初中英语语法资料(含讲义与练习题).doc

第一讲 名词和冠词一 名词： 世界上由万事万物构成的，这些事物各有名称，表示这些名称的名词叫作名词。名词的分类：专有名词和普通名词专有名词：表示具体的人名，事物，地名，机构和节日等名称的词称为专有名词。 （专有名词开头第一个字母必须大写） 表示人： Yang Liwei 杨利伟 Alice 爱丽丝 表示事物： the Changjiang River 长江 December 十二月 表示地名： Macao 澳门 New York 纽约 表示节日: Christmas Day 圣诞节 Childrens Day 儿童节 表示机构： WTO 世界贸易组织 the University of London 伦敦大学 普通名词：指一类人，事物，物质或抽象概念的名称。 类 别定 义例 词普 通 名 词可数名词个体名词 用来指单个人或者事物的名词。 taxi 出租车scientist 科学家computer 电脑集体名词用来指一群人或一些事物总称的名词。 army 军队 police 警察family 警察 class 班级不可数名词物质名词用来指无法分为个体的物质，材料的名词。water 水 wind 风glass 玻璃 steel 钢铁抽象名词用来指人或事物的品质，情感，状态或动作等抽象概念的名词。honesty 诚实 love 热爱silence 安静life 生活（一）名词的单复数形式： 可数名词的单复数形式1. 规则变化 构成法例一般情况在词尾加-sshop-shops desk-desks以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词，在词尾加-esbus-buses box-boxeswatch-watches brush-brushes以ce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾的词直接加-sface-faces house-housespagepages 以辅音字母+y结尾的词，y 变成i再加-esbabybabies citycities factoryfactories story-stories以辅音字母+o结尾的词，多数在词尾加-estomatotomatoes heroheroespotatopotatoes 以元音字母+o结尾的词和某些以o结尾的外来词，加-sradioradios photophotospianopianos zoo-zoos以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f或fe为v,加-es,少数不变，只在词尾加-s lifelives knifeknives wifewives roofroofs 2. 不规则变化 名词复数的特殊形式 manmen, womanwomen, policemanpolicemen, EnglishmanEnglishmen, footfeet, toothteeth, childchildren, GermanGermans 有些名词的单复数形式同形 Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, fish 合成名词，只将其主题词变为复数形式 girl studentgirl students pencil-boxpencil-boxes 由man和woman 构成的合成词，全部变成复数 man doctormen doctors woman teacher -women teachers 只有复数的名词trousers, glasses, thanks, clothes, goods, compasses, stairs, people, scissors, chopsticks 不可数名词的数量表达 a piece of bread/meat; five drops of water; six bags of rice; seven pairs of shoes; eight basketball of apples; nine piece of news 课堂练习：A组：选择最佳答案1. Mrs. Lenny gave us _ on how to learn English well. A) some advices B) many advices C) some advice D) an advice 2. If these trousers are too big, buy a small _ A) set B) one C) pair D) copy 3. A group of _ are talking about two _ A) Frenchmans; Germen B) Germans; Frenchmans C) Frenchmen; Germans D) German; Frenchmen 4. -What would you like to drink, girls? -_, please. A) two cup of coffee B) two cups of coffee C) two cups of coffees D) two cup of coffees 5. My mother and my sister are both _ A) woman teachers B)women teacher C) woman teacher D) women teachers6. We neednt buy any _. There are many in the fridge. A) fruit B) milk C) meat D) eggs 7. How many _ can you see? A) milks B) a glass of milk C) glasses of milks D) glasses of milk 8. I think maths _ very useful. A) is B) are C) am D) be 9. The little baby has two _ already. A) tooth B) tooths C) teeth D) teeths 10. Im thirsty, please make _ for me. A) a tea B) a cup of tea C) teas D) a cup of teas B组：用所给词的正确形式填空 1. I have two _(knife). 2. They come from different _(country). 3. The _(meet) begins at 2:00 in the afternoon. 