高考英语二轮专题复习介词和介词短语导案.doc

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介词和介词短语
【考纲解读】
介词是英语中比较活跃的词,它与名词、形容词、副词和动词等构成搭配时用法灵活且意义丰富。介词的考查形式多样,除了单纯考查介词外,还常考查介词与其他词的搭配。此外,在定语从句中,也常考查“介词+关系代词”的用法。有些介词的考查频率较高,如with, beyond等。
【预习导学】
一、介词
1．表示方位的at, in, on, to, beside/by和near
介词
用法
示例
at
一般指在较小的地方
I met him ______the shop.
in
一般指在较大的地方，或在某一范围内
They arrived _____ Beijing yesterday.
Shandong Province lies _____the east of China.
on
一般指在物体的表面，或相邻并接壤的两个地域
The picture is hanging _____ the wall.
Vietnam is _____ the south of China.
to
表示某范围外不接壤的两位置
Jiangsu Province is ______ the southeast of Hebei Province.
beside
/by
“在……的旁边”
She was standing _______ her mother.
There is a small house _____ the river.
near
“接近；靠近”
There is a supermarket ______ my home.
2．表示方位的between和among
介词
用法
示例
between
在两者或每两者之间
I sat down ________ Sue and Jane.
among
在三者或三者以上之间
The teacher was standing ________ the students.
3．表示方位的across, through, over和past
介词
用法
示例
across
从……的表面穿过
He walked ______ the square to meet us.
through
从……的内部穿过
The guide led us ________ the forest.
over
从……的上面跨过
The thief jumped ______ the fence and fled away.
past
从……的旁边经过
She walked ______ the shop.
4．表示时间点的at, in和on
介词
用法
示例
at
表示在某个时间点、时刻或重大节日
___ 9：00; ___ noon; ___ daybreak; _____Christmas
in
表示在某个较长的时间内，如世纪、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、下午、傍晚
____ the 21st century; _____ September; ____ the morning
on
表示在具体某一天或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上
____ 2nd, September; ____ the morning of 1st, May
5．表示时间段的for和since
介词
用法
示例
for
“for＋时间段”意为“多长时间”，表示动作持续的时间长短，一般作完成时、过去时或将来时的时间状语
He has lived in the small village _____ five years.
I studied in Peking University ___ 4 years.
since
“since＋时间点”意为“自从(过去某时)以来”，作完成时的时间状语
He has worked in this company ____ graduation.
Tom has been doing his homework _____ 7 o’clock.
6．表示交通方式的by, in和on
介词
用法
示例
by
“by＋名词”表示交通方式时，名词前不加冠词
My brother usually goes to school __ bike.
in/on
in/on后的名词必须有冠词或代词等修饰
My father often goes to work __ his car/___ his bicycle.
7．表示“用……”的by, in和with
介词
用法
示例
by
指“靠……手段，用……方法，凭借……”，后可接名词、代词或动名词
He made a living ___ selling newspapers when he was young.
in
多用于表示语言、材料的名词前
All the applicants are required to fill ____the form in ink.
with
多用于表示有形的工具或身体器官的名词前
They are busy digging _____ spades.
8．表示“除……外”的except, except for和besides
介词
用法
示例
except
表示“除……之外(其他的都)”，其后的宾语是被排除在外的，侧重同类事物的排除
All my friends took part in the party ______John.
except for
其后被排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的
His composition is good _______ a few spelling mistakes.
besides
表示“除……之外(其他的也)”，其后的宾语是被包括在内的
He has learned German, French ______ English.
9．其他常考介词的用法
(1)against的用法
含义
示例
(表示态度)反对
An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are _______ it.
(表示对比)以……为背景
The skier’s red clothes stood out clearly _______ the snow.
(表示方位)倚靠着……
The girl was leaning ______ the wall with her arms folded.
(2)beyond的用法
含义
示例
(表示位置)在……另一边，在……更远处
The small village is 20 miles ______ the town.
(表示时间)晚于……
He delayed the matter ______ the fixed time.
(表示程度)超出，非……所能及
To be acknowledged as the first to receive this honor is _______ expression in words for me.
(3)over的用法
含义
示例
(表示方位)越过
The airplane flew ______ the mountains and disappeared in the distance.
(表示等级或数目)高于，在……之上，超过
He has got the job because he has the advantage ______ others of knowing many languages.
(表示时间或过程)在……期间
I’m sorry I didn’t phone you, but I’ve been very busy _____ the past couple of weeks.
