环境工程专业英语翻译(1).doc

环境工程专业英语翻译(1) 作者： 日期：2 个人收集整理 勿做商业用途Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems;their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them。 The book includes：这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注,以及我们怎样控制它们.这本书包括:l Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么l Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息l Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able to quantify them理解环境问题本质,并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识l Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water,air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状l Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complex interactions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷l Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，but which are not dealt with because of societys lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so。许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少,但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。Some important definitions 一些重要的定义Where they are first used in this book，definitions are introduced in block form，as shown here，or printed in bold type.如果他们是第一次使用这本书,定义介绍采用块形式,像这里显示的一样，或印成黑体字。Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us;that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。System，according to websters dictionary,is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole;as,a solar system，irrigation system,supply system，the world or universe”.系统，依据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物；比如，太阳系统,灌溉系统，供水系统,世界或宇宙” 。Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical,chemical,or biological characteristics of the air，water,or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms.污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理,化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化，。When the goal of improving environmental quanlity is taken to be improving human wellbeing，the word “environment” broadens to include all kinds of social，economic，and cultural aspects. Such broadness is unworkable in many real situations and impractical in a text book designed for a one semester course。 Our examination of environmental problems is therefore limited by our definition of “environment”。当改善环境质量的目标是用来改善人类的福祉, “环境” 这个词扩大到包括社会，经济，文化等所有方面的内容。这种扩大化在许多实际情况下是不可行的，在本被设计为一学期课程的教科书中也是不切实际的。因此，我们对环境问题的考察限于我们定义的“环境.Interaction of Systems互动系统A number of different environmental problems are associated with water， air, or land systems。 许多不同的环境问题都涉及到水,空气，或土壤。Many of these problems will apply only within one of these systems， justifying the breakdown into these categories.许多这些问题只适用于在其中一个系统,这为这些种类中的细目分类提供了充分的理由。Such a classification is also useful for easier comprehension of related problems within one system.这种分类也有助于更容易理解一个系统里的相关问题.Moreover, it is sensible because, for manager and administrative reasons， such subfields as air pollution， water supply， wastewater disposal， and solid waste disposal are often dealt with separately by governmental agencies.此外，这样做是明智的，因为是行政管理的原因，空气污染，水供应,固体废物处置和废水处理，往往是由政府机构分别处理的。Unfortunately, many important environmental problems are not confined to an air， water, or land system， but involve interactions between systems。很遗憾的是，许多重要的环境问题不只局限于一个空气，水，或土壤系统，更涉及系统之间的相互作用。A current example is the acid rain problem stemming from the emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks of generating stations, smelters, and automobile exhausts。目前的一个例子是酸雨问题，根源是许多发电站，冶炼，汽车排出的废气中进入大气的二氧化硫和氮氧化物气体。These gases are then transported by air currents over wide regions。这些气体被气流运送到广阔的区域。Rainfall “washes them out, creating acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life, forests, and agricultural crops。雨水“将它们洗去”,产生了对水生生物，森林和农作物有害的酸雨。Two examples of interaction between systems that cause major environmental disturbances are presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide， a global problem, and the acid rain problem, normally of regional nature.两个有关于系统间相互作用引起的环境问题有：空气中的二氧化碳的增加的全球性问题以及具有地域性质的酸雨问题.Environmental Disturbances环境扰乱Many major improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the application of science and technology。我们的生活水平的许多重大改进，可以归因于科学和技术的应用。A few examples are noted here。 Can you think of others?这里举几个例子，你可以想到其他例子吗？