新视野大学英语第三版第四册第一单元Section-B.ppt

Section B 41UNITWhydosmartpeopledodumbthings?TomasterthereadingskillTounderstandthetextTopracticethephrasesandpatternsTolearnaboutwritingasurveyreportObjectivesObjectivesLife and logic Warming-upReadingSkillsTextStudyComparativeStudyContentsUnitProjectBWhy do smart people do dumb things?SectionBSectionWarming-upLead-inLead-inBackground InformationBackground InformationWhy do smart people do dumb things?VideoVideoWatchingWatching1.WhatarethetwoexamplesofSunkCostsFallacymentionedinthevideo?TipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTips2.Accordingtothespeaker,whatareSunkCostsandwhatisthemeaningofSunkCostsFallacy?BackBackTipsTipsTipsTips1.WhatarethetwoexamplesofSunkCostsFallacymentionedinthevideo?Exampleone:gotoastore/closed/10blocks/wastedExampletwo:career/notfulfilling/stickwithit/dontwantpasttenyears/effects,timeandmoney/wastedSunkCosts:Time,money,effectsorwhateveryouvespend.2.Accordingtothespeaker,whataretheSunkCostsandwhatisthemeaningofSunkCostsFallacy?TipsTipsTipsTipsSunkCostsFallacy:makechoice/notbaseon/best/desire/not/pastinvestment/wasted.1.WhatisCognitiveBias?2.WhatisFundamentalAttributionError?3.WhatisConfirmationBias?TipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTips1.WhatisCognitiveBias?TipsTipsTipsTipsA cognitive bias is a pattern of deviation injudgmentthatoccursinparticularsituations,leadingtoperceptual distortion,inaccurate judgment,illogicalinterpretation,or what is broadly called irrationality.Manycognitivebiases(认知偏差)areoftenstudiedforhowtheyaffectbusinessandeconomicdecisionsandhowtheyaffectscientificandexperimentalresearches.2.WhatisFundamentalAttributionError?TipsTipsTipsTipsAFundamentalAttributionError(基本归因错误)isacognitivebiasinsocialpsychology.Itreferstothetendencytojudgeapersoninanunpleasantsituationin a bad light and attribute his behavior to internalcausesandqualitiesratherthanconsiderthesituationorcircumstancesthatmayhavecausedthepersontobehaveinthatmanner.But,ifweourselvesmadethesameerrors,wewouldeasilyattributethecausestoexternalfactors.3.WhatisConfirmationBias?TipsTipsTipsTipsAConfirmationBias(确定性偏差)isacognitivebias whereby one tends to notice and look forinformation that confirms ones existing beliefs,whilst ignoring anything that contradicts thosebeliefs.It is a type of selective thinking.Forexample:After having bought a piece of clothing,you will look for the same clothing in a moreexpensivestoretoconfirmthatyouhaveboughtabargain.BSectionReadingSkillsPresentation of the SkillPresentation of the SkillReading Skill PracticeReading Skill PracticeWhy do smart people do dumb things?Skimming Skimming isis aa methodmethod ofof rapidlyrapidly movingmovingthethe eyeseyes overover aa texttext withwith thethe purposepurpose ofofgettinggettingthethemainmainideaideaororaageneralgeneraloverviewoverviewofof itsits content.content.ForFor example,example,manymany peoplepeopleskimskimreadreadaanewspapernewspaperarticlearticlejustjusttotogetgetaaquickquickoverview,overview,ororaatexttexttotoseeseewhetherwhetheritsitsworthworth