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名词转化为动词
很多表示物件、身体部位或某类人的名词可以用作动词，某些抽象名词也可用作动词。名词和动词在转化时，有时不改变意思，有时意思也相应地变化，在学习的过程中注意记忆总结。
1 名词和动词在转化时， 有时不改变意思，有时也相应地变化。
eye n. 眼睛 .（用眼睛看）注释，端详 ship n. 船， v. 用船装
help v. 帮助 n. 帮助 love v. 爱 n.. 爱
picture 能画， 照片 v. 用图表示，描述
2 有些名词和动词在转化时会发生元音改变或词尾变化
blood----bleed sell----sale sing---- song advise----advice bathe----- bath believe---- belief
3 Look at the verbs in bold. What are the nouns of these verbs?
1）When Zhou Kai’s mother saw him heading towards the front door without a jacket on, she eyed him anxiously.
2）I’m not overweight so I never have to diet
Step 3 Practice
1． Complete the sentences using the words as verbs.
finger hand house mother taste
Example: Stop mothering me! I’m not a child.
1. This apartment _________ six people and a dog.
2. She ________ the silk gently.
3. It _________ really delicious.
4. Can you ________ me those papers?
2．Complete the following sentences
1. Did you ____（预定）a seat on a plane yesterday?
2. Please ____ （递）me the book.
3. They ____ (取名)their dog Bob.
4. She ____（护理；照顾）her aged mother every day.
一般将来时(The future simple tense)
1.一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态
Zhou kai, you’ll get ill.
I’ll buy you a toy.
My sister’s going to see you off.
will和be going to都可以用来表达将要发生的事情，区别如下：
(1).单纯谈到将来的事情，没有主观因素，可用will.
It will become warm when spring comes.春天到来，天气将会变暖。
I will be twenty next month.下个月我就20岁了。
(2).表示说话人的推测，用will.
She will be all right after taking the medicine.吃了这药，她就会好的。
That will be your house.那是你的家吧。
(3).表示一种倾向，用will.
Each time he comes to Beijing, he will visit the Great Wall.每次他来到北京，他都要游览长城。
Without water, man will die.没有水人会死。
(4).表示说话时决定马上要做的动作（多半是听了对方的话后所做出的反应），用will.
A: My chest hurts when I breathe.我呼吸时，胸部疼痛。
B: Lie down please, and I’ll examine you.请躺下，我给你检查一下。
(5).表示经过事先考虑或安排后的意思,即“打算做某事”，用going to do.
My friend is in hospital now, but he is going to come out tomorrow. 我朋友现在医院，但是他明天就要出院了。
She has borrowed some books from the library. She is going to make a careful study.她从图书馆借了一些书。她打算好好作番研究。
(6)在口语中，表示将要发生的事情时，多用be going to .
What’s going to happen? 将要发生什么事？
Is there going to be a party tomorrow evening? 明天晚上有聚会吗？
(7)表示根据已有的、并被注意到的迹象将要发生的事情
They are going to miss the train.他们要赶不上火车了。（说话者注意到他们出发时已经太晚了）
Look at those dark clouds; it’s going to rain.看那些乌云，要下雨了。
(8).be going to可用于表示将来时间的条件状语从句，will却不能。
If he is going to participate in the competition, he’d better get prepared.如果他打算参加这个竞赛，他最好做好准备。
If we are going to start early, 5 o’clock is ok. 如果我们计划早出发，5点就可以。
(9).will 可用于表示意愿、拒绝等的条件状语从句中。
If Tom won’t come, we will lose the game.如果汤姆不愿意来，我们将输掉这场比赛。
If he will do something useful, he will save the boy.如果他愿意做些有益的事，他会就这个男孩的。
Practice
1．Jim and Li Lei __________（watch）the football match this evening．
2．We are going to play ping-pong on Saturday．（改为一般疑问句并作否定回答）
—__________ __________ going to play ping-pong on Saturday？
—__________，we __________．
3．我叔叔今晚要来。
My uncle __________ __________ __________．
4．我们要讨论这本书。
We _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ this book．
5．---Do you tell Julia about the result ?