(4)to的用法
含义
示例
(表示方向、距离)到，向，去
It was on the way ____ the railway station.
(表示时间)直到……为止，到
He wakes at a quarter _____ six every morning.
(表示比较、比例、参照)与……相比，相对于……而言
I prefer oranges to apples.
(表示对象关系)属于，对，给
The hospital is attached ____ the university.
达到(某一点或某个限度)
Temperatures dropped _____ 25 degrees below zero.
(5)under的用法
含义
示例
在……下面，在……之下
She placed the ladder ______ the window.
在……过程中
The possibility of employing more staff is still ______ discussion.
(数字、数量、年龄或价格)低于，少于，在……以下
These toys are not suitable for children ______ five.
受……影响
She’s been ______ a lot of pressure at work.
(6)with的用法
含义
示例
和……一起，和，同，跟
Would you like to go shopping ______ me？
(表示同时或同一方向)随着
_______ time going by, the little tree has grown up.
具有，带有
The dictionary is what I want, but I don’t have enough money _____ me.
由于，因为
He trembled ______ fear.
(表示方式)用
He cut it ______ a knife.
二、介词短语
介词的固定搭配考查有两种：一是考查固定搭配中的介词；二是考查介词短语。
①While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers without asking for anything in return.(2014·浙江高考)
当詹姆斯住在这个村里的时候，他无私地把他的任何东西都与村民分享而不图任何回报。
②Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence.On the other hand, it could just put you in debt.(2014·江西高考)
自己做生意或许是获得经济独立的一种方法，另一方面，它也可能让你负债。
知识积累
介词的常用搭配一览
1．介词与名词的常用搭配
(1)at＋n.表示状态
at a loss 不知所措　　　　　 at peace 处于和平中
at war 在战争中 at work 在工作
(2)其他以at开头的介词短语
at the beginning of 在……的开始
at the cost of 以……的代价
at the risk of 冒……的危险
at the mercy of 在……支配下；任由……摆布
(3)on＋n.表示状态
on exhibition/show 在展出 on fire 着火
on sale 出售，打折 on the way 在途中
on the decrease/increase 在减少/在增加
on holiday/vacation 在度假
on duty/guard 在值班/站岗
(4)其他以on开头的介词短语
on account of 因为 on behalf of 代表
on no account/condition 决不
(5)by＋n.表示方式
by accident 偶然 by air/plane 乘飞机
by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧
by hand 用手工 by mistake 错误地
by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地
(6)in＋n.表示方式
in cash 用现金付款 in width 在宽度上
in depth 在深度上 in detail 详细地
in size 在大小上 in height 在高度上
in length 在长度上 in English 用英语
(7)其他以in开头的介词短语
in need of 需要　　　　　　 in no case 决不
in no time立刻 in no way 决不
in place of 代替 in possession of 拥有，占有
in addition to 另外 in charge of 掌管……
in response to作为回应 in return 作为回报
in spite of 尽管 in exchange for 作为交换
in favor of 支持，赞成
in case of 万一；如果；假如
in celebration of 为庆祝……
in control of 管理；控制；操纵
in honour of 为向……表示敬意
in memory of 为了纪念……
in support of 为支持……
in the charge of 在……的管理下
in the direction of 在……方向
in the face of 面对……
(8)of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit 有益处的　　　　　 of help 有帮助的
of importance 重要的 of significance 有意义的
of use 有用的 of value 有价值的
(9)out of＋n.表示状态
out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气
out of control 不受控制 out of date 过期
out of debt 不欠债 out of order 出故障
out of shape 走样，不成形 out of sight 看不到
out of the question 不可能 out of work 失业
(10)under＋n.表示被动
under attack 遭到袭击 under discussion 在讨论中
under pressure 在压力下 under treatment 在治疗中
under control 处于控制之中 under construction 在建造中
(11)with＋n.表示方式
with delight/joy 高兴地 with difficulty 困难地
with ease轻而易举地 with fear 害怕地
with pleasure 乐意地
(12)beyond＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”
beyond compare无与伦比 beyond reach够不到
beyond description难以描述
beyond doubt不用怀疑，确实地
beyond expression/words难以表达
2．介词与形容词的常用搭配
(1)be＋adj.＋about
be anxious about 忧虑……
be curious about 对……好奇
be particular about 对……讲究/挑剔
be worried/concerned about 对……担心
(2)be＋adj.＋at
be angry at因……生气 be good at擅长
be astonished at对……吃惊 be present at出席
be disappointed at对……失望
(3)be＋adj.＋in
be absorbed in专注于…… be active in积极于……
be dressed in穿着…… be engaged in 忙于……
be rich in富含…… be occupied in忙于……
be interested in对……感兴趣
be involved in包括在……中，被卷入
(4)be＋adj.＋for
be eager for渴望…… be famous for以……著名
be fit for适合，胜任…… be hungry for渴望……
be ready for准备好…… be sorry for对……感到抱歉
be thankful for因……而感激
