高一英语语法讲义精讲(2).doc

高一英语语法讲义一、句子成分及简单句五种基本句型一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become mo re and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Sm oking does harm to the health.（动名词）The ri ch should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.来源:学。科。网（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）简单句有五种基本句型，其它各种句子基本上皆由此五种句型缩略或扩展而成。1、“主语+谓语” 句型，可简称为主谓结构，谓语是不及物动词。如：（1）The sun is rising. 太阳正在冉冉升起。（2）Now, the meeting begins.现在会议开始。2、“主语+连系动词+表语“句型，如：（1）He and I are pretty good swimmers. 他和我都游泳游得不错。（2）The doctors seemed very capable. 这些大夫好像都很能干。3）“主语+谓语+宾语” 句型可简称为主、谓、宾结构（SVO），其谓语一般皆是及物动词，其宾语多是直接宾语。如：（1）Robbie didnt deny the facts. 罗比不否认这些事实。（2）She heard whisperings. 她听到了一阵沙沙声。4）“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语” 句型可简称为主谓宾宾结构（SVOO），其谓语须是可有双宾语的及物动词，即所谓的与格动词（dative verb），两个宾语多一是间接宾语，一是直接宾语。如：（1）We gave the baby a bath. 我们给婴孩洗了个澡。（2）Judith paid me a visit. 朱迪思来看望了我。5）“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语” 句型可简称为主、谓、宾、宾补结构（SVOC），其谓语须是可有这种复合宾语的及物动词，宾语补语与宾语一起构成复合宾语。如：（1）I found this book easy. 我发现此书不难。（形容词easy用作宾语补语）（2）They held him hostage. 他们将他扣作人质。（名词hostage用作宾语补语）（3）He watched the maid come in. 他看着女佣人进来了。（4）I heard him coming up the stairs slowly, as if he were carrying something heavy. 我听见他慢慢上楼来，好像扛着什么重的东西。二、并列复合句（compound sentence）并列复合句是由两个或多个简单句和一个或多个从句构成的句子。这种句子容量大，可以为你提供更大的自由表达度。并列复合句常用的连接词由and, but, for, so, or, nor等并列连词，如：（1）They were happy and they deserved their happiness. 他们是幸福的，他们也该得到幸福。（并列连词是and）（2）The signal was given, and the steamer moved slowly from the dock. 信号发出了，轮船缓缓驶出码头。（并列连词是and，前有逗号）（3）Hurry or you wont make the train. 赶快，不然你赶不上火车。（并列连词是or）（4）Honey is sweet, but the bee stings. 蜜是甜的，但蜜蜂却会蜇人。（并列连词是but）两个或两个以上的简单句的关系如不很紧密，并列连词可引导单独一个句子。如：（5）Youre alive! And shes dead. 你活着！而她却死了。（并列连词and引导单独句子）（6）Im sorry to trouble you. But can you direct me to the nearest post office? 对不起打扰一下。你可以告诉我最近的邮局在哪儿吗？（并列连词but引导单独句子）并列句的分句亦可用连接副词连接。如：（7）I had a drink, then I went home. 我喝了杯酒，然后回到了家。（连接副词是then）（8）It rained, therefore the game was called off. 由于有雨，因而那场球赛取消了。（连接副词是therefore）（9）He was angry, nevertheless he listened to me. 他生气了，但听我的话。（连接副词是nevertheless）（10）I want to go to the partyhowever, I have no transport. 我想去参加聚会，但我没有交通工具。（连接副词是however）（11）I have only an old car; still it is better than nothing. 我只有一辆旧车，但也比没有好。（连接副词是still）（12）I am busy today, so can you come tomorrow? 我今日很忙，那你能明天来吗？（连接副词是so）三、定语从句在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。提示： 关系词在定语从句中有三大作用（关系词的含义无需翻译出来，what不能引导定语从句）1. 连接作用连接先行词和定语从句。 I gave her all the money that I had. 我把我所有的钱都给了她。（that 连接先特词 money和定语从句I had） 2. 替代作用在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。 The man who lives nest door is a famous teacher. 住在隔壁的那个人是个名师。（who 替代the man） 3. 成分作用在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。 I like picrures which are painted in the traditional Chinese style. 我喜欢传统的中国画。（which在定语从句中作主语）一、关系代词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, that, as等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。 Awho 指人，在定语从句中作主语。 What was the name of the man who lent you the money 借钱给你的那人叫什么名字？（定语从句修饰先行词the man） He who laughs lst laughs best. 谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。（定语从句修饰先行词he） The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right. 会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。（定语从句修饰先行词the chairman） Bwhom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可省略或可用who来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。 There are some people (whomwho)we like and others (whomwho) we dislike. 有些人我们是喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。（定语从句分别修饰先行词people, others） The people whomwho I work with are all friendly. 和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定语从句修饰先行词the people） Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in or plan. 昨晚我在电话里和卡特先生交谈过，他对我们的计划很感兴趣。（非限制性定语从句中不能用who代替whom） Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office. 两个人来到我的办公室，我以前从未见过他们。