高中英语——句子结构.pptx

句句 子子 结 构构-英英语的五种基本句型的五种基本句型1-为什么要学习英语的句子结构？学好句子句子结结构是学好英构是学好英语语的前提的前提1.1.帮助我帮助我们学好其他英学好其他英语语法知法知识。2.2.帮助我帮助我们写出正确的英写出正确的英语句子，形成并提高英句子，形成并提高英 语书面表达的能力。面表达的能力。3.3.帮助我帮助我们正确使用英正确使用英语单词，提高，提高单词拼写及拼写及选词填空等用填空等用词能力。能力。4.4.有助于我有助于我们提高提高阅读能力和其他英能力和其他英语应用能力。用能力。2-英英语句子有句子有长在短，有在短，有简有繁，从有繁，从现象看，似乎千象看，似乎千变万化，万化，难以捉摸，但从以捉摸，但从实质看，可以看，可以发现其内在其内在联系，系，找出其共同找出其共同规律。英律。英语句子的基本句子的基本结构可以构可以归纳成五成五种基本句型及其种基本句型及其扩大、大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握合、省略或倒装。掌握这五五种基本句型，是掌握各种英种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子句子结构的基构的基础。u基本基本句型一：句型一：主主谓u基本基本句型二：句型二：主系表主系表u基本基本句型三：句型三：主主谓宾u基本基本句型四：句型四：主主谓间宾直直宾u基本基本句型五：句型五：主主谓宾宾补 定语和状语是句子中的修饰成份，不列 入基本句型中 3-主语：动作发出者谓语：主语发出的动作宾语：动作的承受者补语：补充说明主语或宾语状语：表示时间、地点、方式、原因、目 的、程度、比较和伴随成分4-基本基本句型句型 一一 主主谓此此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物叫做不及物动词，后面可以，后面可以跟副跟副词、介、介词短短语、状、状语从句等。从句等。5-（不及物（不及物动词）1.Time2.Themoon3.Theman4.Weall5.Everybody6.I7.They8.He9.He10.Theyflies.rose.cooked.eat,anddrink.laughed?woke.talkedforhalfanhour.walkedyesterdayis playinghave gone6-uYour father is standing there.uHis teacher came in with a book in his hand.uThe bus started and arrived there at eight oclock.7-uFlowers come out in spring.uThe plane has already left.uIs the baby dog sleeping?8-练习u鸟在飞翔。u她的宝宝在哭。u太阳正在落山。u谁也没笑。Birds are flying.Her baby is crying.The sun is setting.No one laughed.9-练习u 你唱得很美。u 我咳了一夜。u我们很少在外边吃饭。u昨天发生了事故。You sing beautifully.I coughed all night.We seldom dine out.The accident occurred yesterday.10-练习一个来自美国的老人午夜一个来自美国的老人午夜时分在他分在他宽大的卧大的卧室里快室里快乐地跳着舞。地跳着舞。Atmidnight,anoldmanwhocomesfromAmericawasdancinghappilyinhisownbigbedroom.11-基本句型 二 基本句型基本句型 二二 主主系表系表 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主加上一个表明主语身份或状身份或状态的表的表语构成构成复合复合谓语，才能表达完整，才能表达完整的意思的意思。这类动词叫做叫做连系系动词。系系动词分两分两类：be,look,be,look,feel,smell,taste,sound feel,smell,taste,sound等属等属一一类，表示情况；，表示情况；get,grow,become,get,grow,become,turn,goturn,go等等属另属另一一类，表示，表示变化。化。be be 本身没有什么意本身没有什么意义,只起只起连系系主主语和和表表语的的作用作用。其它其它系系动词仍保持其部仍保持其部分分词义，如：，如：stay,prove,stay,prove,remain,stand remain,stand12-Mr.BrownisanEnglishteacher.主主语系系动词表表语1).be动词解解释说明主明主语的的性性质或特征等或特征等2).感官感官动词：look,sound,feel,taste,smell等等3).表表”变化化”的的词：become,get,turn等；等；还有有seem,keep,stay等等。13-（是系（是系动词）(表表语)1.This2.The dinner3.He4.Everything5.He6.The book 7.Theweather8.His face issmells(闻)felllooks isis becameturned anEnglishdictionary.good.happy.different.tallandstrong.interesting.warmer.red.14-1).His parents are in the kitchen now.2).You looked happy yesterday.3).This song doesnt sound beautiful.4).Did your father get angry?15-找出下列句子中的表找出下列句子中的表语：Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.ABCDWhyisheworried?ABTheleaveshaveturnedyellow.ABCDTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.ABCDShewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.ABCD16-练习p今天我感今天我感觉不太舒服。不太舒服。p他看上去很累。他看上去很累。p你的你的汤味道很好味道很好。p她似乎她似乎对计划不感划不感兴趣。趣。I dont feel very well today.He looks very tired.Your soup tastes very good.She doesnt seem very interested in the plan.17-练习天越来越冷了。天越来越冷了。孩子不久就睡着了。孩子不久就睡着了。他他长得相当高了。得相当高了。听到听到这消息她消息她脸色色变得得苍白。白。Itsgettingcold.Soonthechildfellasleep.Shewentpaleatthenews.Hehasgrownquitetall.18-基本句型基本句型 三三 主主谓宾 此此句型句子的共同特点是：句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有都具有实义，都是主，都是主语产生的生的动作，但不能表达完整作，但不能表达完整的意思，必的意思，必须跟有一个跟有一个宾语，即，即动作的承受作的承受者，才能使意思完整。