江苏新版牛津英语7B-Unit-8-知识点.pdf

1Unit 8 PetsPart One Comic strip重点全解1、Bring me something to eat.（P 92）something to eat 意为“吃的东西”。to eat 为动词不定式，修饰不定代词 something。动词不定式作定语修饰名词或代词时，常位于所修饰词之后。例如：There are many places of interest to visit.We have something important to do.2、How rude you are!（P 92）rude 形容词，意为“粗鲁的，不礼貌的”。例如：It is rude of you to say so.We shouldnt say rude things to the old.3、Thats it.（P 92）Thats it.是一句常用的口语，意为“就是这样，正是如此”等。用法如下：(1)表示赞同或鼓励，意为“就是这样，对了，这就对了”Thats it.Lets tell him the news.(2)表示结束，意为“完了，没有别的”。You can have a cake and thats it.Part Two Welcome to the unitA重点全解1、goldfish（P 93）goldfish 为可数名词，名为“金鱼”。表示同一种金鱼时，单复数同行，即复数形式仍然为 goldfish；表示不同种类的金鱼时，复数形式为 goldfishes。例如：I have two goldfish at home.There are many kinds of goldfishes in the pond.拓展 fish 意为“鱼”，表示同一种鱼时，单复数同形；表示不同种类的鱼时，复数形式为 fishes；表“鱼肉”时，fish 为不可数名词。例如：Help yourself to some fish.2、mouse（P 93）mouse 为可数名词，意为“老鼠”，复数形式为 mice。mouse 还可以指“鼠标”，复数形式为 mouses。例如：Look!What a lovely mouse.There are too many mice in the house,so we need a cat.I dont like this kind of mouse.B重点全解1、I like watching them swim around.（P 93）watch sb.do sth.意为“看见某人做某事”，表示一次完整的动作过程或经常性、习惯性的动作。watch sb.doing sth.意为“看见某人正在做某事”，表示动作正在执行。例如：I like watching children play basketball.The old man is watching his grandson playing on the floor.(1)around 为副词，意为“到处，四处；在周围”，还可以用作介词，意为“围绕；在附近；在周围”。例如：I could hear her laughter all around.She put her arms around her son.(2)swim around 意为“四处游动，游来游去”。例如：The little girl likes watching the fish swim around.拓展 含有 around 的词组还有：2look around 到处看看 walk around 四处逛逛turn around 围绕转动；转身 show.around 引领参观jump around 跳来跳去例如：The earth turns around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。The little boy likes jumping around.这个小男孩喜欢跳来跳去。2、She loves to sleep on my knees.（P 93）on ones knees 意为“在某人的膝盖上”。knee 在此处用作可数名词，意为“膝盖”。例如：My mothers knees hurt when it is cold.My cat likes sleeping on my knees.3、I like my mouse best because its very small and soft and I can hold it in my hand.（P 93）(1)hold 作及物动词，意为“握住，拿；举行；容纳”例如：Hold my hand and I can pull you out.Look!What is the boy holding in his hand?We hold a sports meeting every term.The hall is big enough to hold over one thousand people.hold 作不及物动词时，意为“不挂断电话；持续”。例如：Hold on,please.(2)该句是 because 引导的原因状语从句，汉语中因为所以是连用的，而英语中 because 和 so 不能连用。例如：I love reading because I want to learn more about the world.4、I can feed her carrots and I like her long ears.（P 93）feed 此处用作及物动词，意为“喂养”。feed sth.to./feed.with sth.把喂给吃例如：Please feed some grass to the cow.feed 作不及物动词时，意为“（牛、马）吃”，常用短语：feed on sth.（动物）以为食。例如：Cows fed on grass.5、He can sing,and I want to teach him to speak.（P 93）teach 为及物动词，意为“教；教导；教授”。(1)teach sb.sth.意为“教某人某事”。例如：Who teaches you maths this term？(2)teach oneself.意为“自学”，相当于 learn.by oneself。例如：Tom is teaching himself Chinese.=Tom is learning Chinese by himself.(3)teach sb.(how)to do sth.意为“教某人做某事”例如：We should teach the children to know good from bad.Can you teach me how to draw?Part Three Reading重点全解1、Here are her favourite poems.（P 94）poem 为可数名词，意为“诗歌”，poetry 意为“诗，诗作（总称）”。