---Oh, no ,I forgot. I ______her now.
A. will be calling B. will call C. call D. am to call
6. Look at the dark clouds in the sky . I think it _____rain.
A will B shall C must D is going to
7. If he ____be head teacher of this class , I will not go to this class .
A is going to B will C was to D should
8.---- Write to me when you get home
---- ____.
A. I am going to B. I will C. I should D. I can
9. That ____ be Dr. Wang’s clinic. Let’s go and have a look.
A. is going to B. will C. is not going to be D. will not.
10. My younger brother ____be 15 years old next year.
A. is going to B. will C. is to D. should
11. Let’s keep to the point or we _____ any decisions.
A. will never reach B. have never reached
C. never reach D. never reached
12 --- You’ve left the light on.
--- Oh, so I have. _______ and turn it off.
A. I’ll go B. I’ve gone C. I go D. I’m going
13. If he _____ to college, he _____ a lot more.
A. will go; will learn B. will go; is going to learn
C. goes; will learn D. goes; is going to learn
14. --- Sorry, I forgot to post the letter for you.
--- Never mind, _____ post it myself tonight.
A. I’m going to B. I prefer to C. I’ll D. I’d rather
15. ---Write to me when you get home.
--- ____________.
A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can
语法项目
1．不定式作状语
1)不定式作目的状语：
He broke into the house to steal something．
Many drug addicts are now in treatment centres to stop taking drugs．
He's saving up to buy a new car．
He uses a computer to send emails．
2)有时候在不定式前面加上in order to或so as to，否定式为in order not to和so as not to：
Let's hurry so as to go to school in time．
Let's hurry so as not to be late for school．
She studied very hard in order to catch up with others．
She studied very hard in order not to lag behind．
3)不定式表示目的时，通常它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，但如果不是的话，就要用for…
结构表示逻辑主语，如：
Mom opened the door for Jane and Betty to come in．
We are now using the series “New Standard English” for students to make great progress．
请注意以下结构：It is so kind of you to come and help us．
(这时，you既是to come and help us又是kind的逻辑主语)
再如：It's rude of him to say so．
4)不定式还可以作结果或原因状语：
表结果： What have I done to get all this?
She went abroad never to return．
He was so．late as to miss half of the lecture．
She is such a good student as to be respected by all her classmates．
The house is large enough to hold two hundred people．
He is too young to do the job．
表原因：
She was surprised to see us in the street of London．
He laughed to hear the news．
The old lady rejoiced to learn that her son was the champion of the match．
2．so…that…和such(a，an)…that…引导的结果状语从句
1)so…that…和such(a，an)…that…都引导结果状语从句，如：
Some of them behave so badly that people call the police．
It was such a dangerous drug that he nearly died．
It was such loud music that we couldn't hear ourselves speak．
2)so的后面跟形容词或副词：
The night scene of the lake was so beautiful that we didn't want to come back at all．
They played so happily that they forgot the time．
3)such(a，an)后面跟名词：
They were such dangerous drug dealers that people had to ask the police for help．
It is such an interesting story that all of them like it．
4)请注意本模块语法项目1.4中讨论的某些不定式作结果状语的句子：
He was so late as to miss half of the lecture．
She is such a good student as to be respected by all her classmates．
The house is large enough to hold two hundred people．
He is too young to do the job．
我们可以把它们改变成结果状语从句：
He was so late that he missed half of the lecture．
She is such a good student that she is respected by all her classmates．
The house is so large that it can hold two hundred people．
He is so young that he can't do the job．
a. Now complete the sentences with so, as a result or as a result of.
