人教版初中英语七年级下册Unit3SectionB教材全解.doc

人教版初中英语七年级下册Unit3SectionB教材全解Unit 3 How do you get to school?Unit 3 Section B教材全解1.bus stop 公共汽车站【重点注释】stop，此处用作名词，意为“车站；站点”。例如：at a/the bus stop在公共汽车站。stop一般指的是小站，停车点，如路边的停车站点；station指的是总站，大型的车站,at a bus/train/subway station。例如：They wait for Jim at the bus stop.他们在公共汽车站等吉姆。Where si the bus station?公共汽车站在哪儿？【辨析记忆】bus stop与bus stationbus stop与bus station都是指“公共汽产站”。bus stop指城镇内外的停车点，而bus station指能听、转车辆的汽车站点。【拓展记忆】stop用作动词，意为“停止”。常用结构：stop to do sth.停止或中断（原来）做（的）某事，再去做另一件事。停下来去做某事。stop doing sth.停止（正在）做（的）某事。停止做某事。例句：Lets stop to have a rest.让我们停下来（原来干的事），（再去）休息一下吧。Stop talking,please.请停止（正在）说话（这个事）。They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来（原来干的事），（然后）抽了根烟。I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了（我必须停止正在抽烟这个事）。2.Mary wants to know where Bob lives.玛丽想知道鲍勃住在哪儿。Mary wants to know what he thinks of the trip.玛丽想知道他（鲍勃）认为这段旅程怎么样。【重点注释】Mary wants to know where Bob lives.玛丽想知道鲍勃住在哪儿。本句含有一个由连接词where引导的宾语从句。在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句+连词+宾语从句（主语+谓语+）”句式。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。例如：Please tell me who knows the answer.请告诉我谁知道答案。Do you know which class he is in?你知道他在哪个班级吗？I dont know when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。【试题链接】I dont know .A.where she comes from Bhow old is he C.when was he born（宾语从句要用陈述语序，选项B、C都是疑问语序。根据句意“我不知道他来自哪里。”可知答案为A。）Mary wants to know what he thinks of the trip.玛丽想知道他（鲍勃）认为这段旅程怎么样。这是一个含有what引导的宾语从句的主从复合句，主句的主语是Mary，谓语动词时wants to know，宾语时一个特殊疑问句，原句应为“What does he think of the trip?”，但在宾语从句中，从句的语序要用陈述语序，其中疑问词仍在句首，位置不变；另外，宾语从句的时态与主句的时态要一致。例如：I know where you live.我知道你住在哪儿。Thomas wants to know how she gets to school.托马斯想知道她该怎样到学校。Do you know what he weather is like today?你知道今天的天气怎样吗？think of意为“认为，想出，想到，考虑”，of 是介词，其后可接名词、代词或V.ing形式，think of/about doing sth.意为“考虑干某事”，在表示“认为怎么样？”时，可以与think about互换。例如：What do you think of /about how she gets to school?你认为这次学校郊游怎么样？ Its great.非常好。【比较记忆】（1）think of与think about这两个短语表示下列意义时,可以互换：考虑 eg: Dont think of/about me any more.不要再考虑我. 对有某种看法 eg: What do you think of/ about the film 你认为那部影片怎么样？（2）think of表示下列意义时,一般不和think about换用. 想要;打算 eg: For a moment I thought of playing truant.我一时起了逃学的念头. 想出;想到 eg: Who thought of the idea 谁想出的那个主意 关心;想看 eg: Lei Feng always thought of how he could do more for the people. 雷锋总是想着怎样多为人民做些事情. 想起;说得 eg: I cant think of his name.我想不起他的名字. （3）think about表示下列意义时一般不和think of换用. 回想过去的事情. eg: We mustnt think about this matter any more.我们不许再想此事. 考虑某事,某计划是否切实可行. eg: Ill think about your suggestion and give you an answer tomorrow. 我要考虑一下你的建议,明天给你答复.【拓展记忆】What do you think of the school trip?你认为这次学校郊游怎么样？What do you think of？意为“你认为/觉得怎么样？”，可与How do you like？进行转换，这是用来询问某人对某事或某人的看法的常用句型。例如：What do you think of/about action movies.=How do you like action movies.你认为动作片怎么样？课本1c的另外三句话：主句是？宾语从句是？宾语从句的连接词是？语序是？Mary wants to know how far he lives from his grandparentshome.