2022届高考英语一轮复习练习-必修5-Unit-3-Science-and-nature课时作业.doc

2022届高考英语一轮复习练习 必修5 Unit 3 Science and nature课时作业

2022届高考英语一轮复习练习 必修5 Unit 3 Science and nature课时作业

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十五　必修5　Unit 3　Science and nature

Ⅰ. 阅读理解
A
(2021·兰州模拟)
They may be teenagers, but 17-year-old Brittany Bull and 16-year-old Sesam Mngqengqiswa have grand ambitions—to launch Africa’s first private satellite into space. They are part of a team of high school girls from Cape Town, South Africa, who have designed and built equipment for a satellite that will orbit over the earth’s poles scanning Africa’s surface.
Once in space, the satellite will collect information on agriculture, and food security within the continent. “Using the data, we can try to determine and predict the problems Africa will be facing in the future, ” explains Bull, a student at Pelican Park High School. “Where our food is growing, where we can plant more trees and vegetation and also how we can monitor remote areas, ” she says. “We have a lot of forest fires and floods but we don’t always get out there in time. ” Information received twice a day will go towards disaster prevention.
It’s part of a project by South Africa’s Meta Economic Development Organization (MEDO) working with Morehead State University in the US.
The girls (14 in total) are being trained by satellite engineers from Cape Peninsula University of Technology, in an effort to encourage more African women into STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics).
Scheduled to launch in May 2017, if successful, it will make MEDO the first private company in Africa to build a satellite and send it into orbit.
Mngqengqiswa comes from a single parent household. Her mother is a domestic worker. By becoming a space engineer or astronaut, the teenager hopes to make her mother proud. “Discovering space and seeing the Earth’s atmosphere, it’s not something many black Africans have been able to do, or get the opportunity to look at. I want to see and experience these things for myself, ” says Mngqengqiswa.
Her teammate Bull agrees, “I want to show fellow girls that we don’t need to sit around or limit ourselves. Any career is possible—even aerospace. ”
【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了为了吸引更多的非洲女性从事科技领域工作, 南非开展了一个项目, 让专家们培训女孩学习卫星发射技术。
1. What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A. Information provided by the satellite.
B. The benefits brought by the satellite.
C. Problems African agriculture faces.
D. The way the satellite collects information.
【解析】选B。段落大意题。这一段主要讲述这颗卫星被发送到太空后将在许多方面发挥着重要作用, 所以第二段主要说明这颗卫星将给整个非洲带来的益处, 故选B。
2. Why are the experts teaching the girls satellite technology?
A. To turn them into good farmers.
B. To help African women to live better.
C. To train employees for a private company.
D. To attract more African women to sci-tech fields.
【解析】选D。细节理解题。由文章第四段内容, 尤其是关键信息“encourage more African women into STEM”可知, 专家教女孩们学习卫星技术是为了鼓励更多的非洲女性进入科技领域, 故选D。
3. What do you think of the girls in the text?
A. Ambitious and pioneering.
B. Generous and considerate.
C. Independent and modest.
D. Brave and tolerant.
【解析】选A。推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段中的“the teenager hopes to make her mother proud”, “it’s not something many black Africans have been able to do”, “I want to see and experience these things for myself”以及最后一段“Her teammate Bull agrees, ‘I want to show fellow girls that we don’t need to sit around or limit ourselves. Any career is possible—even aerospace. ’”可推知, 文中的女孩充满雄心壮志, 且具有开拓精神, 故选A。
【知识拓展】 长难句分析
They are part of a team of high school girls from Cape Town, South Africa, who have designed and built equipment for a satellite that will orbit over the earth’s poles scanning Africa’s surface.