be anxious for急切盼望，渴望……
be prepared for为……做好准备
(5)be＋adj.＋from
be absent from 缺席 be different from 不同于
be far from 远离 be free from 不受……影响
(6)be＋adj.＋to
be close to接近…… be contrary to与……相反
be devoted to致力于…… be equal to等于……
be familiar to 对……来说熟悉 be friendly to 对……友好
be good to对……有好处 be grateful to对……心存感激
be harmful to对……有危害 be kind to对……友好
be opposed to反对…… be similar to与……相似
be/get used to (变得)习惯于……
(7)be＋adj.＋of
be aware of意识到…… be fond of喜欢……
be full of充满…… be proud of因……而自豪
be short of缺乏…… be tired of厌烦……
be ashamed of为……感到羞耻
(8)be＋adj.＋with
be busy with忙于…… be filled with充满
be combined with与……结合 be content with对……满意
be covered with被……覆盖 be familiar with对……熟悉
be patient with对……有耐心 be popular with受……的欢迎
be satisfied with对……满意
be pleased with对……感到满意
by angry with (sb.)对(某人)发怒
be concerned with与……有关；涉及，关心，关注
【考点突破】
考点　语境词义辨析
1.The dictionary is ________：many words have been added to the language since it was published.(2016·天津，2)
A.out of control B. out of date
C.out of sight D.out of reach
2.Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes ________ animals both on land and sea？(2015·浙江，3)
A．about B．to
C．with D．over
3.Most people work because it’s unavoidable.________，there are some people who actually enjoy work.(2015·浙江，10)
A.As a result B.In addition
C.By contrast D.In conclusion
4.Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around ________ Thomas Edison.(2015·江苏，34)
A.thanks to B.regardless of
C.aside from D.but for
5.This meeting room is a nonsmoking area.I would like to warn you ________ that if you smoked here you would be fined.(2015·湖北，30)
A.in advance B.in detail
C.in total D.in general
6.The little pupil took his grandma________ the arm and walked her across the street.(2015·陕西，12)
A.on B.by C.in D.at
7.A common memory they all have ________ their school days is the school uniform.(2015·福建，22)
A.of B.on C.to D.with
考点归纳
1．几组常见的介词短语
(1)out of＋名词
out of question毫无疑问；out of the question不可能；out of order次序颠倒；out of sight看不见；out of place不合适；out of pity出于同情；out of curiosity出于好奇
(2)in＋名词
in power掌权；in good condition状态良好；in despair绝望地；in public/secret公开地/秘密地；in tears哭泣；in good/bad repair保养得好/不好；in charge负责，掌管；in a hurry 匆忙； in anger生气；in trouble有困难
(3)in＋名词＋介词
in case of以防万一；in honor of为了纪念……；in favor of支持；in memory of为了纪念……；in charge of负责；in terms of从……角度；in need of需要；in praise of表扬；in view of鉴于；in return for作为对……的回报；in response to对……的答复或反应
(4)under＋名词
under control受控；under attack遭到攻击；under way在进行中；under discussion在讨论；under consideration在讨论/考虑中
(5)at＋名词
at work在工作；at play在玩耍；at dinner在吃饭；at ease轻松，自由自在；at war 在打仗
(6)on＋名词
on fire着火；on purpose故意地；on duty值日；on the phone在打电话；on leave在休假； on holiday在度假；on a walk在散步；on the rise/fall上升/下降；on sale出售；on show/exhibition展出；on business 出差；on one’s way to在去……的路上；on a visit/trip/tour出行
(7)to one’s＋情感名词
to one’s surprise令某人惊讶的是；to one’s joy使某人高兴的是；to one’s disappointment令某人失望的是；to one’s delight使某人高兴的是
2．注意下列短语中介词的用法
for nothing不花钱，免费
come across the room穿过房间
feel like doing sth.想要做某事
get paid by the week按周获得报酬
be particular about...对……苛求、挑剔
with satisfaction满意地
be second to none不输于任何人；不比任何东西差
on one’s own独自地
in great quantity大量地，大批量
in great demand需求量很大
take a turn for the better正朝更好的方向发展
keep an eye on照看，照料
with the help of在……的帮助下
under the leadership of在……的领导下
the article in the newspaper报纸上的文章
a bird in the tree树上的鸟
apples on the tree树上的苹果
tickets for the concert音乐会的票
in the direction of朝着……的方向
from the direction of从……的方向
set an example to sb.给某人树立榜样
3.下列短语中to 为介词
belong to属于
date back to追溯到
look forward to盼望；期望
be addicted to沉溺于
be accustomed to习惯于
be/get used to doing...习惯于做……
be devoted to...致力于……
stick to坚持
【方法总结】
方法1　汉语对照法
在高考试题中，考查的介词有一大部分是表示方位、范围的，这就涉及到一些表示方位的介词，这时可以根据其汉语意思来解答此类试题。
(1)Don’t you think this shirt is too tight ________ the shoulders?