玛丽想知道他住的地方离他祖父母家有多远。Mary wants to know how he gets to his grandparentshome. 玛丽想知道他是怎样到他祖父母家的。Mary wants to know how long it takes to get to his grandparentshome 玛丽想知道到他祖父母家需要多长时间。【归纳记忆】宾语从句要记住三个要素：选用合适的连接词；宾语从句用陈述句语序；一般主从句时态一致。3.Crossing the River to School.过河去上学。【重点注释】cross作动词，意为“横越；越过；穿过”，主要表示在物体表面上“横穿”，如横过马路（cross the road）、过桥（cross the bridge）、过河（cross the river）等。此处加上ing变成了动名词。例如：The little boy cant cross the street by himself.这个小男孩不能独自过马路。Be carefull when you cross the street.过马路时要小心。They crossed the river by boat.他们乘舟渡河。cross作名词，意为“十字形，叉形记号”。例如：The teacher marked the question with a cross.老师在这个问题上打了一个叉。【比较记忆】cross,across与crossingsross动词穿过Lets cross the road now.现在咱们过马路吧。across介词，副词在对面，穿过They live just across the road.他们就住在马路对面crossing名词十字路口Turn left at the first crossing.第一个十字路口左拐注意：across是介词，有“横跨，横穿，穿越”之意。across与go/walk等动词连用表示“穿过，越过，横穿”的意思，go/walk/run/swim across=cross(v.)。与cross基本同义，也是表示从物体表面经过。例如：The Great Green Wall is across the northwest of China.绿色长城横跨中国西北。We can go across the freeze river. 我们可以横过这冻结了的大河。I swam across the Changjiang River 20 years ago. 20年前我横渡了长江。Look left and right before you go across the street. 过马路时要左右看。【辨析记忆】across与through的区别：都是介词，在句中不能独立作谓语，必须和动词一起构成谓语。across“横过，穿过“，着重指从一条线或一物体表面的一边到另一边，含义与on有关。through“穿过，从中通过”，着重指从空间的一头纵穿到另一头，含义与in有关。辨析：across指从某一物体表面的一边到另一边，为“横穿”，与“道路”交叉形成“十字”。 go/walk/run/swim across=cross(v.)。而through指从某一物体的中间穿过，为在立体空间中的“穿过”。常用于穿过沙漠、森林、门窗、村庄等，如：go through the forest“穿过森林” （从森林中间通过），go through the tunnel“穿过隧道”（从隧道中间通过）go across the street “穿过大街” （从马路一边到另一边）4.For many students,it is easy to get to school.对许多学生来说，到达学校是容易的。But for the students in one small village in China,it is difficult.但是对于在中国的一个小村庄里的学生来说，是困难的。【重点注释】for介词，在此意为“对而言”。例如：It is difficult for me to finish my homework.对我来说，完成作业太难了。Its time for me to get up.我该起床了。many形容词，意为“许多”，后跟可数名词复数形式。例如：I have many books.我有许多书。There are many students in the classroom.教室里有很多学生。【拓展记忆】“many a +可数名词单数”谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。例如：Many a worker often comest to our school.许多工人经常来我们学校。much也表示“许多”，但它修饰不可数名词。例如：There is much water in the glass.玻璃杯里有许多水。many/much=lots of/a lot of.例如：He has many/a lot of/lots of beaubiful stamps.他有许多美丽的邮票。There is much/a lot of/lots of water here.这里有许多水。课本原句For many students,it is easy to get to school.=It is easy for many students to get to school.对许多学生来说，到达学校是容易的。课本原句But for the students in one small village in China,it is difficult.= But for the students in one small village in China,it is difficult to get to school.= But it is difficult for the students in one small village in China to get to school. 但是对于在中国的一个小村庄里的学生来说，（到达学校）是困难的。 It is +形容词+（for sb.）+to do sth.句型意为“（对某人来说）做某事是。”其中，代词it是形式主语，没有实际意义；动词不定式to do sth.是真正的主语。动词不定式或动词不定式短语作主语时，可直接放在句首。在英语中，当动词不定式短语较长时，为了避免头重脚轻，常把动词不定式短语作主语的情况放在后面，用it作形式主语。例如：To learn English well is not hard.学好英语不是很难。It is easy to ride a bike.骑自行车是容易的。Its better to stay at home.