文体学复习.doc

文体学复习
Unit One
1. Stylistics: A discipline that studies the ways in which language is used；it is a discipline that studies the styles of language in use.
2. Subdivision of Stylistics: General and Literary
Unit Two
1. Why should we study Stylistics?
A. It helps cultivate a sense of appropriateness.
B. It sharpens the understanding and appreciation of literary works.
C. It helps achieve adaptation in translation.
Unit Three
1. Dialects: Language variations that are associated with different users of the language.
2. Registers: Language variations that are associated with the different use to which they are put.
3. Patterns of Dialects: Individual; Temporal; Regional; Social and Standard, among which Social dialect can be further divided into socioeconomic status, ethnic, gender and age variety.
4. Patterns of Registers: Field of discourse; Mode of discourse and Tenor of discourse.
Unit 5
1. Formality: It refers to the way in which the style of language will vary in appropriateness according to the social context: the occasion and the relationship between addresser and addressee.
2. Two main factors that vary the degree of formality: Functional Tenor and Speech Situation.
Functional Tenor : tells us the addresser’s intention of using the language.
Speech Situation: In order to choose an appropriate spot on the continuum, the speaker must assess the “speech situation”----the setting, purpose, audience, social relations, and topic.
3. Martin Joos’ Classification
A. the frozen level: written legal documents or highly solemn speech.
B. the formal level: used for public address such as lectures or speeches where the audience is not known to the speaker personally or where personal acquaintance is not acknowledged.
C. the consultative level: Less formal gatherings such as mittee meetings where status is still fairly clearly designed, but where participants interact.
D. the casual level: Among friends, or peers who know each other well enough that little elaboration is necessary.
E. the intimate level: between people who see each other daily and share the majority of their daily life experiences.
Unit 6
1. Distinctions among speech: Speech can be spontaneous (conversing v. monologuing) and non-spontaneous (sub-categorized as reciting).
2. Distinctions among writing: The text that has been written may be written to be spoken as if not written (the lines in a drama), written to be spoken (scripts for sermons, speeches, lectures, news bulletins and mentaries), or even written not necessarily to be spoken with no relation to the spoken mode (telephone book or dictionaries), and written not necessarily to be spoken but with a relationship with the spoken mode(dialogue in a novel) .
Unit 7 Conversation
1. Grammatical features of conversation
A. preference for short and loose sentences
B. high incidence of elliptical and inplete sentences
C. frequency of interrogative sentences
D. simple nominal and verbal group structure
2. Lexical features
A. preference for short words and vague expression
B. frequent use of colloquial items and idioms and a great many phrasal verbs
C. use of lexical hyperbole and of slang
3. Phonological features
A. frequent use of some basic prosodic pattern( There is a high proportion of simple falling tones.)
B. prosodic variation within the tone-unit
C. frequency of pause and uneven tempo
D. free occurrence of paralinguistic effects
4. Semantic features
A. randomness of subject matter and general lack of planning
B. cohesive device is very marked by the frequent use of personal pronoun reference, cross-reference using articles and determiners and use of coordinating conjunction.
Unit 8 Public Speech
1. Grammatical features of public speech
A. variation in sentence length, as it reflects the emotional state of mind of the speaker and his/her effort to evoke an active response from the audience.
B. various sentence types( most of them are statements, occasional questions are used; vocatives are used to add a touch of intimacy to the addresser-addressee relationship)
C. more plex-looking group structures(nominal groups are more with postmodification than with premodification.
2. Lexical features
A. using accurate and clean words( much use of abstract words or even big words)
B. adaptation of wording to particular audience
C. less use of phrasal verbs
3. Phonological features
A. appropriate volume and pitch variation
B. varying tempo and rightly time pause
C. rhythmic effect
D. distinct articulation
E. full use of non-verbal munication
4. semantic features
A. effective ways of organization( problem-solution order)
Five steps of psychology of persuasion:
Attention-Need-Satisfaction-Visualization-Action.