者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物叫做及物动词。19-（实义动词）(宾语)1.Who2.She3.He8.He5.They6.Danny7.I4.Heknows laughed at understands made ate likes want said theanswer?her.English.cakes.someapples.donuts.tohaveacupoftea.Goodmorning.20-Mybrotherdidntdohishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?c21-TheydontknowwhoFatherChristmasis.Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming.Theoldmansaidhewasill.Youwillfinditwhenyougethome.22-过去二十年我去二十年我们取得了很大的成就。取得了很大的成就。他他们很快控制了病情。很快控制了病情。他他们只是在建空中楼只是在建空中楼阁。Weveachievedalotinthepasttwentyyears.Theysooncontrolledthedisease.Theyarejustbuildingcastlesintheair.练习练习23-我十分欣我十分欣赏你你们的表演。的表演。u 顾客客要求退款。要求退款。这会会造成造成错误的印象。的印象。我我们总是交是交换圣圣诞节礼物的。礼物的。Ienjoyedeveryminuteofyourperformance.Thecustomerdemandedarefund.WealwaysexchangeChristmasgifts.Thatwillcreateawrongimpression.练习练习24-基本句型基本句型 四四 主主谓间宾直直宾 此此句型的句子有一个共同特点：句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必必须跟有两个跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思才能表达完整的意思。这两个两个宾语一个是一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个作的直接承受者，另一个是是动作的作的间接承受者。接承受者。通常通常这一一间接承受者用一个介接承受者用一个介词来来连接，当接，当动作的作的间接承受者在接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前作的直接承受者之前时，这一介一介词往往被省略。往往被省略。25-Shegavemehertelephonenumber.主主语 谓语 间接接宾语 直接直接宾语或或：Shegavehertelephonenumbertome.主主语 谓语 直接直接宾语 间接接宾语间接接宾语放后面放后面时要在其前加要在其前加”to”或或“for”26-1）Ishowedhimthephotoyesterday.Ishowedthephototohimyesterday.2）Hepassedusthepapers.=He passed the papers to us.27-1)Myparentsboughtmeanewbag.=Myparentsboughtanewbagforme.2）Shecookedusabigmeal.=She cooked a big meal for us.28-常常带双双宾语（直接（直接宾语和和间接接宾语）的）的动词（分（分为A、B两两类）A：动词后加后加to give,show,send,bring,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,return,write,throw,promiseB：动词后加后加formake,buy,do,get,play,order,sing,pay29-她她给我我们唱了一首英文歌曲唱了一首英文歌曲。我去我去给你你沏点新点新鲜茶茶。这会省去你很多麻会省去你很多麻烦。请帮我把今天的帮我把今天的报纸拿来。拿来。ShesangusanEnglishsong.Illmakeyousomefreshtea.Thatwillsaveyoualotoftrouble.Pleasefetchmetodayspaper.练习练习30-把把车钥匙匙递给我。我。把把你你们的的计划用划用传真真发给我我们。你你可否把可否把书单用用电子子邮件件发给我？我？把把那本那本书扔扔给我。我。Handmethecarkey.Pleasefaxusyourplans.Throwmethatbook.Canyoue-mailmethebooklist?练习31-基本句型基本句型 五五 主主谓宾宾补 此此句型的句子的共同特点是：句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及然是及物物动词，但是只跟一个，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整不能表达完整的意思，必的意思，必须加上一个加上一个补充成分来充成分来补足足宾语，才能使意思完整。才能使意思完整。32-补语 补语是用于是用于补充充说明明主主语或或宾语的身份或特的身份或特征征。可以用做补语的有的有名名词、形容形容词、不定式不定式、分分词、介介词短短语等等.Everyone calls him Jack.（宾补）He is called Jack.（主（主补）33-主主语及物及物动词宾语宾补1.We2.They3.They4.They5.What6.We7.He8.Ikeeppaintedcallfoundmakessawaskedsawthetablethedoorsupperthehousehimhimmethemclean.green.dinner.dirty.sad?out.to come back soon.getting on the bus.34-Theyelectedmecaptain of the team.Wetrytomakeourcountrystrong.Wefoundeverythingin good order there.Ishouldadviseyouto get the chance.Isawhimgoing upstairs.They found the house broken in.名名词形容形容词介介词短短语to do 不定式不定式现在分在分词 doingdone 过去分去分词35-主主语补足足语 如果如果上述上述结构构变成被成被动语态，原，原宾语成成为主主语，原，原宾语补足足语相相应地地变为主主语补足足语 I was elected captain of the team.Our country will be made strong.36-pTheycalledtheirdaughterAlice.pHisnewjobwasfoundboring.pShewasseenchattingwithNancy.pIwantyoutohelpmewiththehousework.