1. Adam knew that taking drugs was bad, _________he stopped.
2. He stopped taking drugs ________meeting the doctor.
3. Adam met a doctor who explained the problem. __________he stopped taking cocaine.
4. Crack cocaine is very addictive, ________users cannot easily stop using it.
5. He was extremely ill _________taking crack cocaine.
6. He became addicted to crack cocaine, _________ he became very ill.
时间状语从句
时间状语从句主要用于说明主句动词的时间,其类型颇多详见如下归纳。
1． When 引导的时间状语从句,意为“当……的时候”，when 的从句可以用延续性动词。
He was working at the table when I went in . 当我进去的时候，她正在桌旁工作。
I was watching TV when he came. 他来的时候我正在看电视。
注意：when 也可以作并列连词，表示一个动作即将或正在进行或刚完成的时候，突然发生了另一件事。
I was about to leave when the telephone rang. 我正要离开，这是电话铃响了。
We were working in the chemistry lab, when the lights went out.
我们正在化学实验室工作，突然灯熄灭了。
I had just gone to sleep when there was a knock at the door.. 我刚入睡就有人敲门
2． While 引导的时间状语从句，表示“与……同时，在……期间”。While 的从句中常用延续性动词或表示状态的词。
They rushed in while we were discussing problems. 当我们正在讨论问题时，他们冲了进来。
Father was cleaning the car while I was playing computer games.
当我正在玩电子游戏时，爸爸在清洗汽车。
注意：while 还可以表示对比意义，意为“而；却”。例如：
Jane was dressed in blue, while Mary was dressed in red.
珍妮穿着蓝色的衣服，而玛丽穿红色的。
3． As 引导的时间状语从句，作“当……的时候，一边……一边”“随着----”解，as 的从句中可使用延续性动词，也可使用非延续性动词。例如：
He sang as he was working.他一边工作一边唱歌。
As time goes by, we have a better understanding of things around us.
随着时间的推移，我们对自己周围的事务有了更好的理解。
4． Before 和 after 引导的从句：前者一边表示主句的动作发生早从句的动作之前；后者表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。例如：
I didn’t know any English before I started school. 我上学之前，一点英语都不懂
I had cooked supper before my parents came back. 我父母回来之前，我就做好了晚饭。
It won’t be long before we meet again. 我们不久就能见面。
After he came out, he locked the door. 他出来后，就锁上了门。
5． Since 和 ever since 引导的从句：表示“自从……以来”，从句一般表示动作的起点，用过去时。主句表示动作延续的情况，一般用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。如果主句表示的是时间，主句可用一边现在时，也可用现在完成时。
现在完成时(延续性动词)…since+…过去时（非延续性动词）“自从……以来”
现在完成时(延续性动词)…since+…过去时 （延续性动词）“自（延续性动词结束以来……”
Since he came here , he has made a lot of friends.他来这里以后，已交了许多朋友。
He has been working here ever since he left university.
自从大学毕业以后，他就一直在这里工作。
She has lived alone since her husband died.自丈夫去世后她就一直独自生活。
I have been wearing glasses since I was three.我三岁以后一直戴眼镜。
It is ten years since he smoked.他戒烟十年了
语法二 过去完成时
过去完成时由助动词had 加过去分词构成，主要表示在过去某时之前已发生的动作或情况，也可以说时“过去时间的过去”。其被动形式为“had + been + p.p” 例如：
By the end of last term, we had learned more than 3,000 English words.
到上个学期末为止我们已经学了3000 多个单词了。
注意：如果句中出现了表示过去的具体时间状语，句子的内容可为过去的实际情况或句子中的内容为历史事实时，句中的动词时态只能用一般过去时。例如：
The teacher said that it was Columbus who first discovered the American continent.
在表示某人过去未曾完成的“心愿，打算，计划，想法，许诺”等等时，hope , mean ,plan, want ,promise , intend 等位于动词必须用过去完成时。例如：
I had planned to offer you some help in your shop, but suddenly my mother fell ill yesterday. 昨天我原本计划在你的店里帮一些忙的，但是我妈妈突然病了。
He had hoped to spend the important day with us last Sunday , but he was too busy then. 上星期他原本很想与我们一起度过这个重要的日子，可是他当时实在太忙了
1、通过讨论下列例题复习时间状语从句
1)—When did he leave the classroom?
