管理会计之预算.ppt

BudgetingLecture Objectives1.What is a Budget?2.What are the types of Budget3.How to do a budget(1)What is a Budget?A plan quantified in monetary terms,prepared&approved prior to a defined period of time,usually showing planned income to be generated&/or expenditure to be incurred during that period,&the capital to be employed to attain a given objective.(CIMA)A quantitative expression of a plan of actionDefinitions are sometimes not that helpful Ill explain why later A plan quantified in monetary terms,prepared&approved prior to a defined period of time,usually showing planned income to be generated&/or expenditure to be incurred during that period,&the capital to be employed to attain a given objective.(CIMA)Budgeting remains the most widespread form of accounting-based management control tool:It is overwhelmingly popular:over 85%of European companies surveyed use Budgeting for financial year forecasting.(CIMA Management accounting survey,2009)Budgeting is commonly favoured by large firms.(2)There are many types of Budgetsi)Incremental(line-item)Budgets:Use historical data&cost relationships add/subtract from previous year budgets e.g Sales last year 42,000,000This year add projected 10%increase in sales This years budgeted sales 46,200,000(Alter other costs according to other estimates of change-materials,labour.etcetera)A lot of corporate budgeting is incrementalii)Comprehensive Budgets:Fixed Budget:a budget that sets maximum expenditure limitsFlexed Budget:a budget revised at the end of the budget period using actual output levelsContinuous/Rolling Budget:Budget updated as new information emerges/Roll forward budgeting period(e.g.add quarter&deduct last one-yearly budget)Brand X budgets:ZBB&PPBSBrand X Comprehensive Budgets:1)ZBB(ZERO BASED BUDGETS)all expenditures must be justified for each new period(as opposed to only explaining the amounts requested in excess of the previous periods funding)Each department justifies its funding every year.Funding has a base at zero.A department has to show why its funding helps the organization toward its goals.Zero Based BudgetingZBBEarly 1960sExamplesTexas Instruments(Peter Pyhrr see reading)Xerox CorporationState of Georgia(US):ZBB:Governor of the State of Georgia:Jimmy Carter introduced ZBB throughout US Federal Govt when US PresidentZBB:in a recent CIMA(2009)survey of UK and European MNEs,over 46%claimed to use ZBBBrand X Comprehensive Budgets:PPBS Planning-Programming-Budgeting Systems:RAND Corporation,1961“a cyclic and iterative process consisting of three distinct but interrelated and overlapping phases:Planning,Programming and Budgeting”Popular in military and defence industriesAbandoned in US 1971PPBSIn the 1960s PPBS was mandated US government-wide by President Lyndon Johnson.Today,little evidence of widespread use.ZBB&PPBS:i)Costly(annual cycle)ii)Labour intensive/bureaucraticiii)Difficult to implement:assumptions of independence(policies/decision packages)iv)Confusionv)Research has found little evidence of any significant impact -cost reductions,efficiency,etc.,(Wildavsky)yet ZBB has many adherents and had a Significant Influence Upon the UK Public Sector from the 1980s onwards(hospitals,schools,etc.)(3)How to do a comprehensive(master)budget You should know how to do thisTherefore I will focus upon the key accounting relationships and stages.Master Budget ComponentsMaster BudgetOperating BudgetFinancial BudgetOperating budgetSupporting budget schedulesRevenue budgetProduction budget in unitsDirect materials purchase budgetFinancial Budget:cash/finance requirements and implications of operationsIdeal comprehensive budget setting is an 8 stage process1 Translate long term plans/programmes into annual operating plan(after review of current information).Ensure budget policy/guidelines are communicated 2 Determine principal budget factor which restricts output(usually:demand)What might influence a sales forecast?Degree of market competitionStates of the Economy(here and overseas):sales may correlate with GNPAllocation of costs for pricingLevel of advertising and other marketing factorsQuality of Sales TeamHistoric SalesPattern of cyclical or perhaps seasonal influencesPossible developments in new technology/innovation.3 Prepare sales budget4 Prepare other operational budgets(Usually Production,then Purchasing,then other input factors labour,etc.,indirect costs);Also the CASH Budget:4Prepare budgets:Budget relationships4Prepare budgets:Budget relationships(a more complex example)5 Negotiate budgets with superiors6 Co-ordinate budgets&review budgets(this part may be iterative)7 Final acceptance of budgets8 Ongoing review of budgetsCybernetic Model of Control此课件下载可自行编辑修改，供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！