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G9 GRAMMAR
现在完成时
I. 现在完成时的概念。
①表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
She has been ill for three days. （她病了三天了。）
②表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
We've known each other since we were children. （我们从小就认识。）
I have been a member of the Party for 10 years.
II. 构成：”助动词have, has + 过去分词”
现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以work为例）：
人称
肯定
否定
疑问
回答
第一人称
I have seen the UFO.
We have travelled around the world.
I haven’t seen the UFO.
We haven’t travelled around the world.
Have you seen the UFO?
Have you travelled around the world?
Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t.
Yes, we have./ No, we haven’t.
第二人称
You have been to England.
You haven’t been to England.
Have you been to England?
Yes, I/we have.
No, I /we haven’t.
第三人称
He/She has been to Beijing.
They have given concerts all over the world.
He/ She hasn’t been to Beijing.
They haven’t given concerts all over the world.
Has he/ she been to Beijing?
Have they given concerts all over the world?
Yes, he/she has.
No, he/she hasn’t.
Yes, they have.
No, they haven’t.
注：规则动词的过去分词的构成与过去是相同，不规则动词的过去分词见附表。
练. 把下面变否定句、一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答。
1. I have done my homework.
否定句：_______________________________________
一般疑问句：___________________________________
回答：_________________________________________
2. The plane has arrived.
否定句：_______________________________________
一般疑问句：___________________________________
回答：_________________________________________
III. 现在完成时用法归纳
1. 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作现已完成，对现在造成的影响和结果。(此种用法谓语动词用结束性动词)
如： The plane has arrived.
常用的时间状语和副词：
already (已经) 用于肯定句中，位置比较灵活，但通常放在have/ has 与过去分词之间
如： I have already done my homework.
yet (还，仍然，已经) 用于否定句和疑问句的句末。
如： Has she finished cooking yet? 他做完饭了吗？
练：I have already done my homework. (变为否定句)_________________________________
ever (曾经)，句中，多用于疑问句
如： Have you ever been to Shanghai?
never (从不) ，本身否定 ；before (以前)，句尾，独立用；just (刚刚)，用于肯定句中，常用在助动词和过去分词之间。
如：I have just heard the news. 我刚刚听到消息。
2. 完成时可用于表示某时间段里完成的动作，常与today, these days, recently等时间状语连用。如：
Have you seen her these days? 译： ______________
Have you been to the library today? 译：____________
Have you read the book recently? 译：______________
3.现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，可能延续到将来的动作和状态。
常与表示过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语连用。如：
a. for + 一段时间：for two hours
b. since + 时间点：since 1999, since last year
c. since + 一段时间+ ago: since two days ago
d. since + 从句（用过去时）
e. up to now, till now, until now, so far
f. in the past two years, in the last few days
g. recently, lately
如： Miss Zhao has taught math for five years.
His mother has worked in the shop since 1990.
The Greens have lived in London since three years ago.
[注]：其中在a,b,c,d 这四种结构中，谓语动词必须为延续性动词。
如： I have had this book for one and a half years. (这本书我已买了一年半了！)
不能用buy
4. 短暂性动词怎样和表示一段时间的状语连用。
英语中的短暂性动词，也叫做终止性动词、瞬间动词或非延续性动词，只表示一时的动作，在肯定句式中不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。常见的短暂性动词有：go, e, leave, find, buy, arrive, give, stop, join, marry, die, begin, start, borrow, close, open, lend等。
eg. I have bought this book for three months. (×)
非延续性动词与一段时间连用时可采用下列三种方法：
（1）将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词。
leave- have (has) been away from close- be closed
join- have (has) been (in) begin/start- be on
buy- have (has) had go- be there
die- have (has) dead finish- be over
e (arrive)- have (has) been here borrow- have (has) kept
begin to work- have (has) worked open- have (has) been open
get up- have (has) been up put on – have (has) on
e back- have (has) been back gone (left)- been away
joined – been got to know – known
（2）时间状语的变化：把表时间的状语“for…”变为“数词+ 时间名词+ago”的短语形式。（即：将时间状语改为过去时间，并用一般过去时代替现在完成时）
如： 他参军五年了。（判断正误）
He has joined the Army for five years. ( )
He has been in the Army for five years. ( )
He joined the Army five years ago. ( )
他离开济南三年了。
He has left Ji’nan for three years. ( )
He has been away from Ji’nan for three years.
