成本与管理会计-2.ppt

CHAPTER 2An Introduction to Cost Terms and Purposes 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Basic Cost TerminologyCost sacrificed resource to achieve a specific objectiveActual cost a cost that has occurredBudgeted cost a predicted/planned costCost object anything of interest for which a cost is desired 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Cost Object Examples at BMWCost ObjectIllustrationProductBMW X 5 sports activity vehicleServiceDealer-support telephone hotlineProjectR&D project on DVD system enhancementCustomerHerb Chambers Motors,a dealer that purchases a broad range of BMW vehiclesActivitySetting up production machinesDepartmentEnvironmental,Health&Safety 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Basic Cost TerminologyCost accumulation a collection of cost data in an organized mannerCost assignment a general term that includes gathering accumulated costs to a cost object.This includes:Tracing accumulated costs with a direct relationship to the cost object and Allocating accumulated costs with an indirect relationship to a cost object 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Manufacturing Cost Indirect Labor:cost ofIndirect Labor:cost ofForeman;supervisors;Foreman;supervisors;Material handlers;Material handlers;cleanerscleanersManufacturingManufacturing cost costManufacturingManufacturingoverheadoverheadDirect materialsDirect materialsDirect Labor:Direct Labor:FactoryFactoryExpenses:Expenses:Indirect Indirect Materials:materialsMaterials:materialsNot part of productNot part of product 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Manufacturing Cost Conversion Cost:cost ofConversion Cost:cost ofConverting materialsConverting materialsInto finished productsInto finished products=DL+mfg.OH=DL+mfg.OHManufacturingManufacturing cost costManufacturingManufacturingoverheadoverheadDirect materialsDirect materialsDirect LaborDirect LaborPrime Prime Cost=DM+DLCost=DM+DL 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Manufacturing Overhead:Indirect materials;Indirect labor;Other factory expenses:rent;insurance;electricity;depreciationOf P.P.E,etc.2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Direct&Indirect CostsDirect costs can be conveniently and economically traced(tracked)to a cost objectIndirect costs cannot be conveniently or economically traced(tracked)to a cost object.Instead of being traced,these costs are allocated to a cost object in a rational and systematic manner 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.BMW:Assigning Costs to a Cost Object 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Cost ExamplesDirect CostsPartsAssembly line wagesIndirect CostsElectricityRentProperty taxes 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Factors Affecting Direct/Indirect Cost ClassificationCost MaterialityAvailability of information-gathering technologyOperational Design 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Cost BehaviorVariable costs changes in total in proportion to changes in the related level of activity or volumeFixed costs remain unchanged in total regardless of changes in the related level of activity or volumeCosts are fixed or variable only with respect to a specific activity or a given time period 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Cost Behavior,continuedVariable costs are constant on a per-unit basis.If a product takes 5 pounds of materials each,it stays the same per unit regardless of one,ten or a thousand units are producedFixed costs change inversely with the level of production.As more units are produced,the same fixed cost is spread over more and more units,reducing the cost per unit 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.ComparingVariable and Fixed CostsA A variable costvariable cost changes in direct proportion changes in direct proportionto changes in the cost-driver level.to changes in the cost-driver level.A A fixed costfixed cost is not immediately affected is not immediately affectedby changes in the cost-driver level.by changes in the cost-driver level.2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Rules of ThumbThink of fixed costs as a total.Think of fixed costs as a total.Total fixed costs remain unchangedTotal fixed costs remain unchangedregardless of changes in cost-driver activity.regardless of changes in cost-driver activity.2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Rules of ThumbThink of variable costs on a per-unit basis.Think of variable costs on a per-unit basis.The per-unit variable cost remainsThe per-unit variable cost remainsunchanged regardless of changesunchanged regardless of changesin the cost-driver activity.in the cost-driver activity.2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Cost Behavior Visualized 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Cost Behavior SummarizedTotal DollarsCost per UnitVariable CostsChange in proportion with outputMore output=More costFixed CostsUnchanged in relation to outputChange inversely with outputMore output=lower cost per unitTotal DollarsCost Per UnitVariable CostsChange in proportion with outputMore output=More costUnchanged in relation to outputFixed CostsUnchanged in relation to outputChange inversely with outputMore output=lower cost per unitEX 2-23，page 47 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Other Cost ConceptsCost Driver a variable that causally affects costs over a given time spanRelevant Range the band of normal activity level(or volume)in