（在介词后面不用who） Cwhose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。 There are some people whose faces you can nevr forget. 有些人，他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。（定语从句修饰先行词people） I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air. 我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而发黑。（定语从句修饰行词trees） Dwhich 1指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。 English is a language which is easy to learn. 英语是一门容易学的语言。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略） This is a folk song which is now very popular. 这是目前非常流行的一首民谣（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略） The river which flows through London is the Thames. 流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略） The children like cookies (which) my wife makes. 孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。(关系代词which作makes的宾语，可以省略) 2which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this。 Jim passedhis driving test, which surprised everybody. 吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the driving test） Sheila couldnt come to the party, which was a pity. 希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the party） 3which在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。 John stayed here for a week, dring which time we visited the West Lake together. 约翰在这里呆了一星期，在此期间我们一起游了西湖。 It might snow this weekend, in which case we wont go to Beijing. 周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们就不去北京了。 Ethat 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时常可省略）。 He is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（定语从句修饰先行词the man，作主语） I dont like stories that have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。（定语从句修饰先行词stories，作主语） The dress (that) Ann boughtdoesnt fit her very well. 安买的衣服不太合身。（定语从句修饰先行词the dress，that作宾语可省略） Is there anything (that) I can do for you 有我能为你效劳的事吗？（定语从句修饰先行词anything，that作宾语，可省略） 提示： 在口语中，that有时还可以作关系副词，相当于when或介词+which结构。 We left the day (that) he arrived. 他来的那一天，我们就走了。（that替when） He doesnt see things the way (that) we see them. 他看问题的方法和我们不一样。（that代替in which） Imagine the speed (that) he drives his car! 很难想象，他开车的速度那么快！（that代替at which）Fas as可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。 在限制性定语从句中，as可跟在由suc, so, the same修饰的先行词之后。 Such men as heard him were deeply moved. 听过他说话的人，都会深受感动。（as在定语从句中作heard的主语） Ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。（as在定语从句中作tell的宾语） He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift. 他搬起别人都搬不起的大石头。（as在定语从句中lift的宾语）比较： 在the sameas结构中，as也可用that代替。但严格地说，the sameas强调相同，the samethat注重同一。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的衣裙。（as指的是与先行词相似的同类事物） She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。（that指的是与先行词同一事物） 在非限制性定语从句中，as可代表主句整个句子，引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗号与主句分开。 As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China. 众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。 He is from the outh, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。必背： 一些由as引导的定语从句常位于句首，已形成了固定的说法。 as is known to all 这是众所周知的 as has been said before 如前所说 as is often the case 情况常常如此 as may be imagined 这可以想象得出 as has been pointed out 正如已经指出的那样 as often happens 这种情况常常发生 G介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句是一种非常常见但也比较复杂的定语从句结构。 1. 介词+关系代词中介词的位置 关系代词whom, which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间（that, who不可以），也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。 He is a man of rich experience, from whom much canbe learned. = He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from. 他是个经验丰富的人，从他那儿可以学到很多。 The school in which he once worked is a key school. =The school (which that) he once worked in is a key school. 他曾经工作过的学校是一所重点学校。 The manager in whosecompany I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. =The manager whose company Im working in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. 我就职的那家公司经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。 