He left Ji’nan three years ago.
(3) 句子模式的变化。用句型“It is + 一段时间+ since从句”（从句中的谓语动词用非延续性动词的一般过去式表示）如：
The old man died two years ago.= The old man has been dead for two years.
= It is two years since the old man died.
5. have been to/ have gone to/ have been in 三种结构的区别
（1）have been to 去过某地(现已离开)，可以与ever, never, once, twice等连用。
（2）has gone to 去某地了，说话时某人已离开此地，在去某地的路上或已在某地，总之现在还未回来。此句型一般用于第三人称。
（3） have been in 表示已在某地呆了多久，若该地为小地方则用at。
翻译：
你以前去过北京吗？___________________________
吉姆已经去了伦敦。___________________________
格林一家在中国已经两年了。_____________________
6. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
(1) 侧重点不同：现在完成时是与现在有关的时态，属现在时态范畴，它侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响。而一般过去时是一种过去时态，侧重于表示过去的动作，与现在无关。如：
Yesterday I went to the zoo. (仅说明昨天去了动物园，与现在无关)
Li Lei has read the book. (说明李磊了解那本书的内容)
（2）连用的时间状语不同：一般过去时常与ago, yesterday, last…, in 2000, just now等连用。而现在完成时与already, yet, still, just, so far, in the last/ past…, before, ever, never, since…, for…等时间状语连用。
[注] 现在完成时不可与yesterday, last week, two days ago等过去时间状语连用。
被动语态
语态是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。
一、被动语态各时态构成表
TENSE
主动语态
被动语态
一般现在时
be\V\Vs
am\is\are+ pp
一般将来时
will+ V
will be +pp
现在进行时
am\is\are+ Ving
am\is\are+ being+ pp
一般过去时
①was\were ②Ved
was\were+ pp
一般完成时
have\has+ pp
have\has+ been+ pp
过去完成时
had+ pp
had+ been+ pp
过去进行时
was\were+ Ving
was\were being+ pp
情态动词
can+ V
can+ be+ pp
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
A new shop was built last year.
This book has been translated into many languages.
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Young trees must be watered often.
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
There are twenty more trees to be planted.
二、主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤：
1.把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
2.把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化，而动词的时态则保持不变。
3.原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它 的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略。
4.其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。
三、不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态（即多数的瞬间动词）：
appear, die(死亡),disappear（消失）, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
(错)The price has been risen.
(对) The price has risen.
(错) The accident was happened last week.
(对) The accident happened last week.
(错) The price has raised.
(对) The price has been raised.
(错) Please seat.
(对) Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
3) 系动词无被动语态（keep除外）：
appear, be bee, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
It sounds good.
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。
(对) She likes to swim.
(错) To swim is liked by her.
四、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：
1. 不及物动词无被动语态。
What will happen in 100 years?
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。
例：make somebody do something→
somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something →
somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→
My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→
The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→
A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→
A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →
A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh him. →
He can’t be laugh by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →
The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →
The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
副词
副词的分类
副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。
1、表频率的副词
常见的频率副词有：always,often,usually,sometimes,never,ever,hardly,seldom.它们一般在系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，行为动词之前.
①He always goes to school on foot. ②She has never been to Beijing. ③She is often late for work.