A.across B.over
C.above D.through
(2)Sean has formed the habit of jogging ________ the treelined avenue for two hours every day.
A.between B.along
C.below D.with
(3)Four Chinese models were ________ the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition.
A.among B.between
C.along D.beside
方法2　固定短语法
关于介词的固定搭配，在解答试题时，要注意从句子中找出中心词汇，也就是这个词和选项中的词能够构成一个固定搭配，符合句子意思，这样问题就会很快解决。
(1)The study suggests that the cultures we grow up ________ influence the basic processes by which we see the world around us.(2016·浙江，7)
A.on B.in C.at D.about
(2)My father warned me ________ going to the West Coast because it was crowded with tourists.
A.by B.on C.for D.against
(3)A great man shows his greatness ________ the way he treats little men.
A.under B.with C.on D.by
方法3　利用置入法解决介词短语的相关题目
关于介词短语的相关题目，一般采用将介词短语置入句子，并进行逐一翻译的方法。解决此类题目的关键就是平时多积累相关知识，然后读懂题干的含义。
(1)That young man is honest，cooperative，always there when you need his help.________，he’s reliable.(2016·浙江，6)
A.Or else B.In short
C.By the way D.For one thing
(2)I guess we’ve already talked about this before but I’ll ask you again just________.
A.by nature B.in return
C.in case D.by chance
(3)________ his being late again，he lost his job and had to stay at home.
A.Owe to B.As result of
C.In case of D.Because of
【扩展交流】
[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
①(2015·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Tony saw a toy on a shop window.
②(2016·云南省统一检测)The bridge on the river has a long history.
①____________

②____________
(1)介词与名词搭配不当
介词与名词搭配时用哪一个介词取决于其后的名词，这时要根据名词选择适当的介词。
(2014·陕西高考)My uncles immediately jumped up and shot their arrows on the bird.
_____________
(2)介词与动词搭配不当
介词与动词搭配时介词的使用取决于动词，这时要根据动词选择适当的介词。
(2016·潍坊市一模)You should eat more fruit and vegetables, which are rich of vitamins.
_____________
(3)介词与形容词搭配不当
介词与形容词搭配时介词的使用是由形容词决定的，这时要根据形容词选择适当的介词。
①(2015·四川高考)Please help with me and give me some advice.
②(2015·陕西高考)My soccer coach retired in last week.
①_________________

②_________________
(4)介词的多余
①及物动词后直接跟宾语，无需加介词；
②last, next后跟名词表时间时前面无需加介词。
(2014·四川高考)If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.
_________________
(5)介词的缺失
不及物动词后跟宾语时应加相应的介词。
(2014·浙江高考)If we could show concern to others on need, the world would be a better place to live in.
_________________
(6)习惯搭配中介词的错用
在习惯搭配中介词的使用是相对固定的，不能随意改动。

【当堂达标】
Ⅰ.在空白处填入适当的介词
1．Most people work because it's unavoidable. ________ contrast, there are some people who actually enjoy work.
2．These comments came in response ________ specific questions often asked by local newsmen.
3．Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes ________ animals both on land and sea?
4．Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68℃ ________ the average.
5．Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but ________ Thomas Edison.
6．They believe that there are transport developments ________ the corner that will bring a lot of changes for the better.
7．A common memory they all have ________ their schooldays is the school uniform.
8．Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony ________ nature.
9．This meeting room is a non­smoking area. I would like to warn you ________ advance that if you smoked here you would be fined.
10．The little pupil took his grandma ________ the arm and walked her across the street.
11．She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went ________ the road.
12．Our club is open to everyone regardless ________ age, sex or educ