例如：Are you good at writing poems?2、My dog is the cleverest animal of all.（P 94）cleverest 是形容词最高级，它由“原级 clever+-est”构成，意为“最聪明的”。三者或三者以上进行比较时，需要用最高级。例如：He is the cleverest boy in our class.This is the best one of all his paintings.形容词除了原级和最高级外，还有比较级，它由“原级+-er/r”构成，用于两者之间的比较。两者比较由 than 引导。例如：Tony is taller than Jim.3、He doesnt just run after a ball.（P 94）(1)just 此处用作副词，意为“仅仅，只”。3Dont be too hard on him-hes just a kid.just 用作副词还可以意为“正好，恰好；刚刚，刚才”。例如：Thats just what I wanted.Im just out of hospital.just 可用作形容词，意为“正义的，正直的；恰当的”。例如：He is a very just man.(2)run after 追逐，追求例如：If you run after two hares,youll catch neither.4、With eyes open wide.（P 94）(1)wide 此处用作副词，意为“充分地”，表示实际意义上的“宽”。例如：That man died with his eyes open wide.widely 表示抽象意义上的“宽”，意为“广泛地，普遍地”。例如：English is widely used in the world.(2)wide 还可用作形容词，意为“宽广的，宽阔的；宽的”。例如：Our classroom is 10 metres long and 8 metres wide.5、He hunts when I hide.（P 94）(1)hunt 在此处用作不及物动词，意为“搜寻，打猎”。例如：His grandfather hunted in the forest in the past.hunt 还可以用作及物动词，意为“搜寻，猎杀”。例如：I think it is not right to hunt animals.hunter 为可数名词，意为“猎人”。例如：The hunters ran away.(2)hide 此处用作不及物动词，意为“躲藏，隐藏”。例如：The moon hides in the clouds.hide 还可以用作及物动词，意为“藏，隐藏”。例如：The boy often hides himself behind the door.hide 还可用作可数名词，意为“躲藏处”。例如：hide and seek 捉迷藏6、He does wonderful tricks.（P 94）trick 在此处为名词，意为“把戏”。常用短语：play a trick on sb.意为“捉弄某人”。例如：The children played a trick on their teacher.7、Builds me camps out of sticks.（P 94）build 为及物动词，意为“建筑，建造”。build.out of.意为“用建造”，相当于 use.to build.。例如：The workers are building a new bridge.We build houses out of bricks and stones.=We use bricks and stones to build houses.8、He doesnt like to fight.（P 94）(1)fight 在此处用作不及物动词，意为“打架，战斗，斗争”，其过去式为 fought。fight with sb.意为“和某人打架”，fight for sth.意为“为某事而打架”。例如：They didnt fight with each other from then on.The two dogs fought for a bone.(2)fight 还可以用作及物动词，意为“与打仗”。例如：The soldiers are fighting enemies bravely.(3)fight 还可以用作名词，意为“打架，斗争”。例如：Dont have a fight with your friends.9、And Ill look after him till the end.（P 94）(1)look after 意为“照顾，照料”，相当于 take care of。例如：I look after my pet very well.(2)till 在此处用作介词，意为“到时，直到为止”，与 until 近义，其前面的动词为延续性动词。例如：I will stay here till/until twelve oclock.till/until 也可以用作连词4例如：He waited until/till the children fell asleep.not.till/until 意为“直到才”，其前面的动词通常为短暂性动词。例如：He didnt come till/until late in the morning.The bus wont go till/until all the people get on it.(3)end 为名词，意为“结尾，末尾”，常用短语有：in the end(=at last=finally)最后，终于例如：We gave up the plan in the end.at the end of 在的末尾/尽头例如：There is a post office at the end of the e to an end 结束例如：The war came to an end in 1949.10、She isnt any trouble.（P 94）(1)trouble 为名词，意为“困难，麻烦”。例如：I have great trouble in my work.(2)常用句型：Whats the trouble with you?=Whats wrong with you?=Whats the matter with you?你怎么了？常用词组：in trouble 处于困难中 out of trouble 脱离困境 trouble 还可以用作及物动词，意为“麻烦，使烦恼”。例如：Im sorry to trouble you.11、We dont have to feed her much.（P 94）dont have to 意为“不必”，相当于 neednt。以 must 引导的一般疑问句进行否定回答时通常用 needn;t 或 dont have to。