The production of more and better quality food生产更多更好的优质食品The creation of housing as protection from extremes from climates and as living space创造能避免极端的气候的保护所和生活空间The building of fast and reliable means of transportation建设快速和可靠的运输方式The invention of various systems of communication发明各种通信系统The invention of machines to replace human or animal power发明机器来取代人类或动物体力The supply of safe water and the disposal of wastes 安全水的供应和废物处理The elimination of many infectious diseases消灭多种传染疾病The elimination of most waterborne diseases in the developed world through improved water technology在多数发达国家中通过改善水技术来消除大部分水源性疾病The availability of leisure time through greater productivity， providing the opportunity for cultural and recreational activities通过提高生产力,腾出闲暇时间，为进行文化和娱乐活动提供机会The protection from the worst effects of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, earthquakes， and volcanic eruptions。防止最严重的自然灾害的影响，如洪水，干旱，地震和火山爆发With these improvements, however， have come disturbing side effects， such as lost arable land, disappearing forests， environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls.然而，随着（科学技术的)发展,产生了不良的副作用，比如，可耕地丢失,森林消失,环境污染,微生物滋长。Many effects originally considered to be just nuisances are now recognized as potential threats to nature and to humans。起初只是让我们觉得讨厌的许多事物现在被认为对自然和人类存在的潜在威胁。In an agrarian society, people lived essentially in harmony with mature, raising food， gathering firewood, and making clothing and tools from the land.在农业社会，人们基本上能与自然和谐地相处，他们在陆地上种植食物，收集木材，做衣服和工具。The wastes from animals and humans were returned to the soil as fertilizer. Few， if any, problems of water， land, or air pollution occurred。动物和人类排放的废物作为肥料又返到土地中。很少有水污染、土地污染、和空气污染问题产生。The cities of ancient times, particularly those of the Roman Empire， had systems to supply water and to dispose of wastes。在古代的城市，特别是像罗马帝国那类,就已经存在供水系统和处置废物系统。The aqueducts supplying the ancient city of Rome (population about 1 million) with safe water from the Cloaca Maxima, the best known and one of the earliest sewers to be built， are examples of such systems。从一个最早建成之一且最有名的污水管-古罗马大排泄沟，向古代的罗马城市提供安全的水的渠道，就是这样的系统的例子。The municipal technology of ancient cities seems to have been forgotten for many centuries by those who built cities throughout Europe.古代的城市的市政技术似乎已经被那些在整个欧洲建设城市的人遗忘了许多个世纪。Water supply and waste disposal were neglected, resulting in many outbreaks of the nineteenth century， it was not realized that improper wastes disposal polluted water supplies with disease-carrying organisms.供水和废物处置的忽略，导致爆发了许多疾病，如痢疾、霍乱、伤寒和其它水传染的疾病。The industrial revolution in nineteenthcentury Britain， Europe， and North America aggravated the environmental problems since it brought increased urbanization.直到19世纪中期,人们才意识到废物的不正确处置导致引起疾病的微生物污染了供水。Both phenomena， urbanization and industrialization, were and are fundamental cause of water and air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle. 19世纪在英国、欧洲和北美的工业革命带来了工业化和城市化的增加，也加重了环境问题。城市化和工业化在过去和现在都是引起水和空气污染的根本原因,这在当时的城市还不能够处理.Rapid advances in technology for the treatment of water and the partial treatment of wastewater took place in the developed countries over the next few decades. This led to a dramatic decrease in the incidence of waterborne diseases.在接下来的几十年，水处理和废水的部分处理技术在发达国家快速发展，这导致水传染疾病的发生率大量地减少。Note that all wastes discharge into environment, and thus pollute out water， air， and land system.注意，所有的废物排放到环境中都会污染我们的水、空气和土地系统。Unit 5 Type and Sources of Air Pollutants 空气污染物的类型和来源What is air pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentration to harm humans， other animals， vegetation or materials. 什么是空气污染 ？空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类、其他动物、植物或材料的空气.There are two major types of air pollution.主要有两种类型的空气污染 。A primary air pollution is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration.初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入到空气中的化学物质。It can be a natural air component， such as carbon dioxide， that rise above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline. 这种化学物质可以是一个自然的空气成分，如超过了正常浓度的二氧化碳，或通常不会在空气中发现的,如汽车燃烧含铅汽油所排放出来的主要尾气.A secondary air pollution is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.次生空气污染是指在大气中由气体成分之间发生化学反应的有害化学物质.Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of air stagnation.严重的空气污染通常是因为一个城市或其他地区在空气流动停滞期间排放了高浓度污染物。The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City， makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup。一些人口稠密的城市的地理位置,例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城,使他们特别容易受到频繁的空气停滞和空气污染累积的影响。个人收集整理，勿做商业用途文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络We must be careful about depending solely on concentration values in determining the severity air pollutants.在仅从浓度来决定严重空气污染物方面，我们必须十分小心. By themselves ， measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants , because threshold levels ， synergy， and biological magnification are also determining factors.