Connectives in public speaking: the use of transitional phrases, internal previews and summaries, and the use of signposts
B. effective ways of delivery
parallelism: makes the statement clear, consistent and pelling
antithesis: lends extra impact to the statement
repetition: helps create a strong emotional effect
a. synonym: add force, clearness or balance to a sentence
b. alliteration: spruce up speeches
Unit 9 Advertising
1. Functions of Advertising
A. marketing role
B. educational role
C. economic role
D. social role
2. Two types of newspaper ads: display and classified
3. Graphological features
A. full use of graphological contrasts
B. prominent use of pictures
C. clear identification of the advertiser
4. Grammatical features
A. preference for short sentences
B. bined use of various types of sentences
C. use of simple verbal groups
D. use of heavily modified nominal groups
5. Lexical features
A. wide use of affirmative and mendatory words and expressions
a. parisons are many in advertising, usually to affirm the improvement made to a product or service.
b. Most prominent is the use of a large number of adjectives
B. Frequent use of personal pronouns
C. Extensive use of neologisms
6. Semantic features
A. heavy reliance on overall layout
Five parts of ponents: the headline, the body, the illustration, the signature and the epigrammatic slogan.
B. high attention to positioning and theme
C. use of rhetorical devises
a. repetition
b. parallel structure
c. metaphorical uses of language
d. allusions and puns
7. Conspicuous features of business-to-business advertising: Business copy tens to be longer, more detailed and more factual. Emphasis is placed on accuracy and pleteness.
文体学复习（二）
Unit 10 News Report
1. General features
A. simple, easy-to-understand language
B. The need to be pact, and clear, and interesting poses particular demand on the graphological design of headlines’ on the peculiar arrangement of events, and on the clarity, directness and vividness of language.
2. Graphological feature: contrast in headlines
3. Grammatical features
A. alternating use of long and short statement-type sentences
B. frequent use of inverted sentence structure and expanded simple sentences
C. use of heavy modified nominal groups: the presence of much plex pre-and post-modification of the nominal group in this variety of English
D. use of simple verbal groups
4. Lexical features
A. preference for journalistic words and set expressions
B. wide use of neologisms: words with extended meaning\ nonce-words\coinages\words borrowed extensively from sports and technology, gambling, ect.
C. extensive use of abbreviations
D. avoidance of superlatives and tarnished word ornaments
E. avoidance of unobjective wording
5. Semantic features
A. distinctive discourse pattern
B. simple way of transition
C. skilful headlining
a. Headlines play a vital part in drawing the readers’ attention to the news story.
b. Rhetorically, headlines seek novelty and humor by intriguing arrangements of words and phrases, alluding, punning and various figurative use of language whenever there is a chance.
Unit 11 Science and Technology
1. three abbreviations:
A. EST= the English of science and technology
B. ESST= the English of specialized science and technology
C. ECST= the English of mon science and technology
2. General feature: impersonal formal style\ very high concentration of technical terms and a number of mathematical symbols.
3. Grammatical features
A. more use of longer and statement-type sentences
B. preference for impersonal sentence patterns
a. frequent use of sentences introduced by an anticipatory It
b. frequent use of passive structure
C. wide use of non-finite structure and prepositional phrases
D. use of expanded premodification: Nominal groups in EST are characterized by expanded noun premodification.
E. tendency to nominalization: Nominalization is another way of making sentences pact, impersonal and formal.
F. wide use of the simple present tense: When scientists make statements which they believe to be true at all times and in all places, they use the simple present tense.
G. incidence of subjunctive mood: when explaining a problem or a phenomenon.
4. Lexical Features: unique vocabulary and use of mon words with accurate and dispassioned meaning
A. specific use of highly-technical words
Highly-technical words: Specialized vocabulary for a given scientific discipline. They are words with precise, narrow meanings unique to the discipline.
B. wide use of semi-technical words
Semi-technical words: Words which are used both in ordinary English and in EST writings. Those words have different specific meanings in their different technical fields.
C. unique use of non-technical words and expressions: In order to avoid ambiguity or imprecision of more monly used words with the same apparent meanings, scientists and engineers tend to use words and expressions with meanings which are seldom used outside EST.