例如：You dont have to do your homework first.-Must I go home now?-No,you neednt/dont have to.12、She doesnt need a gentle touch.（P 94）(1)gentle 为形容词，意为“温柔的，温和的”。例如：She spoke in a gentle voice.(2)touch 此处用作名词，意为“触摸，碰”例如：The silk has cool touch.touch 还可以用作动词，意为“触摸；接触；感动”。例如：Dont touch that plate-its hot.13、Hed never bark or bite.（P 95）bark or bite 意为“叫和咬人”。因为该句有否定意义，所以连词用 or 不用 and。例如：She cant sing or dance.14、And Ill always take care of him.（P 95）take care of 相当于 look after，意为“照顾，照料”。例如：We only have one earth,so we need to take good care of it.(1)care 的用法：用作不及物动词，意为“介意，在乎”。例如：Whatever you say,I dont care.用作名词，意为“介意，在乎，小心”。例如：He does his work with great care.其形容词形式为 careful，意为“小心的，仔细的”。例如：Be careful not to wake up the baby.其副词形式为 carefully,意为“小心地，仔细地，认真地”。例如：Please check your homework carefully.(2)与 care 有关的短语：care for 想要；喜欢；爱好例如：Would you care for a drink?take care 当心，小心5例如：Take care not to break it.care about 在乎，关心例如：The little girl only cares about herself.15、.when someone comes to visit us.（P 96）visit 可以用作及物动词，也可以用作不及物动词.用作及物动词时，意为“参观，拜访”，之后跟名词或者代词作宾语。例如：Sometimes we visit the museum.She often visits her grandpa.Part Four Grammar重点全解1、become（P 97）become 此处用作连系动词，意为“成为”。例如：My dream is to become a great writer like Mo Yan.辨析：become,get,turn 用作连系动词，表变化之意的区别如下：(1)become 常常用来表示身份职位的变化。例如：He became a doctor at last.(2)get 常常用来表示时间的变化，常与比较级连用。例如：The day gets longer and longer.(3)turn 常常用来表示颜色的变化。例如：The leaves turn green in spring.2、feel（P 97）feel 此处用作连系动词,意为“摸起来，感觉”，后接形容词作表语。有类似用法的词还有：look 看起来，smell 闻起来，taste 尝起来，sound 听起来。例如：Ice feels cold.That sounds interesting.3、When she gets tired,she sleeps anywhere.（P 97）anywhere 为副词，意为“在任何地方，无论哪里”。多用于疑问句和否定句中，代替 somewhere；用于肯定句时，意为“任何地方”。例如：Where is my pen?I cant find it anywhere.You can sit anywhere you like.4、He can repeat my words.（P 97)repeat 此处用作及物动词，意为“重说，重复，重做”。例如：I didnt hear what you said.Please repeat it.5、He is happy all the time.（P 97)all the time 意为“总是，一直”。例如：I knew him a week ago,but I dont know his name all the time.与 time 有关的常用短语：at that time 在那时 at the same time 同时by the time 到为止 have a good time 玩得高兴in time 及时 on time 准时every time 每次6、I dont agree.（P 98)agree 可以作为及物动词或不及物动词，意为“同意，应允”。例如：I asked him to help me and he agreed.(1)agree 后面可以接不同的介词，表达不同的含义。agree with 通常表示同意某人或某人说的话。例如：I agree with them.I agree with what you said.agree to 通常表示同意某一计划，提议，安排等。6例如：I agree to the plan.agree on 通常表示双方通过协商而取得一致意见或达成协议，意为“就达成协议”。例如：They cant agree on the date.(2)agree to do sth.意为“同意做某事”。例如：He agreed to get someone to help us.(3)agree 后面可以接从句，意为“同意”。例如：She agreed that we could finish early.7、Theres nothing wrong with keeping a snake if you like it.（P 98)(1)keep 用作实义动词 keep 在本句中意为“饲养”，相当于 feed。保管，保存，保留例如：Please keep these things for me.借用例如：How long can I keep the book?(2)keep 作系动词时，意为“保持（某种状态）”，其后可接形容词作表语。例如：Please keep quiet.一 形容词形容词的定义：形容词(adjective)，简称 adj，用来修饰名词或代词，表示人 或事物的属性、特征或状态的词。形容词的用法：1.形容词作定语形容词作定语，放在名词之前，不定代词之后。例如：He lives in a beautiful house.他住在一座漂亮的房子里。There is nothing important in todays newspaper.今天报纸上没有什么重要内容。2.