretonScottish2.History(时间，历史事件，特征)1)Old English(450-1150)totally 50,000-60,000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts,the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the R oman Legions.The Germanic tribes called angles,Saxons and Jutes and their language,Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic.Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English.At the end of 6th century,the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.In the 9th century,many Scandinavian words came into English.At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English,our daily life and speech.特点：highly inflected languagecomplex endings or vowel changes(full ending)2)Middle English(1150-1500)English,Latin,F renchU ntil 1066,although there were borrowings from Latin,the influence on English was mainly Germanic.But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of F rench words into English.By the end of the 13th century,English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of F rench origin come into English.75%of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点：fewer inflectionsleveled ending3)Modern English(1500-up to now)early modern English(1500-1700)late modern English(1700-up to now)The R enaissance,Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world s great literary heritage.The Industrial R evolution was in the mid-17 century.With the growth of colonization,British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe,thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II,many new words have been created to express new ideas,inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions,and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English,word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45%of new words,words associated with life-style constitute of 24%and social and economic terms amount to over 10%.mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e.old words falling out if use.特点：ending are almost lost.3.Three main sources new words1.The rapid development of modern science and technology2.Social,economic and political changes3.The influence of other cultures and languages4.Three modes of vocabulary development1.Creation-the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely roots,affixes and other elements.(This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.)2.Semantic change-an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3.Borrowing-to take in words from other languages,(particularly in earlier time)4.(R eviving archaic or obsolete)F rench 30%,Latin 8%,Japanese Italian 7%,Spanish 6%,German Greek 5%,R ussian Yiddish 4%第三章1.Morpheme-A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.(Thesmallest functional unit in the composition of words.)2.Morph-A morpheme must be realized by discrete units.These actual spokenminimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words-morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph-Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according totheir position.Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes.E.g.the morpheme of plurality(-s)has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context,e.g.in cats/s/in bags/z/,in matches/iz/.5.F ree morphemes or F ree root-The morphemes have complete meaning and vanbe used as free grammatical units in sentences,e.g.cat,walk.They are identical with root words,morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6.Bound Morphemes-The morphemes cannot occur as separate words.They arebound to other morphemes to form words,e.g.recollection(re+collect+ion)collect-free morpheme re-and-ion are bound morphemes.(include bound root and affix)Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root-A bound root is that part of the word that carries thefundamental meaning just like a free root.U nlike a free root,it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make w