2介词+关系代词的常见结构 介词+whichwhom This is the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 这就是那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家。 Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost. 很幸运，我们带了一张地图，如没有的话，我们就会迷路了。 名词+of+ whichwhom Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue. 请把那本蓝封面的书递给我。（也可用whose cover） 数词+o+ whichwhom Shes got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses. 她有三只幸运笔，其中两只从未用过。 In our school there are about 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women. 我校大约有200位教师，其中百分之三十是女教师。 代词+of+ whichwhom In the basket I find many apples, some o which have gone bad. 我发现篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。 There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班有50个学生，其中大多数来自大城市。 Norman won $50,000, half of which he gave to his parents. 诺曼赢得五万美元，他将其中一半给了他父母。 Tom tried on three shirt, none of which he was satisfied with. 汤姆试穿了三件衬衫，都不满意。 最高级+of+ whichwhom China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。 介词+which+名词 He usually returns home at ten, at which hour his father locks all the doors ad windows. 他通常十点钟回家，在这时候他爸爸锁好所有的门窗。 His wife got seriously ill, in which case he had to give up the chance of going abroad. 他的妻子病得很重，在这种情况下，他不得不放弃出国的机会。 3关系代词前介词的选择 在介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中，应注意介词的正确选择。 根据后面动词和介词的搭配关系选择。 The two things of which they felt prud were Jims watch and Dellas hair. 他们引以为豪的两样东西是吉姆的手表和德拉的头发。（feel proud of是固定搭配词组） In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在漆黑的街道上没有一个她可以求助的人。（turn to sb. for help是固定搭配词组） 根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择。 Ill never forget the day on which I first met him. 我永远忘不了我第一次遇见他的那一天。(the day前面一般用介词on) Can you imagine a proper situation in which the expression can be used 你能设想一个使用这个词语的场合吗？(a situation前面一般用in) 有时须同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。 Galileo made a telescope through which he could study the sky. 伽里略制作了一个望远镜，通过它他得以研究天空。(study the sky through the telescope) Is that the house in which you once lived 那就是你曾经住过的房子吗？(live in the house) 根据所要表达的意思来确定。 This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly. 这是我的眼镜，离了它我什么也看不清。注意： 当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词应与先行词的人称和数保持一致。 I, who am your best friend, will do all that I can to help you. 我是你的好朋友，我会尽我一切所能来帮你。 The family, who are fond of music, go to the concert once a month. 这家人很爱音乐，他们每月都去听一次音乐会。 He is one of the boys in ourclass who speak English well. 他是班上英语说得很好的男生之一。（one of +复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句谓语动词用复数形式） He is the only one of the boys in our class who speaks English well. 他是班上唯一英语说得很好的男生。（the (only) one the very one the right one of +复数名词+关系代词 引导的定语从句谓语动词用单数形式）反思：介词+which一定等于where吗？二、关系副引导的定语从句 引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where或 why等。when, where, why分别在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于介词+which结构，分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。 Awhen 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。(when= on which) He came at a time when we needed him most. 他是在我们最需要他的时候来的。(when= at which) We will never forget the year 1949, when th Peoples Republic of China was founded. 我们永远忘不了1949年，那是中华人民共和国成立的一年。(when= in which)Bwhere 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 I recently went back to the town where I was born. 我最近曾回过一次我出生的城市。(where = in which) I would like to live in a country where there is plety of sunshine. 我想住在一个阳光充足的国家。(where = in which) Whats the name of the place where you spent your holiday 你度假的那个地方叫什么名字？(where = at which)Cwhy 指原因，在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。(why = for which) Te reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。 注意: 无论是关系代词，还是关系副词，都在定语从句中取代了先行词，因此，先行词在定语从句中不复出现。【误】This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday.【正】This is the book that I borrowed yesterday. 这就是我昨天借的书。（that在定语从句中取代了先行词the book，作borowed的宾语，因此，要去掉it）【误】The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practise their spoken English.【正】The English Corner is the place where people