新托福阅读考试试题2020.pdf

新托福阅读考试试题2020Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world,but how can wetell when other people are happy or despondent?It turns out that the expression of manyemotions may be universal.Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness andapproval.Baring the teeth in a hostile way,as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenthcentury,may be a universal sign of anger.As the originator of the theory of evolution,Darwinbelieved that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value.Forexample,facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies or friends in the absenceof language.Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in allpeople.Moreover,people in perse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facialexpressions.In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting theemotions of anger,disgust,fear,happiness,and sadness.He then asked people around theworld to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them.Those queried ranged fromEuropean college students to members of the Fore,a tribe that dwells in the New Guineahighlands.All groups,including the Fore,who had almost no contact with Western culture,agreed on the portrayed emotions.The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions whenasked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basicemotional responses.Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in astudy of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotionswere shown by facial expressions.The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotionwas more intense.Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states.In fact,various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facialmuscles and in the brain.The facial-feedback hypothesis argues,however,that the causalrelationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction.According to this hypothesis,signals from the facial muscles“feedback are sent back toemotion centers of the brain,and so a persons facial expression can influence that personsemotional state.Consider Darwins words:The free expression by outward signs of anemotion intensifies it.On the other hand,the repression,as far as possible,of all outwardsigns softens our emotions.Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will,for example,andfrowning to anger?Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedbackhypothesis.Causing participants in experiments to smile,for example,leads them to reportmore positive feelings and to rate cartoons humorous drawings of people or situations asbeing more humorous.When they are caused to frown,they rate cartoons as being moreaggressive.What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion?One link is arousal,whichis the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism.Intense contraction of facialmuscles,such as those used in signifying fear,heightens arousal.Self-perception ofheightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity.Other links may involvechanges in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters substances that transmitnerve impulses.The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotionalstate and reflects it.Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile,which is characterizedby crows feet wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that theskin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball,can lead to pleasant feelings.Ekmans observation may be relevant to the British expression“keep a stiff upper lipJ,as mendation for handling stress.It might be that a“stiff lip suppresses emotionalresponse _ as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension.But when the emotion thatleads to stiffening the lip is more intense,and involves strong muscle tension,facial feedbackmay heighten emotional response.Paragraph 1:Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world,buthow can we tell when other people are happy or despondent?It turns out that the expressionof many emotions may be universal.Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness andapproval.Baring the teeth in a hostile way,as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenthcentury,may be a universal sign of anger.As the originator of the theory of evolution,Darwinbelieved that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value.Forexample,facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies or friends in the absenceof language.1.The word despondent in the passage is closest in meaning to oCurious oUnhappy oThoughtful oUncertain2.The author mentions Baring the teeth in a hostile way in order to oDifferentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of itoSupport Darwins theory of evolutionoProvide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understoodoContrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressionsParagraph 2:Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the sameemotions in all people.Moreover,people in perse cultures recognize the emotionsmanifested by the facial expressions.In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs ofpeople exhibiting the emotions of anger,disgust,fear,happiness,and sadness.He then askedpeople around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them.Those queriedranged from European college students to members of the Fore,a tribe that dwells in the NewGuinea highlands.All groups,including the Fore,who had almost no contact with Westernculture,agreed on the portrayed emotions.The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressionswhen asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basicemotional responses.Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in astudy of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotionswere shown by facial e xpressions.The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown andwhich emotion was more intense.3.The word concur in the passage is closest in meaning too Estimateo Agreeo ExpectoUnderstand4.The word them in the passage refers tooEmotionsoPeopleoPhotographsoCultures5.According to paragraph 2,which of the following was true of the Fore people of New Guinea?oThey did not want to be shown photographs.oThey were famous for their story-telling skills.oThey knew very little about Western culture.oThey did not encourage the expression of emotions.6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlightedsentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.oThe Fores facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be storycharacters.oThe Fore were asked to display familiar facial expressions when they told their stories.oThe Fore exhibited the same relationship of facial expressions and basic emotions that is seenin Western culture when they acted out stories.oThe Fore were familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of characters in stories.Paragraph 3:Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflectemotional states.In fact,various emotionalstates give rise to certain patterns of electricalactivity in the facial muscles and in the brain.The facial-feedback hypothesis argues,however,that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in theopposite direction.According to this hypothesis,signals from the facial muscles feedback aresent back to emotion centers of the brain,and so a persons facial expression can influence thatpersons emotional state.Consider Darwins words:The free expression by outward signs ofan emotion intensifies it.On the other hand,the repression,as far as possible,of all outwardsigns softens our emotions.Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will,for example,andfrowning to anger?7.According to the passage,what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions thatwere not expressed?oThey would e less intense.oThey would last longer than usual.oThey would cause problems later.oThey would e more negativeParagraph 4;Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning thefacial-feedback hypothesis.Causing participants in experiments to smile,for example,leadsthem to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons humorous drawings of people orsituations as being more humorous.When they are caused to frown,they rate cartoons asbeing more aggressive.8.According to the passage,research involving which of the following supported the facial-feedback hypothesis?oThe reactions of people in experiments to cartoonsoThe tendency of people in experiments to cooperateoThe release of neurotransmitters by people during experiments oThe long-term effects of repressing emotions9.The word rate in the passage is closest in meaning to oJudge o Reject oDraw WantParagraph 6:Ekmans observation may be relevant to the British expression“keep a stiffupper lip“as a mendation for handling stress.It might be that a“stiff5 lip suppressesemotional response _ as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension.But when theemotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense,and involves strong muscle tension,facial feedback may heighten emotional response.10.The word relevant in the passage is closest in meaning to oContradictory oConfusing oDependento Applicable11.According to the passage,stiffening the upper lip may have which of the following effects?olt first suppresses stress,then intensifies it.o|t may cause fear and tension in those who see it.olt can damage the lip muscles.o|t may either heighten or reduce emotional response.Paragraph 2:|Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the sameemotions in all people.(Moreover,people in perse cultures recognize the emotionsmanifested by the facial expressions.|ln classic research Paul Ekman took photographs ofpeople exhibiting the emotions of anger,disgust,fear,happiness,and sadness.|He thenasked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them.Thosequeried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore,a tribe that dwells inthe New Guinea highlands.All groups,including the Fore,who had almost no contact withWestern culture,agreed on the portrayed emotions.The Fore also displayed familiar facialexpressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories thatcalled for basic emotional responses.Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similarresults in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multipleemotions were shown byfacial expressions.The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shownand which emotion was more intense.that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simplemethods.Where would the sentence best fit?13.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the mostimportant ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because theyexpress ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Thisquestion is worth 2 points.Psychological research seems to confirm that people associate particular facial expressionswith the same emotions across cultures.Answer Choices1.Artificially producing the Duchenne smile can cause a person to have pleasant feelings.2.Facial expressions and emotional states interact with each other through a variety offeedback mechanisms.3.People monly believe that they can control their facial expressions so that their trueemotions remain hidden.4.A persons facial expression may reflect the persons emotional state.5.Ekman argued that the ability to accurately recognize the emotional content of facialexpressions was valuable for human beings.6.Facial expressions that occur as a result of an inpiduals emotional state may themselvesfeed back information that influences the persons emotions.参考答案：1.o2This is a Vocabulary question.The word being tested is despondent.It is highlighted in thepassage.The correct answer is choice 2,unhappy.The sentence in which the highlightedword appears uses despondent as a contrast to happy.Since unhappy is the opposite ofhappy,it provides the fullest possible contrast and is equivalent to the contrast between Joyand sadness at the beginning of the sentence.2.o 3This is a Rhetorical Purpose question.It is asking you why the author mentions baring theteeth in a hostile way in the passage.This phrase is highlighted in the passage.The correctanswer is choice 3;baring the teeth is an example of a facial expression whose meaning iswidely understood.The central theme of paragraph 1 of the passage is facial expressions thatare universal.The author provides various examples of such expressions,and baring the teethis mentioned as a universal sign of anger.The other choices are all mentioned in the passage,but not in conjunction with baring the teeth,so they are all incorrect.3.o 2This is a Vocabulary question.The word being tested is concur.It is highlighted in the passage.The correct answer is choice 2,agree.Concur means to agree,so if investigators concurabout the meaning of certain facial expressions,they agree on their meaning.4.o 3This is a Reference question.The word being tested is them,and it is highlighted in thepassage.This is a simple pronoun-referent item.The word them refers to the photographsthat Paul Eckman showed to people from perse cultures,so the correct answer is choice 3,photographs.5.o 3This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found inparagraph 2.The correct answer is choice 3,which states that the Fore people of New Zealandknew very little about Western culture.The paragraph explicitly says that the Fore had almostno contact with Western culture.None of the other three choices is mentioned in connectionwith the Fore,so none of them is correct.6.o 3This is a Sentence Simplification question.As with all of these items,a single sentence in thepassage is highlighted:The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if theywere the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.The correct answer is choice 3.It contains all of the essential ideas in the highlighted sentencewithout changing the meaning.This choice says that the Fore exhibited the same relationshipof f