呆在家里更好。Its easy for him to do the exercise.他做这个练习很容易。5.There is a very big river between their school and the village.在他们的学校和村庄之间有一条很大的河。【重点注释】between介词，意为“在之间；介于之间”，指在两者（注意理解“两者”的含义）之间。在英语句子中，between可以单独用，也可以和and构成“betweenand”，意为“在和（两者）之间”。例如：Its a secret between the sisters.这是姐妹间的秘密。Three is a window between the walls.墙之间有一个窗户。He sits between Tom and Jack.他坐在汤姆和杰克之间。Ill phone you between lunch and three oclock.我将在午餐后三点钟以前给你打电话。【辨析记忆】between与 amongbetween用于“两者之间”，表示双方之间的关系。只要构成双方关系，不论对方的数目是多少，均用between。其宾语往往是表示两者的名词或代词，或者是由and连接的两个人或物。“betweenand”，意为“在和（两者）之间”。among用于指三者或三者以上的人或物的“中间”，其宾语通常是一个表示笼统数量或具有复数意义的名词或代词，也可以是集合名词。例句：There was a fight between the two boys.这两个孩子打过一次架。Im usually free between Tuseday ande Thursday.我通常在周二与周四之间有空。Remember this is a secret between you and me.记住这是你我之间的秘密。They will arrive here between 5 oclock and 8 oclock.他们将在5点和8点之间到达这儿。Switzerland lies between France,Germany,Austria and Italy.瑞士位于法国、德国、奥地利和意大利之间。（注意：当两个以上的人或物用and连接时可用between。例如：between A,B and C在A、B和C之间。）They hid themselves among the trees.他们躲在树林中。He is the oldest among all the people.在所有人中间，他年龄最大。【试题链接】The workers will build a new railroad_ _ the two cities.A. since B. between C.as D.during.（since“自从”；between“在两者之间”；as“作为”；during“在期间”。由句意“工人们将会在这两座城市之间修建一条新铁路”可知，此处用between。故选B.）6.There is no bridge and the river runs too quickly for boats.没有桥，对小船来说，河水太湍急不能摆渡。（河上）完全没有桥，而且河水湍急，不适宜小船摆渡。【重点注释】no此处作形容词来修饰名词，意为“没有”，既可以修饰可数名词（单、复数），也可以修饰不可数名词。修饰单数可数名词时，no相当于not a(an)；修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词时，no相当于not any。例如：There is no bridge here.= There is not a bridge here.这儿没有桥。I have no brothers.= I dont have any brothers.我没有兄弟。He has no children.=He doesnt have any children.他没有孩子。There is no water in the bottle.=There is not any water in the bottle.瓶子里没有水。【拓展记忆】修饰名词时，no不能与冠词、指示代词、物主代词以及some，any，much，evrey等不定代词连用，但可与不定代词other连用。例如：他没有钱。He has no any (his,the,a)money.误 He has no money.正 He has not any money.正 He doesnt have any money.正 no表示“禁止”或“不许”等意思，其后接动名词（v.ing）。例如：No parking！不准停车！No smoking!禁止吸烟！run动词，此处意为“(液体)流动，流淌；流，淌”。例如：Rivers run into the sea.河水流入大海。Tears were running down her cheeks.泪水滑过她的脸庞。Wash the rice in cold water until the water runs clear.用凉水冲洗大米，直到水变清为止。boat可数名词，意为“小船”。例如：He goes to school by boat.他乘船去上学。常用短语：by boat乘船；be in the same boat同舟共济；miss the boat坐失良机；【辨析记忆】boat与ship：boat比ship（大船）小，但口语中常与ship同义。boat“小船”，指靠人力工作的，一般体积较小。We crossed the river in a boat.我们乘一条小船过了河。ship“轮船”，指非人力的，如蒸汽，核动力等。（aircraft carrier航空母舰）They crossed the Pacific by ship.他们乘船横渡太平洋。【拓展记忆】boat作不及物动词，意思是“乘船；划船；荡浆；乘船游玩”。常用短语go boating“去划船”。例如：Well go boating on the lake on Saturday.我们周六到湖上去划船。I like to go boating with my friends on weekends.周末我喜欢和我的朋友们一起去划船。quickly副词，在本句中修饰动词run，意为“河水流淌很快；湍流太急”。副词修饰动词，常置于动词之后。例如：The boy is running to his mother.very quickly.这个男孩正飞快地跑向他母亲。She plays the violin very well。她拉小提琴很好。课本原句“the river runs too quickly for boats.”