初中英语语法名词篇(附习题和答案).doc

中考英语语法（名词篇）语法总述：词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, ball, class, orange, clock, 合成名词：8-year-olds, groun-ups, passers-by, e-mail, 2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange, ugly, sweet, far, 合成形容词：8-year-old, hard-working, 4、数词(num.)： 表示数量或事物的顺序。基数词：one, two, three, hundred, 序数词：first, second, third, 量词：a piece of, two bottles of, three basket of, four bowls of, five cups of, six pairs of,5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。系词：am, is,are,半系词：look, sound, feel, get, become, keep, stay, taste, smell, turn, 实意动词：have, see , think, beat, walk,助动词：辅助动词构成否定、疑问等语气，辅助东西构成时态语态等。如：be, do, does, did, will, can, should, may,6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, here, often, quietly, slowly, home, upstairs, hard, very, really, 7、冠词(art.)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.8、介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, at, from, above, under, behind, with, without, to,短语介词：next to, in front of, at the age of, 9、连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, or, before, when, while, after, as soon as, if, unless, until, because, so, though, but, even if, even though, as if, 10、感叹词(interj.):表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello2、句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。2、派生法：(1)派生名词：动词+er/or 动词+ing 动词+(t)ion 形容词+ness 其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容词：名词+y 名词+ful 动词+ing/ed friendly dangerous Chinese; Japanese English French German 国名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副词：形容词+ly 其它,如：slowly, angrily, fullfully, goodwell, possiblepossibly等等。3、转换法：(1)形容词动词,如：dry(干燥的)dry(弄干), clean(干净的)clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。(2)动词名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。(3)名词动词,如：hand(手)(传递),face(脸)(面对)等等。(4)形容词副词,如：earlyearly, fastfast等等。(5)副词连词,如：when(什么时候)(当时候),等等。(6)介词副词,如：in(到里)(在里面；在家),on(在上)(进行,继续),等等。名词篇：名词的种类：英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：专有名词普通名词国名,地名,人名,团体,机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Jilin, Tom, China, (1)零冠词，如Yale University,Beijing Railway Station,是由专有名词+普通名词组成，往往为并列关系。(2)定冠词，如the United States，the Great Wall,由形容词+普通名词组成。(3) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。普通名词又可进一步分为四类 1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。 house 马car 汽车room 房间apple 苹果fun 风扇picture 照片 2) 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。 people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队government 政府 group 集团 3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 fire 火 steel 钢air 空气water 水milk 牛奶 4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。 labour 劳动health 健康life 生活friendship友情patience耐力3. 普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, oil, population, information .4、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1. 规则名词的复数形式：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dishdishes, benchbenches, glasses, dresses, wishes, faxes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives, shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, half-halves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs,4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities, baby-babies, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros /zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,9单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或s。但如是缩略词则只加s。如：Is (Is), Ks (Ks)。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice, manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep, toothteeth, childchildren, goosegeese2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（表整体）也可以作复数（表其中的人或者成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party, police警察局，警察, class班，同学, family家，家庭成员6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish,以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches9名词作定语把主要名词变成复数, 做定语的名词一把用单数a boy student- some boy students， an apple tree-some apple trees, a shoe factory- some shoe factories, an eight-year-old boy,名词作定语将两部分都变为复数a woman singer-women singers, a man teacher-men teachers,名词作定语，a sports bag-two sports bag, a clothes store-two clothes stores10常以复数形式出现scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子glasses 玻璃杯people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks11单复数意义不同fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文, work工作 works作品，工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡5、名词所有格：名词在句中表示所属关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格，相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。所有格分三种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。三是双重所有格。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo, Jims bed , the mans wife, the foxs tail复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, Childerns Day, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house, the students books, Teachers Day, my boss office, a girls dormitory表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father, Lucy and Lilys bedroom表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the barbers, the tailors, my uncles my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(诊所)2. s所有格的用法：有些表示时间、距离、度量衡、价值、自然现象、国家、城镇等无生命东西的名词，也可以加s构成所有格。表示时间表示自然现象表示国家城市等地方的名词表示工作群体表示度量衡及价值todays newspaper, five weeks holiday the earths atmosphere, the trees branchesthe countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industrythe ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victorya miles journey, five dollars worth of apples2与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot3某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到过，往往可以省略，以免重复。