分析:本句是主从复合句。本句who have designed and built equipment for a satellite that will orbit over the earth’s poles scanning Africa’s surface是high school girls的非限制定语从句。定语从句中含有a satellite 的定语从句 that will orbit over the earth’s poles scanning Africa’s surface, 后面现在分词scanning Africa’s surface作伴随状语。
翻译:她们是来自南非开普敦的一个高中女生小组的成员, 她们设计并制造了一颗卫星的设备, 该卫星将在地球两极上空运行, 扫描非洲的表面。
B
(2021·济南模拟)
Scientists have developed a new type of smart bandage (绷带) that can signal the type of bacterial (细菌的) infection it’s protecting, just like a traffic light, as well as release the right type of drugs on demand. The traffic light system works just like this: Green means no bacteria or a low concentration of bacteria, yellow means drug-sensitive (DS) bacteria responsive to standard antibiotics (抗生素) and causes antibiotic release, and red means drug-resistant (DR) bacteria that need extra help to be wiped out.
In testing the bandage on mice, the research team was able to successfully treat both DS and DR infections using the new method. However, the common methods of sensing resistance are limited by time, the requirement for professional personnel, and expensive instruments. Moreover, the abuse of antibiotics causes the accelerated process of bacterial resistance.
It’s easy to see how a simple bandage and light could overcome some of these limitations. Treatment doesn’t have to wait for a doctor to make a diagnosis, and the bandage can get the right sort of drugs applied at the earliest opportunity. What’s more, the person wearing the bandage gets real-time feedback on what’s happening with the infection, if there’s an infection at all. The researchers say it offers numerous benefits over existing treatments that make use of light, including photodynamic therapy or PDT.
We’ve been seeing quite a few upgrades to the traditional bandage in recent years, thanks to advances in science — like the nanofiber mesh that attracts bacteria and draws some of it out, speeding up the healing process. Then there’s the novel bandage for treating burns, which stops bacteria from multiplying and lowers the risk of infection.
The more work that a bandage can do while it’s protecting a wound, the better. Efforts to improve bandages continue and now we’ve got a bandage that not only releases antibiotics, but also tells the patient exactly what’s going on too.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学家们已经开发出一种新型的智能绷带, 它可以像交通灯一样显示出它所保护的细菌感染类型, 并根据需要释放出正确的药物类型。文章说明了这种绷带的优势以及预测未来的发展。
4. What is the smart bandage mainly designed to do?
A. Avoid the use of antibiotics.
B. Clear out harmful bacteria.
C. Detect bacterial infections.
D. Increase treatment options.
【解析】选C。 细节理解题。根据第一段中Scientists have developed a new type of smart bandage that can signal the type of bacterial infection it’s protecting, just like a traffic light, as well as release the right type of drugs on demand. 可知, 科学家们已经开发出一种新型的智能绷带, 它可以像交通灯一样显示出它所保护的细菌感染类型, 并根据需要释放出正确的药物类型。由此可知, 智能绷带的主要功能是检测细菌感染。故选C。
5. What is the advantage of the smart bandage?
A. It saves much time and cost.
B. It removes the risk of infection.
C. It prevents the bacterial resistance.
D. It improves doctor-patient relationship.
【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第二段中However, the common methods of sensing resistance are limited by time, the requirement for professional personnel, and expensive instruments. 可知, 然而, 常用的电阻检测方法受到时间、专业人员的要求和昂贵仪器的限制。以及第三段第一句It’s easy to see how a simple bandage and light could overcome some of these limitations. 可知, 很容易看出一个简单的绷带和光可以克服这些限制。由此可知, 智能绷带的优点是节省了很多时间和成本。故选A。
6. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?
A. Traditional bandages are out of use now.
B. More smart bandages will be developed.
C. Progress in science calls for more research.
D. People are urged to study medical science.
【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据最后一段中Efforts to improve bandages continue and now we’ve got a bandage that not only releases antibiotics, but also tells the patient exactly what’s going on too. 可知, 改进绷带的努力仍在继续, 现在我们有了一种绷带, 不仅能释放抗生素, 还能告诉病人到底发生了什么。由此可推知, 更多的智能绷带将被开发。故选B。