readingreading inin detail.detail.TheThe keykey wordword forforskimmingis“general”.skimmingis“general”.SkimmingSome steps to help you to skim an article1Readthetitleitistheshortestpossiblesummaryofthecontentofthearticle.2Readtheintroductionorlead-inparagraph(s).3Readanysub-headings,andidentifytherelationshipsbetweenthem.4Readthefirstsentenceofeachremainingparagraph;themainideaofmostparagraphsappearsinthefirstsentence.SkimmingTobecontinued5Alternatelyreadand“float”overthebodyofthearticle,lookingforthefollowing:Cluesaboutwho,what,when,where,howmany,howmuchConnectivewordsandphrasessuchasfurthermore,also,howeverandonthecontrary6Readtheconcludingparagraph(s)completely.SkimmingSome steps to help you to skim an articleSkim Text B to find answers to thefollowingquestions.1Whatisthistextmainlyabout?2Whatcommoncognitivebiasescancausesmartpeopletomakebaddecisions?3Howcanweavoidbeingaffectedbyvarioustypesofcognitivebiaseswhenmakingadecision?Practice SkimmingBSectionTextStudyText ComprehensionText ComprehensionLanguage FocusLanguage FocusCritical ThinkingCritical ThinkingWhy do smart people do dumb things?1.WhatisthetraditionalviewaboutsmartpeopleaccordingtoParagraph1?(Para.1)2.Whatisthemosttypicalcharacteristicofthefundamentalattributionerror?(Para.3)3.Whatwillyoubeaffectedifyouareonlyinterestedinevidence that is in agreement with your own belief?(Para.5)4.Whendoestheoverconfidencebiasusuallyoccur?(Para.7)5.Whydoestheavailabilitybiasleadstostrangeandinaccurateconclusions?(Para.8)6.Whydontpeoplewanttoleaveabadinvestmentsituationandcommitthesunkcostfallacy?(Para.11)7.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?1.What is the traditional view about smartpeopleaccordingtoParagraph1?00TipsTipsTipsTipsSmartpeople,byvirtueofwhattheyvelearned,willformulatebetterdecisions.原句：原句：Orthodox views prize intelligence and intellectualrigor highly in the modern realm of universitiesand tech industry jobs.(Para.1,L1)解释解释:Intelligenceandtheabilitytothinklogicallyhavelong been regarded as important qualities inmodern universities and in jobs related to thetechnologyindustry.译文：译文：传统观念将智力和思维的缜密性看作现代大学领域和科技产业工作的重要素质。TipsTipsTipsTips2.Whatisthemosttypicalcharacteristicofthefundamentalattributionerror?(Para.3)Oneofthemostcommonbiasesiswhatisknownasthe fundamental attribution error.Through this peopleattributethe_ to_ andtheir own to _,subconsciouslyconsideringtheirowncharacterstobe_.failuresofotherscharacterflawsmerecircumstancestainless3.Whatwillyoubeaffectedifyouareonlyinterestedinevidencethatisinagreementwithyourownbelief?(Para.5)TipsTipsTipsTipsAThefundamentalattributionerror.BTheconfirmationbias.CTheoverconfidencebias.DTheavailabilitybias.Choose the best answer to the question.原句原句：Outwitting confirmation bias therefore requiresexploring both sides of an argument with equaldiligence.(Para.6,L5)解释解释:Therefore,tobeabletouseyourintelligencetoovercometheconfirmationbiasrequiresyouto analyze both sides of an argument withequalefforts.译文：译文：所以，要克服“确定性偏差”，就要以同样的努 力认真探究论点的正反两面。