D. frequent use of abbreviations, symbols, formulae, and charts
5. Semantic features
A. wide use of connectives:
a. Backward reference with use of pronoun it, the definite article the and the demonstrative this.
b. Noun repetition
c. Summarizing nouns or this
d. Transitional words or phrases
B. scarcity of rhetorical devises: EST writings aims at an impersonal, objective way of exposition. So clarity and accuracy is most important of their quality, ad avoidance of ornamental or ambiguous expression is a must.
6. Features of spoken EST: Most striking is its similarity with its corresponding written form: both are formal, though the spoken form can be less formal and is often endowed with features mon to spoken varieties of all fields.
Unit 12 Legal Documents
1. General Feature: The field of legal documents covers a wide range, including statutes, decrees, legal provisions, economic contracts, modity warranty, etc. But all of these have a same functional tenor, that is they are concerned with imposing of obligations and conferring of rights. And their personal tenor is the sam—ver formal, even dignified.
2. Graphological features
A. use of different type
B. peculiar arrangement of blocks
C. limited range of punctuation

3. Grammatical features
A. tendency to long sentences: Legal English tends to put all such sequences into the form of very plex sentences capable of standing alone.
B. wide use of statement –type sentences: As is the nature of legal documents, most of the sentences are statements with no questions and only an occasional mand as is used at the end of a document.
C. preference for plex postmodification in the nominal group: Legal English is highly nominal—many of its features operate within its nominal groups. Heavy use of postmodification is an effort to suit the need for exactness of expression so as to rule out any possible misinterpretation.
D. use of simpler verbal groups: pared with nominal group, verbal groups in legal documents are structurally simple. Often seen is the type “ modal auxiliary (often shall) +be+past participle” or “modal auxiliary (often shall or may) +be or do”
4. Lexical Features
A. frequent employment of archaic words and phrases: hereby, herein, hereof.
B. more use of Romance than Germanic words: What is particularly distinctive is the use of French and Latin legal terms.
a. instance=a formal legal document
b. deed=a signed and usually sealed document containing some legal transfer, bargain or contract.
c. principal=a corpus of estate
d. whereas=considering that
5. Semantic features
A. Preference for lexical repetition to pronoun reference: Legal documents tend to use lexical repetition a the formal device to link their long and self-contained sentences. Therefore, pronoun reference is scarce and verbal groups are also repeated.
B. wide use of conjunctional phrases and parallel structure:
a. Coordination of words and phrases are another remarkable feature of legal texts: last will and testament, children and issue, heirs and devisees.
b. Parallel structure is prominent in enumerating concrete terms and conditions of a policy or contract.
C. Tendency to meticulous way of expression: Another way to achieve exactness of reference and to evade any possible misinterpretation is to be extremely detailed in expression lest there should arise anything disputable concerning the stipulations in rights or obligations. For example, person---means a natural person and not a corporation, partnership, association or business name.
Unit 13
1. genre: Interesting framework which literary texts appear in—the forms of poetry, novels, dramas which writers use.
2. General feature: The language of literature is not simply used for munication or even expression; it is also used as an artistic medium to create images, to bring out the rich multi-level meaning and thematic significance of a literary work.
3. Difference between literary language and ordinary language
A. Normal use of language tends to be clearly referential, while literary language tends to be richer in its connotations.
B. Everyday language tends to perform an informative function, while literary language tends to perform an affective function.
C. Literary language contains a higher occurrence of special or deviant features than nonliterary varieties and also shows a higher incidence of the whole of the resources available to all the members of a speech munity.
D. Literary expression is an enhancement, or a creative emancipation of the resources of language which we use from day to day.
E. Modern poets can even manage to reproduce the local or social flavor of everyday language.
F. Sometimes literary language, especially the language of poetry can appear sharply different from ordinary language for the sake of being creative.
Unit 14 Fiction
1. Periodical sentence: A periodic sentence can be really plex, characterized by several bound clauses, often embedded one within another. It brings an element of suspense into syntax.
2. Loose sentence: A loose sentence, in which the main clause es first, followed by several subordinate or coordinate clau