—He left _____ you turned back to write on the blackboard.
A. the time B. the moment C. until D. since
2) — Have you known each other for long?
— Not very, ________we started to work in the ABC Motor Company.
A. before B. since C. when D. after
3) I didn’t make great progress in my English study _____ my teacher had given me some advice on how to learn the language well.
A. unless B. before C. until D. when
4). That was really a splendid evening. It’s years _____ I enjoyed myself so much.
A. when B. that C. before D. since
5) —Did Jack come back early last night?
—Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock ____ he arrived home.
A. before B. when C. that D. until
2、通过讨论下列例题归纳出because, as , since, for的用法区别以及now that的用法。
6) ____ You’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.
A. Now that B. After C . Although D. As soon as
7) He found it increasingly difficult to read, ____ his eyesight was beginning to fail.
A. though B. for C. but D. so
8) —Did you return Fred’s call?
—I didn’t need to ______I’ll see him tomorrow.
A. though B. unless C. when D. because
9）________ you know it, I won't repeat it.
A. For B. Because of C. Since D. Till
10) —May I go and play with Dick this afternoon, Mum?
—No, you can’t go out _______ your work is being done.”
A. before B. until C. as D. the moment
because, as , since, for归纳：
_________________________________________________________________________
3、通过用不同的句型翻译该句，复习so/such……that等引导的状语从句。
他是一个如此可爱的男孩，以至于人人都非常喜欢他。
________________________________________________________________.
________________________________________________________________.
________________________________________________________________.
典例评析：
1.________ everyone else wouldn’t go to the mountain area, he went without a second thought.
A. As long as B. While C. Where D. In spite of
2. —Are you ready for Spain?
—Yes, I want the girls to experience that _____ they are young
A. while B. until C. if D. before
巩固分层练习：
(一）必做题
1) It’s going to rain, ____ the clouds are gathering.
A. for B. because C. since D. as
2）____ there are only five minutes to go, I’ll talk about the project in short.
A. As if B. Even if C. Because of D. Now that
3）I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early ____ I can have time for a cup of tea.
A. as soon as B. as a result C. in case D. so that
4） We were told that we should follow the main road ____ we reached the railway station.
A. whenever B. until C. while D. wherever
5）The doorkeeper gave the alarm _______ he saw the smoke.
A. while B. the instant C. suddenly D. before
（二）选做题
1. _____ the Internet is of great help. I don't think it's a good idea to spend too much time on it.
A. If B. While C. Because D. As
2. I do every single bit of housework _____ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.
A. since B. while C. when D. as
3. Why do you want a new job ____ you’ve got such a good one already?
A. that B. where C. which D. when
Ⅰ. Best choice:
1. I thought she was famous, but none of my friends have _____ heard of her.
A. even B. ever C. just D. never
2. There’s _________ I want to tell you.
A. something new B. new something
C. the something new D. the new something
3. You know _____ about it than Tom does.
A. even little B. even less
C. more little D. more less
4. The old gentleman has _____ been to the Great Wall before, has he?
A. always B. already C. ever D. not
5. They have produced ________ they did last year.
A. twice more grain as B. twice as much grain as
C. twice as many grain as D. as twice many grain as
6. The teacher wondered why _____ many students had made _____ careless mistakes.
A. so; so B. so; such
C. such; so D. such; such
7. I’ve got _____ work to do on a ______ cold day.
A. much too; much too B. too much; too much
C. too much; much too D. much too; too much
8. --- Have you been to New Zealand?
--- No, I’d like to, ______ .
A. too B. though C. yet D. either
9. --- Do you often go to the cinema?
--- No, ______ . I’ve been writing a novel this year.
A. often B. frequently C. occasionally D. nearly
10. --- Where did you spend your holiday last year?
--- I stayed ______ and then returned home.
A. for one week in the countryside quietly
B. in the countryside quietly for one week
C. in the countrys
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