4. We have quite lots of nice _(photo). Let me show you some of them. 5. How many _(foot) does a cat have?6. There are many _(bus) on the road. 7. Look at the picture, a lion is running after a group of _(deer).8. Here is a birthday card for you with our best _(wish).9. Changjiang River is one of the longest _(river) in China.10. The students in Class 1 are all _(Japan). C 组：判断对错1. A: My glasses is broken. ( ) B: My glasses are broken. ( ) 2. A: I want to buy two pairs of shoes. ( ) B: I want to buy two shoes. ( ) 3. A: I need a few ink. ( ). B: I need a little ink. ( ) 4. A: Dont eat too much meat. ( ) B: Dont eat too much meats. ( ) 5. A: May I borrow two radioes? ( ) B: May I borrow two radios? ( ) (二) 名词所有格：表示名词所属关系的一种形式1. 单数名词的所有格，只需在词尾加s Jims sister Lucys pen 2. 以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，只加 the students book Teachers Day 3. 不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，应加s Childrens Day Womens Day 4. 表示几个人共有的东西，只需要在最后一个人的名词后面加s, Lucy and Lilys bedroom5. 表示各自所有的， 则每个名词都加s Lucys and Lilys desks 6. 名词所有格常用省略式， 省去被名词所有格修饰的名词 at the doctors 7. “of+ 名词所有格”，通常作后置定语，这种结构通常指整体中的部分或一个 a friend of my fathers the window of the room A组： 选择最佳答案1. Tonys car is more beautiful than _. A) his brothers and sister B) his brother and sister C) his brothers and sisters D) his brother and sisters 2. -How long does it take to get to the station? -Its _ walk. A) six minutes B) six-minutes C) six minutes D) six minutes 3. These are _ bikes. A) Jin and Sams B) Jims and Sam C) Jim and Sam D) Jims and Sams 4. Twelve _ were hurt, but no _ were lost in the accident. A) person; life B) people; lives C) peoples; lives D) persons; life 5. Theres something important in _. A) paper of today B) today newspapers C) today newspaper D) todays newspaper6. Miss Smith is a friend of _ A) Marys mothers B) Marys mother C) Mary mothers D) mothers of Mary 7. Joan is _ sister. A) Mary and Jack B) Marys and Jacks C) Marys and Jack D) Mary and Jacks 8. I will give you _ to finish it. A) two weeks time B) two week time C) two weeks time D) two weeks time 9. This is not your radio, but _ A) yours brother B) your brothers C) you brothers D) yours brothers 10. My school is about twenty _ walk from here? A)minute B) minutes C) minutes D) minutes 二 冠词 ： 英语中名词前常会出现a,an或the这三个词，用来说明名词所表示的人或事物，冠词是虚词，是名词的一种标志，它不能脱离名词独立存在，不能单独作句子成分。 （一）不定冠词 a; an 1. 不定冠词表示数量中的“一个”，但是数的概念没有one强烈。修饰单数可数名词。 用来指人或物中的某一个或某一类，但不具体说明何人何物。a 用在辅音因素开头的词前，a pen, a useful book; an用在以元音因素开头的词前，an apple, an hour, an honest boy2. 用在某些固定的短语中： in a minute, for a walk, have a good time, have a look等 （二）定冠词的用法1. 特指说话双方都知道的人或事物。 Look at the blackboard. 2. 用在表示宇宙中独一无二的事物的名词前。 the sun, the moon, the earth 3. 对前面已提到过的人或事物，第二次提到时加定冠词，用以表示特指。 I found a picture in the box. The picture was very beautiful.4. 用在序数词或形容词最高级前。 They live on the tenth floor.5. 用在某些形容词前，表示“一类人” the old, the young, the poor, the rich, the deaf, the blind 6. 用在乐器名称前 play the violin play the piano 7. 在姓氏的复数形式之前，表示一家人 the Smiths the Lis 8. 用在方位词前9. 用在表示海洋，河流，山脉，群岛及国家和党派等名词前10. 用在某些固定的词组中 in the morning in the open air (三) 不用冠词的情况 1. 某些专有名词前 China, Class Four, 2. 