2、表示方式的副词
与方式相关的副词，这类词通常由形容词+ly转化而来。如safely,quietly,quickly，politely loudly， luckily ，happily ，easily ，carefully ， slowly ， suddenly以及fast,late,hard,early等。此类副词位于动词之后，如果是及物动词一般位于宾语之后。
①The children are dancing happily. ②They work hard.
③The students did their homework carefully.
3．程度副词
与程度相关的副词有：very , much , only, quite , as, too, too…for, too…to do, well, almost, even, a little , enough , rather, a lot , so,such , badly, nearly , further , really , widely , hardly , a bit等。它们一般位于被修饰的词前面，但enough要放在被修饰的词后面。
①I can hardly know her name.②The cake is so delicious
③He was badly hurt .④He worked hard enough.
4． 表时间、地点、方向的副词
（1）与时间相关的副词有: ago ,already, before, early, long, late, just, now, once, soon,
since, today, tomorrow ,tonight ,yesterday, yet等。它们通常位于句末，有些也可位于句中如：already等。
①They’ll e back soon. ②He lived here ten years ago .
③They have finished the work already.=They have already finished the work.
（2）与地点、方向相关的副词经常位于动词之后与动词搭配构成短语动词。
outside, inside , upstair ,here ,there ,home, near, e back , turn left , go out
5．疑问副词和关系副词
（1）常用的疑问副词：when,where ,why ,how,how old, how long, how soon, how often, how far等以及perhaps,maybe,instead等,通常用于句首。
①Maybe/Perhaps he is at home. ②How did you go there ?
③When was he born ? ④How often do you see a movie ?
⑤How soon will your father e back?
（2） 关系副词主要有四个,即when, where, why，how等。关系副词常用来引导从句。
1. 副词的位置和排序
（一）、副词的位置：
1） 在动词之前。
2） 在be动词、助动词之后。
3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。 注意：
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾，如：He speaks English well.
（二）、副词的排列顺序：
1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。 Please write slowly and carefully.
3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
改错：(错) I very like English. (对) I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
①I don"t know him well enough. ②There is enough food for everyone to eat.
③There is food enough for everyone to eat.
副词的用法
1).作状语修饰动词，位于动词后。
①He walked quietly into his bedroom. ②It is raining hard .
2).作状语修饰形容词，位于形容词前。
①You have a very nice watch. ②The machine is too heavy.
3).作状语修饰另一副词，位于另一副词前。有时候也修饰整个句子
①You walked too slowly,I couldn’t wait for you. ②Unfortunately ，he was out.
4).作表语，位于系动词之后。
①How long will she be away? ②Is your mother in ?
5).作宾语补足语，位于宾语之后。
①Ask him in . ②I saw him out .
6).作定语，位于名词后。
①the girl here ②the boy over there ③the man upstairs ④on one’s way home
副词的比较等级
1、副词比较等级的构成
（1）副词的比较等级与形容词相似，也有比较级和最高级。
（2）绝大多数的副词比较级和最高级都是在其前面加上more和most构成的，有少数单音节和个别双音节的副词是在末尾加er , est 构成。
slowly- more slowly- most slowly carefully-more carefully –most carefully
fast-faster-fastest
（3）还有一些副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的。例如：
well-better-best badly-worse-worst far-farther/further-farthest/furthest
much –more-most little-less-least little-less-least
2、副词比较等级的用法
（1）副词的同级比较用 (not)as+副词原级+as .
①Jim did the work as well as Lilei. ②I can’t run as fast as you .
（2）两者之间进行比较常与than连用。
①He speaks English better than you . ②Tom works harder than Jim .
(3)表示三者、三者以上之间的比较用副词最高级，用不用定冠词the皆可，通常有一个表示范围的短语。例如：
①The boy writes most carefully of the four. ②Jim did worst in the exam in his class yesterday.
一、 兼有两种形式的副词
1) close与closely
close意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔细地"
①He is sitting close to me. ②Watch him closely.
2)late 与lately
late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"
①You have e too late. ②What have you been doing lately?