7. What does the text focus on?
A. A successful test on mice.
B. A colour-changing bandage.
C. Sensing drug-resistant bacteria.
D. Preventing abuse of antibiotics.
【解析】选B。主旨大意题。根据第一段中Scientists have developed a new type of smart bandage that can signal the type of bacterial infection it’s protecting, just like a traffic light, as well as release the right type of drugs on demand. 可知, 科学家们已经开发出一种新型的智能绷带, 它可以像交通灯一样显示出它所保护的细菌感染类型, 并根据需要释放出正确的药物类型。结合文章还说明了这种绷带的优势和未来的发展趋势。由此可推知, 文章的重点是智能绷带。故选B。
【知识拓展】
佳词积累
①bacterial 　　　adj. 细菌的
②infection n. 感染
③release v. 释放
④professional adj. 专业的
Ⅱ. 阅读填句
Handwriting is quickly becoming a dying art. Few businesses can run nowadays without computers. 　1　 Researchers from Princeton University conducted a study to demonstrate the differences between students who wrote out their notes and those who typed notes on a lecture. 　2　 Participants were tested on the material 30 minutes after the lecture and again a week later. And handwriting emerged as the champion.  
　3　 The typers had a significant edge when it came to note-taking efficiency. The typers could copy down significantly many more words than the writers, sometimes even transcribing the contents of the lecture word-for-word.  
But while more of the lecture’s content was retained (保留) on paper when typing, it wasn’t necessarily retained in participants’ heads. 　4　 On the test 30 minutes after the lecture, typers and writers did more or less equally well on questions about the basic facts of the lecture, but typers fell behind when it came to more conceptual questions.  
As for the later quiz, the results were similar. Students with handwritten notes were able to remember and still understand the concepts of the lecture after a week had passed. These participants were also more open to understanding new ideas. 　5　 
A. The tests that the participants took proved this.
B. The efficiency of handwriting might best benefit you.
C. That’s not to say that typing doesn’t have its benefits.
D. In this study, the laptops were only used to take notes.
E. Generally speaking, typing also has its own disadvantages.
F. But what are we losing as handwriting loses its significance in society?
G. Clearly, writing by hand is one of the things that can make you smarter.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。书法正迅速成为一种濒临消亡的艺术。现在没有计算机几乎没有企业能经营。而普林斯顿大学的研究人员进行了一项研究, 以证明在课堂上写笔记和打笔记的学生之间的区别。研究发现打字者并不一定能记住课堂内容, 而手写笔记的学生仍然能够记住并理解讲课的概念, 对理解新思想也更开放。
1. 【解析】选F。根据上文Handwriting is quickly becoming a dying art. Few businesses can run nowadays without computers. 可知, 书法正迅速成为一种濒临消亡的艺术。现在没有计算机几乎没有企业能经营。由此可知, 本句承接上文说明书法在社会中的消失引发人们反思, 故F选项“但是, 随着书法在社会中的重要性消失, 我们又失去了什么呢?”符合上下文语境, 故选F。
2. 【解析】选D。 根据上文Researchers from Princeton University conducted a study to demonstrate the differences between students who wrote out their notes and those who typed notes on a lecture. 可知, 普林斯顿大学的研究人员进行了一项研究, 以演示在课堂上写笔记和打笔记的学生之间的区别。由此可知, 笔记本电脑打出笔记和手写笔记在进行研究, 为了证明二者之间的区别, 笔记本电脑应当是只能用来打字, 才能凸显出二者的区别。故D选项“在这项研究中, 笔记本电脑只是用来做笔记”符合上下文语境, 故选D。
3. 【解析】选C。根据后文The typers had a significant edge when it came to note-taking efficiency. 可知, 打字员在记笔记效率方面有明显的优势。由此可知, 本段是在说明打字的好处。故C选项“这并不是说打字没有好处”符合上下文语境, 故选C。
4. 【解析】选A。根据后文On the test 30 minutes after the lecture, typers and writers did more or less equally well on questions about the basic facts of the lecture, but typers fell behind when it came to more conceptual questions. 可知, 在讲座结束后30分钟的测试中, 打字者和写作者在关于讲座基本内容的问题上表现得差不多, 但在更概念化的问题上, 打字者就落后了。由此可知, 参与的测试者证明了上文“打字者的大脑不一定能记住课堂上的内容”这一观点。故A选项“参与者参加的测试证明了这一点”符合上下文语境, 故选A。
5. 【解析】选G。 根据上文Students with handwritten notes were able to remember and still understand the concepts of the lecture after a week had passed. These participants were also more open to understanding new ideas. 可知, 一个星期过去了, 手写笔记的学生仍然能够记住并理解讲课的概念。这些参与者对理解新思想也更开放。由此可知, 本句在进行总结, 论述手写可以让人头脑更聪明。故G选项“显然, 手写可以让你变得更聪明”符合上下文语境, 故选G。
【知识拓展】 佳词积累
①demonstrate 　　　　v. 演示
②participants n. 参加者
③emerge v. 出现
④transcribe v. 抄录
Ⅲ. 语法填空
China sent up its first Mars probe(探测器) Tianwen 1 on Thursday. It is expected 1. _________ (reach)the planet in about seven months. The mission to Mars is much 2. _________ (hard) compared to that to the moon.