4.When does the overconfidence bias usuallyoccur?(Para.7)TipsTipsTipsTipsOverconfidence bias most frequently comesintoplayinareaswheresomeonehas_estimatinghowmanypeopleareinacrowdedplaza,forexample,orhowlikelyitwillrain.nodirectevidenceandmustmakeaguessBecauseitcausespeople to use evidencethat is not so convincingandstrong.5.Whydoestheavailabilitybiasleadstostrangeandinaccurateconclusions?(Para.8)TipsTipsTipsTips6.Whydontpeoplewanttoleaveabadinvestmentsituationandcommitthesunkcostfallacy?(Para.11)TipsTipsTipsTipsABecausetheydontwanttoadmitthattheyhavemadeapoordecision.BBecausetheywilllosemoremoneyiftheydecidenottocontinueit.CBecausetheywillhavegreaterchancestowiniftheyarepatient.DBecausetheydontwanttheirpreviousinvestmentstobewasted.Choose the best answer to the question.原句原句：Gamblers with a high threshold for risk put money into a slot machine hoping for a big return,but with each pull of the lever they lose some money playing the odds.(Para.11,L2)解释解释:Gamblerswhoengagethemselvesintohighlyriskysituationsputmoneyintoaslotmachine,expectingtogetbigamountsofmoneyback.Buteachtimetheypulltheleveronthemachine,theylosesomemoneytryingtheirluck.译文：译文：赌徒们冒着高风险，把钱投入老虎机，期望能够得 到很大的回报，但随着一次次拉动拉杆，他们也一 次次把钱赌输了。译文：译文：当涉及重要决策时，最好是依靠严密的逻辑并仔细审查证据；同时，要保持警惕，那些看上去良好的直觉总是很容易导致判断失误。原句原句：When a decision matters,it is best to rely on watertight logic and a careful examination of the evidence and to remain aware that what seems like good intuition is always subject to errors of judgment.(Para.14，L1)解释解释:Whenyoumakeanimportantdecision,itisalwaysbesttorelyonsoundlogicandacarefulanalysisoftheevidenceandtokeepinmindthatwhatseemstobegoodatfirstcanoftenleadtoerrorsofjudgment.Thepurposeofthistextistrytohelpuslearnaboutcognitivebiasesandbebetteratdecision-making.7.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?TipsTipsTipsTipsWhy do smart people do dumb things?Psychologists have uncovered _biasesarecommontoallpeople.Oneofthemostcommonbiasesis_.Throughthispeopleattributethefailuresofothersto character flaws and their own to mere_._ bias is foundtogether with fundamental attribution error.Thisonehastwoparts.First,peopletendtogatherandrely upon information that only confirms theirexisting views.Second,people avoid or vetothingsthatrefutetheir_.Similartoconfirmationbiasisthe_cognitivefundamental attribution errorcircumstanceConfirmationpre-existing hypothesesoverconfidencebias,Which means we could be correct 100percent of the time we were _aboutsomething,_ofthetimewe were 80 percent sure about something.Theavailability bias is also related to _ inestimation,Inactionthisbiasmightleadsomeoneto cancel a trip because of a report that the_.Thesunkcostfallacycanleadpeopletostayin_.Thekeytoavoidingthesebiasesremainsthesame:Relyon_,carefully examine the evidenceand_!100 percent surecorrect 80 percenterrorsbiggest plane crash in history happened theredamaging situationswatertight logicremain awarePracticalPhrasesPracticalPhrasesSpecificSpecificMeaningsMeanings1.byvirtueof 因为；由于；凭借2.factorsth.intosth.把考虑在内3.attributesth.tosb./sth.