宾语补足足语宾语补足足语主主语补足足语主主语补足足语37-我我们把窗框漆成了黄色。把窗框漆成了黄色。她她把把连衣裙染成淡衣裙染成淡蓝色色。3 3 他他发现这工作很有意思工作很有意思。4 4 什么使你什么使你这样生气？生气？Wepaintedthewindowframesyellow.Shedyedherdresslightblue.Hefoundthejobquiteinteresting.Whatmadeyousoangry?练习练习38-我我们必必须在半小在半小时内把晚内把晚饭做好做好 你你们必必须保持房保持房间干干净。我我认为这没有必要没有必要。不久他不久他们就把她就把她释放了。放了。Wemustgetthesupperreadyinhalfanhour.Youmustkeeptheroomclean.Soontheysetherfree.Idontthinkitnecessary.练习练习39-在此句型中有在此句型中有时可以有可以有“it”作作形式形式宾语，把真，把真正的正的宾语放到最后放到最后。此此时作作宾语的常是的常是动词不定式不定式“todo”,动词的的“ing”形式或形式或宾语从句从句;Istillfindithardtomakegoodfriendswithher.Wethoughtitnousedoingthat.DidntImakeitcleartoyouthatIwasnotcoming?40-He found it difficult to stop smoking I think it best that you should do more exercise.She thought it no good worrying about him-it 用作形式用作形式宾语 当不定式（短当不定式（短语）、）、动名名词（短（短语）或从句在句）或从句在句子中作子中作宾语时，为保持平衡，避免句式保持平衡，避免句式结构的混乱，构的混乱，常用常用it作形式作形式宾语，而将真正的，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。此放在句尾。此时it只起引只起引导作用，无意作用，无意义。S+v+it+adj.n(for sb)to do sth.从句从句doing sth+-find possible1.S+think +it +necessary +(for sb.)to do sth./clause.feel important Sentence patterns:Sentence patterns:形式形式宾语 a rule2.S+V +it +ones duty +(for sb.)to do sth./clause an honour 3.S +V+it +no good +doing sth.no use 43-完成句子完成句子（1）They _（发觉难）to finish their work in two days.（2）We _（认为是我是我们的的职责）to clean our classroom every day.（3）It is important _（对她来她来说）to cometo the party.found it difficultthink it our dutyfor her 44-为了了记忆方便我方便我们把把该句型句型总结为6123结构构。6 指指主句中常用的主句中常用的动词：think,believe,make,find,consider,feel；1 指指的是形式的是形式宾语 it；2 指指的是的是宾补的两种形式：的两种形式：形容形容词或名或名词；3 指指的是真正的是真正宾语的三种形式的三种形式：to do，v-ing或从句或从句We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day.He felt it important learning English well.They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days.45-缺乏耐心使得她很缺乏耐心使得她很难在英在英语上取得上取得进步。步。我我认为掌握一掌握一门外外语没有足没有足够的的练习是不可是不可能的。能的。Lacking patience made it difficult for her to make progress in English learning.I dont think it possible to master a foreign language without enough practice.46-1.They work hard.主主 +谓2.The flower is dead.主主 +系系 +表表3.Plants need water.主主 +谓 +宾4.He gives me some seeds.主主 +谓 +直直宾 +间宾5.We should keep the plants in the shade.主主 +谓 +宾 +宾补6.Many animals live in trees.主主 +谓47-7.Hekeptmeadictionary.主主+谓+间宾+直直宾8.ShallIleaveyouthecamera?主主+谓+间宾+直直宾9.Wefindthebookveryinteresting.主主+谓+宾+宾补10.Myuncleboughtmeane-dictionary.主主+谓+间宾+直直宾11.Singingmakesmehappy.主主+谓+宾+宾补12.DamingcallshiscatMimi.主主+谓+宾+宾补13.Youmustlistentoher.主主+谓+宾14.Heisascientist.主主+系系+表表48-7.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.主主+谓+间宾+直直宾8.Hebroughtadictionaryforyou.主主+谓+直直宾+间宾9.Theyappointedhimmanager.主主+谓+宾+宾补10.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.主主+谓+形式形式宾语+宾补+宾语11.Theboyintheclassroomsattherequietly.主主+谓12.Learningnewwordsisveryuseful.主主+系系+表表49-定定语：用来修：用来修饰限定限定_.用来修用来修饰名名词或或 代代词的，形容的，形容词、代、代词、数、数词、名、名词、介介词短短语、不定式或相当于形容、不定式或相当于形容词的的 词或短或短语都可以担任定都可以担任定语。定定语的位置很灵活的位置很灵活。单词作定作定语时通常放在它所修通常放在它所修饰的名的名词之之前前；短短语和从句作定和从句作定语时则放在它所修放在它所修饰的的名名词之后之后。定定语名名词50-1.Theyare womanworkers.2.3.Tomsfatherdidntwritehomeuntilyesterday.4.5.Maryisabeautifulgirl.6.7.Theplayhasthreeacts.8.9.Thisisher firsttripto Europe.10.11.Chinaisadeveloping country.12.13.Ihavenothingto eat.14.15.Thosewho want to go to Tibet aretosigntheirnameshere.