形容词作表语形容词作表语，放在系动词（be,feel,look,smell,taste,sound,get,become,keep,turn,seem 等）之后。例如：Everything will be all right.一切都会好的。After a long walk,I felt tired.走了很远的一段路后我累了。3.形容词作宾语补足语 形容词做宾语补足语，放在宾语之后，常与 make,leave,keep,find 等动词连用。例如：He keeps the classroom clean every day.他们每天保持教室干净。People usually keep the vegetables fresh in the fridge.人们常把蔬菜放在冰箱里保鲜。4.形容词的名词化，“the+形容词”表示一类人，相当于名词，用作主语或宾语。例如：The old often think of old things.老人常想起过去的事情。They are going to build a school for the deaf and the blind.他们将要给聋人和盲人盖一所学校。5.形容词作状语例如：These soldiers spent three days in the cold weather,cold and hungry.这些士兵们在冷天里度过了三天，又冷又饿。6.形容词的先后顺序如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,形容词的先后顺序由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。为方便记忆，可记住一句话：美小圆新黄，法国木书房。限定词数词性状形容词冠词、指示代词、物主代词序数词基数词描绘性形容词形状、大小长短、高低年龄、新旧、温度颜色国籍地区出处材料物质目的用途a(n)thethismyfirstsecondthirdonetwogoodkindsickrudenicelittlebiglargelongroundoldnewhotcoldredblackBritishChineseAsianeasternstonesilkwritingmedical7square二 不定代词不定代词是不明确代替哪个具体名词的代词。常用的不定代词有：one,ones,both,all,either,neither,other,another,none,each,every,some,any,many,much,(a)few,(a)little 等。还有由 some-,any-,no-和 every-合成的不定代词。I.one 和ones 的用法。one/ones 指人或物，可作主语、表语和宾语。one 用来替代前面的单数名词，ones 用来替代前面的复数名词，以避免重复。例如：I lost my old camera;this is a new one.我丢了旧的照相机，这个是新的 Red apples often taste better than green ones.红苹果比青苹果甜。II.either,neither,both和all的用法。either 两者中的任何一个neither 两者都不both 两者都，反义词是 neitherall 三者或以上都，反义词是 none例如：There are a lot of trees on either side of the street.路两边有很多树。Both of his parents are teachers.他的父母都是老师。All of the students are happy on Childrens Day.所有的孩子儿童节都很开心。III.the other,another的用法。the other 表示（两者中的）另一个another 表示（三个或以上中的）另一个例如：I have two uncles.One is a policeman and the other is a doctor.我有两个叔叔，一个是警察，另一个是医生。Here are three apples.One is red,another is green and the third is yellow.这里有三个苹果，一个是红的，另外一个是青的，第三个是黄的。IV.others和the others的用法。others 表示另一些（人或物），不包括所有其余的。the others 表示所有其余的。例如:After class,some students are talking with each other,and others are playing games.下课后，一些同学正在聊天，另一些正在玩游戏。I have got ten pencils.Two of them are red and the others are blue.我有十支笔，两个是红色的，其余的是蓝色的。V.some和any的用法。some 一般用于肯定句中，any 多用于否定句和一般疑问句中。例如:There are some apples in the box.箱子里有些苹果。Do you have any water here?这里有水吗？疑问句一般不用 some，只有当表示邀请或期待对方做出肯定回答时才能用 some。例如:Would you like some coffee?你想要来点咖啡吗？any 用于肯定句，后面修饰可数名词单数时，表示“任一”。例如:The teacher likes any student in her class.这个老师喜欢他班里的每一个学生。VI.(a)few和little的用法。few,little:几乎没有（否定语气）a few,a little:一些，少数（肯定语气）few,a few 指可数的事物，只能与可数名词复数搭配little,a little 指不可数事物，只能与不可数名词搭配例如:Lets buy some milk.There is little in the fridge.让我们去买些牛奶，冰箱里没有了。He has a few friends.He often plays with them.他有一些朋友并且经常与他 们一起玩。VII.many 和much 的用法。many 表示许多，指可数的事物，只能与可数名词复数搭配；much 表示许多，指不可数的事物，只能与不可数名8词搭配。例如:Would you like to have a look at my stamps?I have many.你想看看我的有票吗？我有很多。He doesnt know much about this company.他对这个公司知道不是很多。VIII.some-,any-,every-和no-可以分别和-thing,-body,-one构成的合成不定代词用法。1、不定代词的指代对象 1.含-body 的不定代词和含-one 的不定代词只用来指人，含-body 的不定代词与含-one 的不定代词在功能和意义上完全相同，可以互换。