China’s Mars mission, 3. __________(design) for the mapping of key zones of the planet’s surface, indicates the country’s space science and technology
4. __________(progress) rapidly in the past years. It expresses the determination and perseverance(毅力) of the Chinese nation in looking for 5. __________(science) truth.  
Tianwen 1 has immediately grabbed people’s attention after its launch, and
6. __________ is reported that there’re countless discussions on topics related to spaceflight and the exploration of outer space. People’s 7. __________(curious) about the unknown and thirst for knowledge are 8. _________ (obvious) aroused whenever the country makes breakthroughs in space exploration. And astronauts, scientists and engineers are becoming role models 9. _________ more and more young people. The “Mars fever” that has been aroused shows people’s desire to know more about space, which requires more innovations(创新) to discover more about the universe 10. __________ we live.  
【文章大意】中国成功发射“天问一号”火星探测器, 该探测器肩负什么重任?这次发射又引发了什么热潮呢?
1. 【解析】to reach。考查非谓语动词。本句使用了短语expect sb. /sth. to do“预料某人/某物做……”的被动结构, 故填不定式。
2. 【解析】harder。考查比较级。根据语境和空后的compared to“和……相比”可知, 此处要用形容词的比较级harder。
3. 【解析】designed。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知, mission后是非限制性定语, design与mission是逻辑上的动宾关系, 且此处表示动作已经发生, 故用动词的-ed形式。
4. 【解析】has progressed。考查时态和主谓一致。根据句中的时间状语in the past years可知, indicates后的宾语从句要用现在完成时。宾语从句的主语是the country’s space science and technology, 应视为单数, 故填has progressed。注意:此处的progress是动词, 意为“进步, 进展”。
5. 【解析】scientific。考查形容词。本空作定语修饰名词truth, 故用science的形容词形式scientific“科学的”。
6. 【解析】it。考查形式主语。根据语境可知, 此处是“it is + 过去分词+that从句”句型, 其中it是形式主语, that从句是真正的主语。故填it。
7. 【解析】curiosity。考查名词。本空与后面的thirst并列作主语, 故用名词curiosity。
8. 【解析】obviously。考查副词。本空所填词修饰谓语动词, 应该用副词obviously“显然, 明显地”。
9. 【解析】for。考查介词。此处表示“……的榜样”, 此时models与介词for连用, for后面引出对象。
10. 【解析】where。考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知, universe后跟了一个定语从句, 从句中live是不及物动词, 从句缺少地点状语, 故填where。

Ⅰ. 阅读理解
(2021·济南模拟)
It was just a normal day for Ruth Miller, a 63-year-old woman until everything went horribly wrong. She was walking to her car after shopping when the unthinkable happened.  
Right as she was unlocking her car, a man quickly came up behind her and tried to wrestle her purse away. She was in shock. Luckily she remembered she had her Safe Personal Alarm (SPA) on her purse, and since she was too scared to scream for help, she quickly reached for the alarm and pulled the pin (保险栓). Immediately her SPA started just screaming. The man didn’t know what to do! He froze for a second, and then ran away like a bat out of hell!
SPA is a safety device capable of creating a 125 db sound that attracts attention and scares away potential attackers. To compare, it’s the same volume as a military jet during takeoff.
Paul Davidson, the inventor of SPA, knows all too well the type of situation that Ruth found herself in. But that’s not the only type of situation that SPA helps protect against. Parents can give it to their kids as an extra means of protection. Teenagers can use it so they can feel safe walking hom