=“the river runs too quickly for boats to cross it.”意为“河水太急了，小船不能摆渡。”该句中短语“tooto”意为“太而不能”。too（太）后跟形容词或副词，to（该结构中，to本身含有“不”和“能”两层意思，即包含着“不能”之意）后跟动词原形。如果句子的主语，不是某人，而是某物，一般要在to前加上for sb.意为“对来说”，以使句子表达完整。例如：The boy is too young to go to school.这个男孩太小了，不能去上学。She gets up too late to get to school on time.她起床太晚了，而不能准时到校。The chair is too small for the fat man to sit on it.这把椅子太小了，这个胖子不能坐。The fire is too dangerous for children to play with it.火太危险，小孩不能玩。7.So these students go on a ropeway to corss the river to school.所以这些学生靠滑铁索来过河上学。【重点注释】ropeway可数名词，意为“索道”，铁索是一种渡河用的交通方式。在偏远上去，人们由于各种原因没能建筑桥梁，便在山谷中水流湍急的河流两端拉起铁索，依靠滑铁索过河。go on a ropeway意为“乘/坐索道，滑铁索”。类似用法：go on a ride乘/坐车出游；go on a trip正在旅行（go for a trip要去旅行）；go on a trip去进行一次旅游（have / take a trip）。例如：They usually go on a ropeway to play.他们通常坐索道玩。课本原句So these students go on a ropeway to corss the river to school.= So these students go on a ropeway to corss the river to get/go to school.所以这些学生靠滑铁索来过河上学。to cross the river为动词不定式短语，作目的状语。课本原句中“go on a ropeway(乘/坐索道，滑铁索)”的目的是为了“to cross the river(过河)”，而过河的目的是为了“to get/go to school上学”。例如：She went to the bookstore to buy a bool.她去了书店买书。Ill go to the shop to buy a pen to do my homework.我要去商店买支钢笔做作业。【试题链接】Why is Linlin practicing speaking English? abroad for further study.A.Go B.Gone C.To go D.Goes（句意：“琳琳为什么练习说英语？”“是为了到国外进一步学习。”疑问词why“为什么”用于提问原因，动词不定式结构可用来表示目的，回答原因，故选C）8.One 11-year-old boy,Liangliang,corsses the river every school day.亮亮，一个11岁男孩，每天过河上学。【重点注释】year可数名词，意为“年；岁”。例如：He visits his teachers every year.他每年都去看望他的老师们。Tom is ten years old.汤姆10岁了。11-year-old是一个复合形容词，作定语，修饰名词boy，意为“11岁的”，注意该复合词与“Tom is ten years old.= Tom is ten汤姆10岁了。”比较可知：year不加-s，单词中的连字符“-”不可以去掉，而且在句中只能放在名词前作定语；而“Tom is ten years old.= Tom is ten汤姆10岁了。”中，“某人几岁”的表达法是：“某人+be(am,is ,are)+基数词+（years old）”。试比较：1）He is an 11-year-old boy.他是一个十一岁的男孩。He is 11 years old.=He is 11.他十一岁。2）The eight-month-old baby cant speak.这个八个月大的婴儿不会说话。The baby is eight months old.这个婴儿八个月大。【注意】由“数词+名词（+形容词）”构成的复合形容词中（中间用连字符“-”），名词只能用单数形式。例如：a two-month holiday两个月的假期。the 30-kilometre-long trip30千米长的路程。【试题链接】A girl named Dong Xinyi looked after her disabled father.A.three-year-old B.three-years-old C.three years old（a three-year-old girl意为“一个3岁的女孩”，其中three-year-old为复合形容词，作定语修饰名词girl，故选A）school day意为“上学日”，指在学校上学的日子，尤指周一至周五。与之相对应的词是holiday“节假日，假期”（英式），vacation“假期”（美式），以及weekend“周末”。例如：I must do my homework on school days.在周一至周五期间我必须做作业。9.But he is not afraid.但是他不害怕。【重点注释】afraid是一个使用频率很高的形容词，意为“害怕的，恐惧的，担心的，畏惧的”，是一个表语形容词。主要用法：在句中只可用作表语，不可用作定语，常跟在系动词be，feel等之后作表语。例如;Dont be afraid.Everything will be all right soon.别害怕。一切很快就会好的。afraid一般不能用副词very修饰，而要用much或very much修饰。例如：He is very much afraid of losing his job.他很害怕失业。be afraid of sth.后接人或事物的名词，意为“害怕某事/某物”。例如：Are you afraid of dogs?你害怕狗吗？Most of the grils are afraid of dogs.大多数女孩怕狗。be afraid of doing sth.后接v.ing形式，意为“唯恐做某事”，指担心或担忧做某事会引起某种后果。例如：Dont be afraid of asking for help.不要害怕求助。be afraid to do sth,动词用原形（to +V.