3)deep与deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"
①He pushed the stick deep into the mud. ②Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4)high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much
①The plane was flying high. ②I think highly of your opinion.
5)wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"
①He opened the door wide. ②English is widely used in the world.
6)free与freely
free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"
①You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. ②You may speak freely; say what you like.
易混点清单
一、how long,how often,how soon，how far的用法区别
1. how long“多长”，询问动作在时间上所持续的长度。其答语部分或划线部分可能是：
1）“for + 时间段”，有时可能没有介词for。如：
---How long did he wait for you here？--- For two hours.
It took him 20 minutes to finish his homework. (对话线部分提问)
→How long did it take him to finish his homework?
2）“since + 具体时间”，“since + 时间段 + ago”或者“since + 从句”。如：
---How long are you feeling like this? ---Since last night.
3）表示时间的between…and…,from…to…等介词短语。如：
They were playing football from 9:00 to 10:00 yesterday. (对话线部分提问)
→How long were they playing football yesterday?
另外，how long也可以询问某事物的具体长度。如：
---How long is the desk？ ---1.2 meters. 1.2米。
2. how soon“多久，多快”，询问动作在将来要经过多长时间才会发生。其答语部分或划线部分可能是：in + 时间段。如：
He’s going to Zhengzhou in two days. (对话线部分提问)
→How soon is he going to Zhengzhou？
3. how far“多远”，询问路程、距离。如：How far is it from here to school?
4.how often 指每隔多久，主要用来对频度副词或状语(如：once a week, three times a month 等)提问。如
A：How often does he e here?
B：Once a month.
A：How often do you visit your mother?
B：Once a week.
二、hard和hardly的区别
(一)、hard可用作形容词或副词：
1. 当hard用作形容词时，意为“困难的、坚固的、努力的”等。例如：
①It’s hard for old people to change their ways. ②Steel is harder than wood.
2. 当hard用作副词时，意为“努力的、困难的、猛烈地”等。例如：
①Does Tom work hard at his lessons? ②It’s raining hard outside now. Don’t go out.
(二)、hardly只能用作副词，意为“几乎没有、几乎不”。例如：
①I can hardly see anything on the blackboard. ②My father hardly ever watches TV.
三、 much too和too much区别
（一）(too) much 中心词是much
1．相当于形容词，意为“more than enough”，用在不可数名词前面作定语或在系动词后面作表语。如：
①Americans eat too much meat in my opinion．②I drank too much cola last night．
③The work is too much for her． ④She's afraid the trip will be too much for me．
2．相当于名词，在句子中作主语或宾语。如：
①Too much was happening all at once．②You have given me too much．
3．相当于副词，在句子中作状语。如：
①You work too much．②She talks too much．
（二）(much) too 中心词为too
much too的用法比较简单，只用作副词作状语，但它不单独使用，在句子中要修饰形容词或副词，但不修饰动词。如：
① You are much too kind to me．②It's much too cold．③You are driving much too fast．
【练习】1.we should not eat junk food .
A.too much B.much too C.too many D.much too (A)
2. it's ____ hot in august in Nanjing .
3. A .many too B . much too C . very too D .to much (B)
4. We don't have ____ time to work every year.
5. A much too B so many C too much D too many (C)
四、also ,too, as well ,either, neither 意思 区别
1)also表示"也"是比较正式的用词, too 是普通用词,口语中用的多,使用时应注意: also 一般用于句子中,其位置在行为动词之前,动词to be之后。如有助动词或情态动词，一般应在助动词或情态动词后，为了强调，也可放在前面。例如：
①I also went. ②You are also wrong.
too常置于句末，前面可用逗号，如置于句中，其前后均有逗号。例如
①He is a singer ,too. ②He,too,is a singer.
注意: also,too只能用于肯定句。
2) either neither
either 表示“也”，只能用在否定句中，必须放在句末。例如：
①He didn't go
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