把归因于eintoplay 开始起作用5.inthat 因为；由于6.inarow 连续地7.be/getstuckonsth.被困住；被难住8.subjecttosth.易受影响的因为；由于；凭借因为；由于；凭借(hasaccessto/available)Byvirtueofhiswork,hehasaccesstoatremendousamountofthelatestdataavailableinthisfield.by virtue of短语逆译短语应用由于工作原因，他有机会接触这一领域可以得到的大量的最新数据。意群提示把把考虑在内考虑在内factor sth.into sth.短语逆译(calories)Nowithasbecomemorepopularforpeopletofactorcaloriesintotheirfoodchoices.短语应用现在人们在选择食物时把热量考虑在内已变得更加普遍了。意群提示把把归因于归因于(materialandlabor)Thecompanyattributedthelosstohighermaterialandlaborcosts.attribute sth.to sb./sth.短语逆译短语应用公司把亏损归因于原料及劳动力成本的上涨。意群提示开始起作用开始起作用(underneath/seemingly)Underneaththesurfaceofthisseeminglyeasydecision,e into play短语逆译短语应用在这一看似简单的决定的外表之下，有许多其他细节都起了作用。意群提示因为；由于因为；由于(marketcompetition/keeppricesdown/consumer)Marketcompetitionisgoodinthatittendstokeeppricesdown,whichwilldefinitelybenefitallconsumers.in that短语逆译短语应用市场竞争是好事，因为它往往会使价格下降,这必定给消费者带来福利。意群提示连续地连续地(shareprice/fraudsquadofficer/raid)Thecompanyssharepricehasfallenforthreedaysinarowafterfraudsquadofficersraideditsoffices.in a row短语逆译短语应用反欺诈小组的工作人员突击搜查了这家公司的办公室后这家公司的股价已连续三天下跌。意群提示被被困住；被困住；被难住难住(negotiation/keyissues/ambassador)Ifthenegotiationsdidgetstuckonanumberofkeyissues,Idasktheambassadorforhelp.be/get stuck on sth.短语逆译短语应用如果谈判确实在一些重大问题上陷入僵局，我会去找大使帮忙。意群提示易受易受影响的影响的(overseasholiday/surcharges)Thepricesofoverseasholidaysaresubjecttosomesurcharges.subject to sth.短语逆译短语应用海外度假游的价格受各种附加费的影响。意群提示FunctionalFunctionalPatternsPatternsFunctions&UsagesFunctions&Usages1.Doingsth.givesb.anawarenessofsth./doingsth.用于表达“做某事使某人意识到其他事情”。2.Sb.mightassumethat,because用于表示“某人由于某些原因而假定某事”。3.Doingsth.callsforsth.else，not用于表达“做成某事的首要因素，排除错误因素”。只要知道这些偏差如何发生及在何种情况下发生，你就能意识到自身的缺陷。原句译文原句译文逆译练习逆译练习Understandinghowandinwhatsituationstheyoccurcangive you an awareness of yourownlimitations.(Para.2)句型提炼句型提炼Doing sth.give sb.an awareness ofsth./doingsth.句型提炼句型提炼应用提示应用提示用于表达“做某事使某人意识到其他事情”。句型应用句型应用(legalsanction/jail/abiding)Receivingthelegalsanctioninthejailgiveshimanawarenessoftheimportanceofknowingthelawsandabidingthem.典型例句在狱中接受法律的制裁使他意识到知法守法的重要性。意群提示你可能会毫无根据地假定自己的房子会升值，哪怕周围百分之九十的房子都已经贬值了，因为你总认为自己的能力更强。原句译文原句译文逆译练习逆译练习You might assume,without evidence,that the price of your house will go upeven though 90 percent of them havedroppedinprice,becauseyouyourselfaremorecompetent.(Para.4)句型提炼句型提炼Sb.mightassumethat,because句型提炼句型提炼应用提示应用提示用于表达“某人由于某些原因而假定某事”。句型应用句型应用(stockmarket/retainedearning)Youmightassumethatthestockmarketwillneverfelltoanewlow,becausecompanieshaveinvestedtheirretainedearnings.典型例句你可能认为股市不会跌入新低，因为企业拿出留存盈利来投资股市。意群提示要排除“可得性偏差”，就必须在作某一具体决定时，以实证方法所取得的证据为依据，而不是以与现实不太相符的某个鲜明的记忆为依据。原句译文原句译文逆译练习逆译练习Repellingtheavailabilitybiascalls for anempiricalapproachtoaparticulardecision,one not basedontheobscuredrealityofvividmemory.(Para.10)句型提炼句型提炼Doingsth.callsforsth.else,not句型提炼句型提炼应用提示应用提示用于表达“做成某事的首要因素,排除错误因素”。句型应用句型应用(championship/constant/opponent)Winningthechampionshipcallsforconstantpractice,not focusingyourenergyon youropponent.典型例句要想在锦标赛中获胜就必须不断的努力练习，而不是把精力放在关注你的对手上。意群提示 1.认知偏差cognitivebiases 2.意识到自身的缺陷awarenessofownlimitations 3.