名名词名名词所有格所有格形容形容词 adj数数词形容形容词 /序数序数词 /to do 不定式不定式现在分在分词 doingto do 不定式不定式从句从句51-1.Guilin is a beautiful city.2.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.52-5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.53-用来修用来修饰动词、形容、形容词或副或副词.一般表示一般表示发生生的的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义。一般由副一般由副词、介、介词短短语、不定式、或相当于、不定式、或相当于副副词的的词或短或短语来表示。状来表示。状语一般放在句末，一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。但有的可以放在句首、句中。状状语54-9种状种状语种种类如下：如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）55-5.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.9.Iamtallerthanheis.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）56-1.Thebestfishswimnear the bottom.2.Ileftthevillagefive years ago.3.I arrived late because of the traffic jam.4.Wellsendacarto fetch you.5.Thefishcaneatapersonintwominutes,leaving only bones6.Thestudentscameintotheclassroom,singing and dancing.7.If he goes,sowillI.8.Though he is a child,heknowsalot.地点状地点状语时间状状语原因状原因状语目的状目的状语结果状果状语伴随状伴随状语条件状条件状语让步状步状语57-对前面的名前面的名词或代或代词做做进一步的解一步的解释，通常，通常由名由名词、数、数词、代、代词或从句或从句担任担任;ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.ThepresidentofAmerica,Obama,willvisitChinanextmonth.同位同位语（Appositive）58-对一句一句话做一些附加的解做一些附加的解释，不影响句子成，不影响句子成分；分；通常通常有有to be honest,I think/suppose/believe)等等;To be frank,I dont quite agree with you.插入插入语（Parenthesis）59-一、指出下列句子划一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：部分是什么句子成分：v1.The students got on the school bus.v2.He handed me the newspaper.v3.I shall answer your question after class.v4.What a beautiful Chinese painting!v5.They went hunting together early in the morning.主主语 定定语 间 接接 宾 语谓语 状状语 定定语状状语 状状语60-v6.His job is to train swimmers.v7.He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.v8.There is going to be an American film tonight.定定语 表表语宾语 状状语 主主语61-v9.He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.v10.His wish is to become a scientist.v11.He managed to finish the work in time.v12.Tom came to ask me for advice.v13.He found it important to master English.谓 语主主语 表表语谓语 宾语 状状 语 形式形式宾语 真正真正宾语62-v14.Do you have anything else to say?v15.To be honest;your pronunciation is not so good.v16.Would you please tell me your address?v17.He sat there,reading a newspaper.宾语 定定语插入插入语 状状语宾语 （间宾+直直宾）状状语 状状语63-v18.It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.v19.He noticed a man enter the room.v20.The apples tasted sweet.形式主形式主语 表表语 宾补 宾 补 表表 语64-找出句子基本找出句子基本结构。构。1.Our school is not far from my home.2.It is a great pleasure to talk with you.3.All of us considered him honest.4.My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5.He broke a piece of glass.主主+系系+表表主主+系系+表表主主+谓+宾+宾补主主+谓+间宾+直直宾主主+谓+宾65-6.He made it clear that he would leave the city7.At last he got home,tired and hungry.8.Trees turn green when spring comes.主主+谓+形式形式宾语+宾补+真正的真正的宾语 主主+谓主主+系系+表表66-9.They pushed the door open.10.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.11.He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.12.All the students think highly of his teaching 主主+谓+宾+宾补主主+谓+间宾+直直宾主主+谓+间宾+直直宾主主+谓+宾67-13.We need a place twice larger than this one.14.He asked us to sing an English song.15.Dont get nervous.Help yourself to what you like主主+谓+宾主主+谓+宾+宾补主主+系系+表表68-69-