在球类运动名称和三餐饭前面，一般不用冠词 have lunch, play football3. 在季节，日期，星期，节日和学科的名称前，不用冠词 in spring, in June, on Monday 4. 在不可数名词（抽象名词和物质名词）前面， 一般不用冠词 We have all played with snow and ice. 5. 名词前面已经作定语用的 this, these, that, those, my, their, your, his, some, many 等词时，常常不用冠词。 her pocket, this handbag, some pizza 6. 一些习惯用法和固定短语中， 常不用冠词 in bed, after school, by bus 课堂练习：A组：选择最佳答案1. Theres _ “h” in the word “house”. A) a B) / C) an D) the 2. Jack bought _ useful book. _ book is also very interesting. A) an; The B) a; The C) an; / D) a; A 3. -Can I help you, madam? -Im looking for _pair of shoes for my daughter. A) the B) an C) a D) some 4. _ elephant is much heavier than a house. A) A B) An C) The D) /5. After watching TV, she played _ guitar for an hour. A) / B) the C) an D) a 6. -Where is Xiao Ming? -Hes having _ rest over there. A) a B) an C) the D) / 7. We have three meals _ day. We have _ breakfast at 6:30 in _morning every day. A) the; the; the B) the;/; the C) a;/;the d) a; the; the 8. The cartoon “Mulan” is _ interesting film and _ story happened in China. A) a; the B) an; the C) the; a D) an; a 9. In the United States, Fathers Day falls on _ third Sunday in _ June. A) the; / B) the; a C) /; the D) a; / 10. What _ interesting book it is! A) a B) an C) the D) / B组：判断对错1. Please turn off lights before you leave. ( ) 2. I live on a second floor of this building. ( )3. I like to climb the mountain in the autumn. ( ) 4. The little boy wanted to go to cinema. ( ) 5. I went to New York by car. ( ) 本节妙语巧记名词单数变复数规则： 名词单数变复数，一般加-s没有错。词尾若是s,x,ch,sh, 直接加上es 。词尾若是f或fe, 加 s之前要变ve。“辅音字母+y”来结尾， 变 y为i有道理， 再加-es没问题。词尾字母若是o, 加-es有tomato和potato。不规则变化要特别记，oo常要变ee, footfeet是一例。男人女人a变e, womanwomen看仔细。child 复数要记住，“孩子们“ 是children。 定冠词的用法： 特指双方熟悉，上文以及提及； 世上独一无二， 序数词最高级； 某些专有名词，习惯用语乐器。 第二讲 代词和数词一 代词 代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语，不定式，动词的-ing形式或句子的词。 1. 人称代词： 人称代词的主格在句子中做主语，宾格在句子中作宾语或表语。 格 数人 称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称he,she,ithim,her,ittheythem注意： 不同的人称合在一起使用时，一般的排序为： 单数：you and I; you and he; he and I; you, he and I 复数：we and you; we and they; you and they; we, you and they2. 物主代词：表示所有关系的代词，是人称代词的所有格形式，表示“所有”词义类型我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他（她，它）们的形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs3. 反身代词： 表示我（们）自己，你（们）自己，他、它、她（们）自己的词人称数第一人称第二人称第三人称单数myselfyourselfhimself, herself, itself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves4. 疑问代词： what，which, who, whom, whose等 5. 指示代词： 是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词，具有指定的含义。this； that; these; those 6. 不定代词：不明确指代某个（某些）人，某个（些）事物的代词。 some, any, many, much, a lot of 与lots of many 修饰或代词可数名词的复数。 much 修饰或代替不可数名词。 a lot of和 lots of既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。 some和any 表示“一些”，即不确定的或未知的数量数目。Some通常用于肯定句中，any用于否定句，疑问句和条件句中。Some可用在表示邀请或请求的疑问句中，强调希望对方给予肯定回答。Would you like some apples? other 与another 的用法 other 具有代词性质，既可指人，也可指物。other表示“另外的”，“其他的”，the other表示“两者中的另一个”， the others表示“其余的（指在一个范围内的其他全部）”，others用于泛指，表示“其余的人或物”。 