基本归因错误fundamentalattributionerror 4.心胸狭窄地对别人评价pettyjudgmentsaboutotherpeople 5.忽略了某些要点failtorecognizevalidpoints 6.有可能起作用comesintoplay 7.出庭作证testifyinacourttrial 8.冒着高风险withahighthresholdforrisk 9.沉没成本谬误sunkcostfallacy10.依靠严密的逻辑relyonwatertightlogic传统观念将智力和思维的缜密性看作现代大学领域和科技产业工作的重要素质。a.a.OrthodoxOrthodoxviewsviewsprizeprizeintelligenceintelligence andand intellectualintellectualrigorrigor highlyhighly inin thethe modernmodernrealmrealmofofuniversitiesuniversitiesandandtechtechindustryjobs.industryjobs.b.b.ThroughThrough thisthis peoplepeople attributeattributethethefailuresfailuresofofothersotherstotocharactercharacterflawsflaws andand theirtheir ownown toto meremerecircumstance,circumstance,subconsciouslysubconsciouslyconsideringconsidering theirtheir ownown characterscharacterstobestainless.tobestainless.犯这种错误的人会将别人的失败归因于性格缺陷，而将自己的失败仅仅归因于周遭环境，潜意识中认为自己的性格是完美无瑕的。c.c.GamblersGamblerswithwithaahighhighthresholdthreshold forfor riskrisk putput moneymoneyintointo aa slotslot machinemachine hopinghoping forforaabigbigreturn,return,butbutwithwitheacheachpullpullofof thethe leverlever theythey loselose somesomemoneyplayingtheodds.moneyplayingtheodds.赌徒们冒着高风险，把钱投入老虎机，期望能够得到很大的回报，但随着一次次拉动拉杆，他们也一次次把钱赌输了。当涉及重要决策时，最好是依靠严密的逻辑并仔细审查证据；同时，要保持警惕，那些看上去良好的直觉总是很容易导致判断失误。d.d.WhenWhen aa decisiondecision matters,matters,itit isisbestbesttotorelyrelyononwatertightwatertightlogiclogicandandaacarefulcarefulexaminationexaminationofofthetheevidenceevidenceandandtotoremainremainawareawarethatthatwhatwhat seemsseems likelike goodgood intuitionintuition isisalwaysalwayssubjectsubjecttotoerrorserrorsofofjudgment.judgment.TipsTipsTipsTips2.Arepeoplesmartinthesamewayorindifferentways?Explainyouranswerwithdetails.3.Whatdoyouthinkdeterminesonesintelligence?Isitgenesorisitenvironment?1.Doyouoftenlistentoexpertswhenyouareindoubtofsomething?Whyorwhynot?TipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTips1.Doyouoftenlistentoexpertswhenyouareindoubtofsomething?Whyorwhynot?TipsTipsTipsTipsYes.Thereareseveralreasons:-Expertsarepeoplewhohavegainedalotmoreknowledgeinaparticularfield；-Expertshavemoreskillsandexperienceinthatfield.No.Thereareseveralreasons:-Expertscouldhavebiasedopinionstowardaspecificissue；-Weneedtothinkcriticallyaboutotherpeoplesopinions.2.Arepeoplesmartinthesamewayorindifferentways?Explainyouranswerwithdetails.TipsTipsTipsTipsPeoplearesmartindifferentwaysbecausetherearedifferenttypesofintelligence,suchas:-verbal(linguistic)intelligence;-numericalintelligence.Peoplecanbesmartinsimilarwaysbecausesmartpeople have many common qualities.For example,theyareallwillingtolearnandcanlearnquickly.Theyareallhighlycurious,andkeentosolveproblems.3.Whatdoyouthinkdeterminesonesintelligence?Isitgenesorisitenvironment?TipsTipsTipsTipsGenes.Manystorieshaveprovedthatifonesgenesare not good enough,no matter what favorableenvironment he is exposed to,he will not be able tolearnasquicklyasthosewhosegenesaregood.Intelligence.Children who are well-nurtured,that is,thosewhohavemorelifeexperiences,whoreadmore,lear