通过测出的浓度自身并不能告知我们有关污染物所带来的危险的信息，因为临界浓度、协同作用还有生物放大效应都是决定因素。In addition, we run into the issue of conflicting views of what constitutes harm. 除此之外,我们碰到关于什么才构成危害的问题的争论。 Major air pollutants following are the 11major types of air pollutants。 以下11个主要类型的空气污染物是主要空气污染物:1 .Carbon oxides: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.1。 碳氧化物： 一氧化碳 , 二氧化碳。2。 Sulfur oxides: sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide。2. 硫氧化物： 二氧化硫 ， 三氧化硫。3。 Nitrogen oxides: nitrous oxide， nitric oxide， nitrogen dioxide.3. 氮氧化物： 一氧化二氮 ， 一氧化氮 ， 二氧化氮.4。 Hydrocarbons (organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen）： methane， butane, benzene。4. 碳氢化合物（有机含有碳氢化合物): 甲烷 丁烷 苯.5。 Photochemical oxidants: ozone, PAN, and various aldehydes.5. 光化学氧化剂: 臭氧，一组过氧酰基硝酸酯 和 各种醛.6. Particulates （solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in air)： smoke, dust, soot， asbestos, metallic particles (such as lead, beryllium cadmium）， oil, salt spray, sulfate salts。6. 颗粒(在空气中的固体颗粒或液滴悬浮)：烟雾，尘埃,烟尘，石棉，金属粒子（例如铅，镉铍），石油,盐雾，盐硫酸。7. Other inorganic compounds： asbestos， hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, sulfur acid， nitric acid.7. 其他无机化合物：石棉，氟化氢,硫化氢，氨气，硫酸,硝酸。8. Other organic compounds： pesticides， herbicides， various alcohols, acids, and other chemicals.8. 其他有机化合物： 杀虫剂， 除草剂， 各种醇， 酸 和 其他化学品。9。 Radioactive substances： tritium， radon, emissions from fossil fuel and nuclear power plants.9. 放射性物质： 氚， 氡， 矿物燃料排放物 和 核能发电厂。10。 Heat。 10. 热。 11. Noise。 11. 噪声。 The following table summarizes the major sources of these pollutants。Carbon oxides Carbon Monoxide （CO) :Forest fires and decaying organic matter； incomplete combustion of fossil fuels （about two-thirds of total emissions) and other organic matter in cars and furnaces; cigarette smoke森林火灾和腐烂的有机物质;不完全燃烧矿物燃料（约占三分之二的总量）和其他来自汽车和炉的有机质;香烟烟雾Carbon dioxide(CO2） ： Natural aerobic respiration of living organisms； burning of fossil fuels 自然有氧呼吸的生物体; 燃烧化石燃料Sulfur oxides (SO2 and SO3) ：Combustion of sulfur-containing coal and oil in homes， industries and Power plants； smelting of sulfur-containing ores； volcanic eruptions家庭、工厂和发电厂燃烧含硫的煤和石油；冶炼含硫矿石；火山爆发Particulates dust soot and oil : 煤烟粉尘颗粒物和石油forests fires , wind erosion， and volcanic eruptions; coal burning； farming, mining construction， road building ，and other landclearing activities; chemical reactions in the atmosphere; dust stirred up by automobiles； automobile exhaust; coalburning electric power and industrial plants 森林火灾，风蚀,和火山爆发; 燃煤； 农业，采矿工程，道路建设,以及其他土地清理活动； 大气中的化学反应；汽车引发的粉尘 ;汽车尾气；燃煤电力厂房和工业厂房 Nitrogen oxides （NO and NO2）：Hightemperature fuel combustion in motor vehicles and industrial and fossil fuel power plants; lighting 高温燃料燃烧机动车辆,工业和矿物燃料发电厂；照明Photochemical oxidants 光化学氧化剂Sunlight acting on hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides碳氢化合物和氮氧化物在阳光下反应Hydrocarbons 碳氢化合物Incomplete combustion fossil fuels in automobiles and furnaces; evaporation of industrial solvents and oil spills； tobacco smoke; forest fires; plant decay (about 85 percent of emissions ) 不完全燃烧化石燃料的汽车和火炉;蒸发的工业溶剂和石油泄漏；烟草烟雾;森林火灾;植物的腐烂(大约百分之85的排放）Pesticides and herbicides :Agriculture； forestry; mosquitocontrol农业;林业;蚊虫控制Asbestos：石棉Asbestosmining; sprayingoffireproofinginsulationinbuildings； deteriorationof brake linings 石棉开采;防火隔热建筑的喷漆;制动片的变质Metals and Metal Compounds: 金 属 和 金 属 化合 物 Mining； industrialprocesses；coalburning；automobileexhaust挖掘;工业生产过程;燃煤；汽车尾气Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S）： Chemicalindustry； petroleumrefining化学工业;石油炼制Ammonia (NH3) ： Chemicalindustry; petroleumrefining化学工业;石油炼制Sulfuric Acid （H2SO4） :Reaction ofsulfurtrioxideandwatervaporin atmosphere；Chemical industry三氧化硫和水汽在大气中反应; 化学工业Nitric Acid （HNO3) ：Reactionof sulfurtrioxideandwatervapor inatmosphere；Chemicalindustry三氧化硫和水汽在大气中反应; 化学工业Noise ： Automobiles，airplanes,andtrains；industry;construction汽车,飞机，列车;产业建设Other Inorganic Hydrogen Fluoride （HF) ：Petroleumrefining;glassetching;aluminum andfertilizerproduction石油炼制；玻璃刻蚀；铝和化肥生产Exercises4 .To eacape the smog you might go home, close the doors and windows， and breathe in clean air. But a number of scientists have found that the air inside homes and offices is often more polluted and dangerous than outdoor air on a smoggy day. The indoor pollutants include: (1） nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide from gas and wood-burning stoves(炉) without adequate（适当的) ventilation（通风）； (2） carbon monoxide， soot(煤烟）,and cancer-causing benzopyrene（苯并芘） (from cigarette smoke)； (3) various(各种) organic compounds（化合物） from aerosol（气溶胶、气雾剂、烟雾剂) spray（喷射） cans and cleaning products; (4） formaldehyde（甲醛) （which causes