another 具有代词性质，既可指人，也可指物，表示“另一个”（是泛指中的“另外一个”，并不是两者中的另一个）或“又一个”。 each 与every 表示“每一” each强调“个别”，可单独使用，也可修饰单数名词或跟of引导的介词短语；every修饰单数名词，强调“整体”，相当于汉语中的“每个都”。 everyone与every one的区别：everyone意为“每人”，“人人”，只指人，不指物，后面不能跟of引导的介词短语；every one 意为“每个”，通常用来指物，后面能跟of引导的介词短语。 every 及其所构成的复合代词everybody, everyone, everything作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 “every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词”表示“每隔”, 译成汉语减去一： every three days 每隔两天 every third days 每三天 no 和 none 表示“无”，“没有” no= not a, not any作定语，后跟可数名词或不可数名词；none后跟引导的介词短语，在句中作主语或宾语，表示“没有任何东西或人”。 nobody, no one, nothing只能单独使用，后面不跟of引导的介词短语。 nobody, no one, nothing和none常用作简略答语。一般情况下，nothing回答what问句；nobody或 no one回答who问句；none回答how many或how much问句。 all, both, whole表示“都”， “全部” both指两个人或事物，而all指三个或者三个以上的人或事物。 both和all都可直接修饰名词；名词前如有限定时，其前只能用both of 或all of.。 both和all在句中位于be动词之后，行为动词之前，如有情态动词或助动词，则位于情态动词或助动词与行为动词之前。 注：both的反义词是neither; all的反义词是none neither与either 的用法： neither 表示 “两者都不”；either表示“两者之一”或“两者中的任何一个”。 后面跟单数名词或“of+宾格人称代词/带限定词的复数名词”。 few, a few和little, a little few 和a few 指代可数名词；little和a little指代不可数名词。 a little修饰不可数名词时相当于a bit of. few 和little表示“没有几个”，“很少”， 含否定意义；a few 和a little 表示“有几个”，“有一些”， 含有肯定意义 口语中常用only a few 或only a little表示“只有一些（点）”，quite a few表示“相当多” one, ones 指代名词 one 指代单数可数名词，ones指代复数名词，泛指某（些）人或某（些）物。 one 或ones前有the, this, that 或these, those等词时，表示特指某（些）人或某（些）物。课堂练习：A组：选择最佳答案 (人称代词， 物主代词，反身代词) 1. Mary, please show _ your picture. A) my B) mine C) I D) me 2. -Did you find your watch yesterday? -No, I didnt find _, but Ive bought _. A) it; it B) one; one C) it; one D) one; it 3. Do you know the boy sitting between Peter and _? A) she B) I C) his D) me 4. Whats wrong with _? A) him B) he C) his D) /5. The skirt is _. She made it _. A) hers; herself B) her; herself C) herself; hers D) herself; her 6. Let _ carry the heavy bag for the old woman. A) you and B) I and you C) me and you D) you and me7. -Would you like some more ice? -Yes. Just _ A) a few B) few C) little D) a little 8. I saw _ playing in the garden at that time. A) them B) they C) their D) theirs 9. He has a good room, but I dont think its a big as _ A) I B) me C) mine D) my 10. Mr. Li teaches _ English. A) us B) we C) our D) ours11. A friend of _ came here yesterday. A) my B) his C) her D) your 12. You cannot finish the work _. Let me give you a helping hand. A) you B) yourself C) by you D) you only B组：选择最佳答案（不定代词）1. I want _ books to read. Do you have _? A) some; any B) any; some C) any; any D) some; some 2. I have two pens. One is red, _ is blue. A) the other B) others C) other D) another 3. -You look so happy! -Jack says I am pretty. _ has ever told me that before. A) Somebody B) Anybody C)Everybody D) Nobody 4. -Can you cook eggs with tomatoes? -Yes, of course. _ can do it, it is easy. A) Anyone B) Someone C) No one D) Everyone else 5. Mike and Joan are _ good at maths. A) neither B) both C) each D) no one 6. There is _ snow this winter. A) many B) more C) much D) a few 7. There are six people in the office. _ of