原形），意为“害怕做某事”，例如：Her elder sisiter is afraid to stay at home alone.她姐姐害怕独自一人呆在家里。【辨析记忆】be afraid of doing sth.与be afraid to do sth.的区别：be afraid of doing sth.指担心会发生某事或某情况，害怕其后果（实际上未必会发生）。Im afraid of telling her.我不敢告诉她。注 意表示担心会发生某事或某情况，只能用be afraid of doing sth.而表示害怕做某事或不敢做某事等，则两者都可用。Dont be afraid of asking/to ask questions.不要害怕问问题。be afraid to do sth指害怕做某事或不敢做某事。He was afraid to fly in a plane.他不敢坐飞机。be afraid for sb./sth.后接人或物，意为“为某人或某物担心”。例如：We are afraid for her safety.我们为她的安全担心。“be afraid+（that）+从句（即that后跟一个句子）”，意为“恐怕；担心”。例如：Im afraid （that） he cant come.恐怕他不能来了。He is afraid （that） she will not come.他担心她不会来。【拓展记忆】在日常口语中，Im afraid （that）表示“为某件已经发生或可能发生的事表示歉意或作出否定判断”， 在很多场合相当于Im sorry,but，用于提出异议，说出令人不快的事实，拒绝对方的要求等，使语气委婉，显得比较文雅、谦逊。例如：Im afraid you are wrong.(You are wrong, Im afraid.)恐怕你错了。Im afraid Ive broken your bike.真抱歉我把你的自行车弄坏了。 在口语中，Im afraid so.和Im afraid not.常用作简略答语，so代替一个肯定句，not代替一个否定句。例如：Is it going to rain tomorrow?明天会下雨吗？Im afraid so.恐怕要下雨。-May I take this book out of the reading room?我可以把这本书带出阅览室吗？- Im afraid not,please read it here.恐怕不行，请在这里看吧。10.I love to play with my classmates.我爱和我的同学们玩耍。【重点注释】love to do sth.意为“喜爱做某事”。例如：Tom loves to read storybooks.汤姆喜爱读故事书。【拓展记忆】love to do sth.表示一时的喜欢或暂时性的具体动作；love doing sth.表示一贯的喜欢，倾向于一种习惯。例如：I love playing computer games，but I love to watch TV now.我爱玩电脑游戏，但现在我喜欢看电视。play with意为“玩；与玩”。例如：He plays with a toy.他玩玩具。Dont play with fire.不要玩火。Do you like to play with your brother?你喜欢和你哥哥玩吗？I love to play with balls with my classmates.我爱和我的同学们一起玩球。【拓展记忆】play作及物动词，意为“打（球）；演奏（乐器）”。例如：I can play football.我会踢足球。He often plays the piano.他经常弹钢琴。11.Hes like a father to me.对我来说，他就像父亲一样。【重点注释】课本原句Hes like a father to me.对我来说，他就像父亲一样。Hes 即He is 。此句中，like不是动词，只是表达“像.一样的意思，是介词，而不是动词（故like不能加-s ），所以需要加be动词作为句子的动词，这里是第三人称单数，所以是is。like介词，意为“像，像一样”，常与look（看起来）或be连用，后面可以接名词、代词和V.ing形式。例如： It looks like rain.看起来要下雨。I didnt see him like this.我以前从未见过他这样。Do you always sleep like this?你经常都会这样子睡觉吗？Sitting on th swing is like flying in the sky.在秋千上久好像在天空中飞翔。She is like her mother.她长得像她妈妈。【辨析记忆】like与aslike意为“像一样”（实际上不是）。He talks to me like my father.他像父亲那样跟我谈话。（他不是我父亲）as意为“作为，以身份”（实际上就是）。He talks to me as my father.他以父亲的身份跟我谈话。（他是我父亲）【比较记忆】What do/doeslook like?与What do/doeslike？的区别：What do/doeslook like?“长得怎么样？”指外表怎么样，句中like是介词。What does your teacher look like?He is tall and thin.What do/doeslike？“喜欢什么？”，指某人喜欢什么，句中like是动词。What does your brother like?He likes dancing.【试题链接】 does your new friend look like? He is tall with short blonde hair and big blue eyes.A.How B.Who C.What D.Where（由答语He is tall with short blonde hair and big blue eyes.判断问句是在提问长相，需要用What do/doeslook like?来提问，所以答案选C。）to对来说，for对来说，区别：在it 做形式主语的句子里，对来说，常用for，否则常用to。例如：Its difficult for me to finish the work.我完成这项工作很难。Its time for us to get up.我们该起床了。You were like a father to me.你对我而言，就像一个父亲。12.Many of the students and villagers never leave the village.这些学生和村民中的许多人从没