which there is a specific relationship between the level of activity(or volume)and a given costFor example,fixed costs are considered fixed only within the relevant range.2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Relevant RangeThe relevant range specifies the limitsThe relevant range specifies the limitsof cost-driver activity within which aof cost-driver activity within which aspecific relationship between a costspecific relationship between a costand its cost driver will be valid.and its cost driver will be valid.2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Relevant Range Visualized 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Multiple Classification of Costs,Visualized 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.A Cost Caveat：use unit cost cautiouslyUnit costs should be used cautiously.Since unit costs change with a different level of output or volume,it may be more prudent to base decisions on a total dollar basis.Unit costs that include fixed costs should always reference a given level of output or activityUnit Costs are also called Average CostsEX P31 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Accounting Distinction Between CostsInventorable costs product manufacturing costs.These costs are capitalized as assets(inventory)until they are sold and transferred to Cost of Goods Sold.Period costs Are expensed as incurred.2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.DirectMaterialsDirectLaborIndirectLaborIndirectMaterialsOtherManufacturing OverheadInventoriable Product Costs 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Value ChainResearch andDevelopmentDesignProduction orPurchasesMarketingDistribution CustomerServiceInventoriablecost 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Different Types of FirmsManufacturing companies create and sell their own productsMerchandising companies product resellersService companies provide services(intangible products)2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Types of Manufacturing InventoriesDirect Materials resources in-stock and available for useWork-in-Process(or progress)products started but not yet completed.Often abbreviated as WIPFinished Goods products completed and ready for sale 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Types of Product CostsAlso known as Inventorable CostsDirect MaterialsDirect LaborIndirect Manufacturing factory costs that are not traceable to the product.Other common names for this type of cost include Manufacturing Overhead costs or Factory Overhead costs.2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Cost FlowsThe Cost of Goods Manufactured and the Cost of Goods Sold section of the Income Statement are accounting representations of the actual flow of costs through a production system.Note the importance of inventory accounts in the following accounting reports,and in the cost flow chart 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Cost Flows Visualized 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Cost of Goods Manufactured 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Multiple-Step Income Statement 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Other Cost ConsiderationsPrime cost is a term referring to all direct manufacturing costs(labor and materials)Conversion cost is a term referring to direct labor and factory overhead costs,collectivelyOvertime labor costs are considered part of overhead due to the inability to precisely know the true cause of these costs 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Different Definitions of Costs for Different ApplicationsPricing and product-mix decisions may use a“super”cost approach(comprehensive)Contracting with government agencies very specific definitions of cost for“cost plus profit”contractsPreparing external-use financial statements GAAP-driven product costs only 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Different Definitions of Costs for Different Applications 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.Three Common Features of Cost Accounting&Cost Management1.Calculating the cost of products,services,and other cost objects2.Obtaining information for planning&control,and performance evaluation3.Analyzing the relevant information for making decisions4.Case studies:2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.个人道德素养个人道德素养 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.做好個人道德素養；不要因為貪小便宜，貪一時方便而不顧道德品行丟失把人格尊嚴都降低了。2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.因為一個人把道德品質丟失了，再想建立起來將是萬分的困難。2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.所以每個人都應該尊首道德底線，不應敗壞基本道德品質。2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.以下是公司裡面出現的不好的現象：1、厕所紙巾偷到宿舍去用2、車間應急藥箱裡面的藥偷走（偷盜行為可恥）2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.以下是公司裡面出現的不好的現象：1、公共场所随意扔垃圾2、電視房垃圾亂丟 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.以下是公司裡面出現的不好的現象：恶意损坏公共财物 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.以下是公司裡面出現的不好的現象：吃饭不要浪废食物 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.道德與生活道德與生活從字義看兩者的意義與差別:1、倫理的意義倫理的意義:倫類別、關係；理紋理、道理。倫理人類社會裡種種身分間合理的關係，行為分際(做人要守本分做人要守本分)。(哪些人際關係、身分)2、道德的意義道德的意義:道道路、道理；德獲得。道德走人走的道路，便可獲得人的待遇。(不走捷徑、不誤入歧途尊嚴、榮譽)人道人道 (ps.如何批評一個人罔顧為人?)2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.道德與生活道德與生活1、利己利己:理性認識到遵守規範有利於己。(奸商/信譽商人)2、利人利人:追求人性中的真、善、美。(崇高的可能性)。(愛人者人恆愛之，敬人者人恆敬之；德不孤必有鄰。)(典範在夙昔-林靖娟、鐵達尼號的樂師、德雷莎修女、史懷德.)3、利己利人利己利人:兼顧自我理想與社會進步。Bill Gates?不做”損人利己”之事。Ps.回想郭爾堡的道德認知理論、馬斯洛的需求層次理論。2009 Pearson Prentice Hall.All rights reserved.-THE END-