Whose pen is this? Its Toms.这是谁的钢笔？是汤姆的。The bike is not mine, but Toms.这辆自行车不是我的，是Tom的。3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book, a map of the world , the story of a hero , the windows of the room , the title of the film用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students某些of所有格和s所有格可以互换。the son of a poor peasanta poor peasants son一个贫农的儿子但有时含义却不相同，请比较下面的例子：an old womans story(一个老妇人讲自己的身世) the story of an old woman(别人讲一个老妇人的身世)4. 双重所有格在意义上与one of.相似：1of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”a friend of my fathers(我父亲的一位朋友) =one of my fathers friends,a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)=one of my friends此外，不定冠词、数词、某些不定代词(some, any, many, no, few等)以及which等限定词，采用of所有格或双重所有格形式。例如：most of the students学生中的大多数three of them他们中的三个人I like reading some books of his.我喜欢读他的一些书。Which book of Qiong Yaos do you like best?你最喜欢琼瑶的哪一本书？5. s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三者之间的细微区别请仔细比较下面三句话：1.She is Marys brothers friend. 2.She is a friend of Marys brother. 3.She is a friend of Marys brothers. 1句用的是s所有格，侧重说明她和Mary的哥哥是朋友关系，突出friend一词。2句用的是of所有格，侧重说明她和Mary的哥哥是朋友关系，强调突出了Marys brother。3句用的是双重所有格，侧重说明Mary哥哥的朋友不止是一个，她只是其中的一个。6、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是是单数或者不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式。主语是复数时，谓语动词用复数。如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)。The students are working hard.2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图)3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、a lot of, some既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。单复数看后边名词。如：Some students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数, 但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物或者表示一个人或事物的两个身份时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)。The teacher and writer is coming.（这教师兼作家马上要来了。）8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)11、eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12、表示一段时间，距离，金钱等度量衡时，谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)。Two thousand dollars isnt a large amount of money. (两千美元不是一笔大数目)13、主语中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句) 有的单词有两种含义，既可数，也不可数，根据意思鉴别：Whats the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(人口，强调数量，单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(人口，强调人，复数)7. 名词的功能 名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。 The bag is in the desk.作主语。 书包在桌子里边。 I washed my clothes yesterday.作宾语。 昨天我洗了我的衣服。 This is a good book. 作表语。 这是一本好书。 We elected him our monitor.作宾语补助语。 我们选他为我们的班长。 Mary lives with her parents.作介词宾语. 玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。 He is a Party member.作定语. 他是一名党员。 They study hard day and night.作（时间）状语。 他们白天黑夜地学习。名词专项练习1( ) 1 She was very happy. She_in the maths test.A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake( ) 2 We need some more_. Can you go and get some, please?A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe( ) 3 _are_for cutting things.A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using( ) 4 What big_ the tiger has!A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths . toothes( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree_.A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave( ) 6 -Can we have some _?-Yes, please.A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear( ) 7 On the table there are five_.A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato参考答案：1.C 2.C 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. C2( ) 1 They got much _ from those new books.A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 2 He gave us_ on how to keep fit.A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew_ was bad.A. some news B. a news C. the news P. news( ) 4 What_ lovely weather it is!A. / B. the C. an D. a参考答案：1.C 2. B 3.C 4. A3( ) 1 -Would you like_tea?-No, thanks. I have drunk two_.A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges( ) 2 He is hungry. Give him _ to eat.A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads( ) 3 It really took him_ to draw the nice horse.A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time( ) 4 I would like to have_.A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk I C. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milks( ) 5 Can you give me _?A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea ( ) 6 Please give me _ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of( ) 7 John bought_for himself yesterday.A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes参考答案：1.B 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.D 7.A4( )1 -How many _ have you got on your farm?-Ive got five.A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken( ) 2 Some _ came to our school for a visit that day.A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies( ) 3 In the picture there are many_ and two_. A. sheep; foxes C. sheeps; foxesB. sheeps; fox D. sheep;foxs( ) 4 A group of_ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. JapaneseD. American参考答案：1.B 2.A 3.A 4.C5( ) 1 This table is made of_.A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass( ) 2 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir?-Id like_. !A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken( ) 3 Children should make_ for old people in a bus.A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room参考答案：1.D 2.A 3.A6( ) 1 Tables are made of_.A. wood B. some woods C. wooden D. woods