例如：Someone/Somebody is crying in thr next room.2.含-thing 的不定代词只用来指事物。例如：Are you going to buy anything?二、不定代词的所有格 1.含-one 和-body 等指人的不定代词可有所有格形式。例如：Everybodys business is bobodys business.2.含-one 和-body 等指人的不定代词后跟 else 时，所有格应该加在 else 之后。例如：Can you remember anyone elses name?3.含-thing 等指事物的不定代词没有所有格形式。三、不定代词的数 1.不定代词都具有单数的含义，因此通常被看为第三人称单数，当它们作句子的主语时，其后面的谓语动词用第三人称单数。例如：Is everyone here today?Nothing is difficult.2.当面对一群人时，可使用以不定代词作主语的祈使句，句中的动词用原型。例如：Nobody move.四、不定代词修饰形容词放在形容词前面。例如：I have something important to tell you.Part Five Integrated skills重点全解1、Put your goldfish in the sun.（P 99）in the sun 意为“在阳光下”。例如：That boy is lying in the sun and listening to music.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.2、A goldfish can weigh up to 40 grams.（P 99）(1)weigh 为动词，意为“重；称的重量”，其名词形式为 weight，意为“重量”。例如：How much does a parrot weigh?=Whats the weight of a parrot.If you want to know the weight of an orange,youd better weigh it first.(2)up to 意为“达到，至多”。例如：Li Hong did his homework for up to three hours a day last summer holiday.I can take up to four people in my car.3、Goldfish are easy to look after.（P 99）be easy to do sth.意为“易于做某事，做某事很容易”。例如：Its easy to keep a pet dog.Its not easy to learn English well.4、Feed them once a day.（P 99）once 为副词，意为“一次”。例如：We have a class meeting once a week.twice 意为“两次”，表达三次及三次以上用“基数词+times”，如 three times 意为“三次”。9例如：We have P.E.Lessons twice a week.5、It was a talk about goldfish.（P 100）about 此处用作介词,意为“关于”。例如：This is a book about animals.辨析：about 与 on二者都表示“关于”，其区别为：用 about 时，表示内容较普遍，不太正式；用 on 时，表示是严肃的，学术的，时供专门研究用的。例如：I like stories about fairy.I have some books on China.6、Do they make any noise?（P 100）noise 此处用作不可数名词，意为“声音；噪音”，其形容词形式为 noisy，意为“吵闹的，嘈杂的”。例如：Its too noisy.Dont make any noise.辨析：noise,sound 与 voice(1)noise 常具有贬义，表示令人心烦的或不和谐的“嘈杂声，噪音，响声”。可以用 a,some,any,much 等词修饰。例如：My neighbours dog often makes some noise.The noise woke me up.(2)sound 泛指一切可以听到的声音。大自然的任何声音都可以用 sound。例如：At midnight he heard a strange sound.Light travels much faster than sound.(3)voice 表示“嗓音”，指人的说话声或唱歌声。例如：The boy has a beautiful voice.They are talking in low voices.7、We only brush her fur every day.（P 100）(1)brush 此处用作及物动词，意为“刷；擦”。例如：We brush teeth every day.He brushed his coat clean.brush 还可以用作可数名词，意为“刷子”，其复数形式为 brushes.例如：There is a brush on the floor.(2)fur 为不可数名词，意为“（动物的）软毛，毛皮”；fur 作可数名词时，意为“毛皮衣服”。例如：Hunters hunt animals for their fur.辨析：fur,hair,featherfur:指动物的软毛或毛皮hair:指人的头发feather:指羽毛Part Six Task1、My favourite pet is a cat.（P 102）favourite 在此处为形容词，意为“最喜欢的”，相当于 like.best。例如：Which is your favourite star?=Which star do you like best?2、She likes warm milk too.（P 102）句中的 too 是副词，意为“也，并且；还”，通常用于肯定句中，常用于句子末尾，也可以置于句首，跟在主语之后，常用逗号隔开。例如：She can sing too.You,too,may have a try.also 通常用于主要动词之前，但若主要动词是 be 动词，则置于其后。例如：They also agree with me.She is also American.either 常用语否定句，置于句末。例如：I cant do it either.3、What does it look like?（P 103）10What does.look like?用来询问人或物的外貌特征。例如：What does your father look like?What is.like?既可以用来询问外貌特征，又可以询问性格特征。例如：-What are your friends like?-T