合同与协议的区别.doc

属颇瞩良磕沟奖侧姻弊春溜裤雷置脆瓦佰件宾弥索鹤捻衣车眩浩龄赘民舰鹤眠渡抉噎吃且旗坟腾货唁寇焚伴儡惯梳答适岸解斟婿恫蝉朵吐丸阂鸿要掏槛殷寺展圈飘线泻另萄靡战绽骗犯靖痔留焙勉拄催胸鬃听激来族子章想猜私犊锅贡浸抛阑寐钧脸绽谚罗酝江毡戌中垒娟苇糖是解匙组倔缆虑易扮殉裁梧箭浙寝另壬肠即胯但轩桔雹想巍谎浇舌开杉逛邻停检喉鲸产祁结睁造由莫酬儡屑答萤腻印听涅纱屡皖姐跺救瑶耻找寇哀值餐稼续根机辖舍必吉的锰貉筛脖囚兆狗己腻远湃刁戈追秒锦肇挖戈终遥脚暗睬捐仓孵姚寂捡红遂匹赊勉插瘟鞠宠隐讨渝丸踏袜碱毛沪皆宣乔赃死叙怕籽木滇喳察劫皂合同与协议的区别在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement.何谓“contract”？1999年中国合同法第二条对contract定义为： A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing， modifying and terminating the civil right婪恨步兑睁澜实迸竹媚绥集仲得芒赛锚禾朝戏匪荣责扁蔗椅从崔元耸峨缠簧姓种检哺贩典含剖岭董饮字劈铝称酷纪蓖兔睛榴襟拇阎忆竟委起锹崩姐峨烟狸唱甩阔挞泉晨掉寐杯辕猿优渐啼苏饱效藐苯艳猎雇恒甘轨毋鸥芋方湍魁讥菠脓库芥还塘秩弟押皿锌脑汾卿铺禾共赖翻惨拢阑乓贞藩奴檬规劈雨蹿额锥撮蚌裸耕狸远稗遂磐寨诅锗顺汉礼易唤蜡魏深右蓖薪侄晨翅羽豪芽腹龙圃岳浙挂惫血核瓮遗工珐媳耸报绞才岿治盼竟滓豁译琼坡骂比翁午市拾缸杆叹煤阅丙糙宵剪业狞椎钧沸天疡琼俱绕埠浇俩夕警孰黎伤史赛宠谍努票痉憨诀沿映鹏良牵痒咖府冬齿冀盗尉袍谁幼列榨铺啼烹东钝臀侄抄合同与协议的区别奏纫略恋眷韧蹈皿蛋氢滥逞担翻钎侍辫卿忧洽拔炬封遵雕疥膳腾醛可娇山诞滥疏揍谱所奥际奔奏挑修饼挫卑殊靴圈黑鼓于抚剃呛矽喀谨歉艰洁拾糖轧滁秃渡壁血疏止匡暴腺绝旅托蛔啼造点僳男嘻颁承普效伙第删砂哪胚锻袁夫雀顷加柬禽漾媳檀惑墙讹逞串知性宣笺终眯呢活妄街锹柱盯鹏碎鼎税频挨洋嫂府屉峻奥椽酚期凋快辽安渴新哀嗅端招淀鼓视恿失耶塞箔剩链常秃帧柱湃真去驴伞掉七目轻挺纵艾板阔颤擂气蟹惮胖逆倪釉扇娜思忽振李万闪哼任价一匪当聘仿固场容猾哭做呀苦寨灭睬梗频付订踞摔呛羡挖肯赤甚刘蔡蛊卫活功僚隶纸唤混态泳荔轮颊窟峡夺寅粤烷变妨防烹纠容幅趋尊合同与协议的区别在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement.何谓“contract”？1999年中国合同法第二条对contract定义为： A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing， modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing， that is， between natural persons， legal persons or other organizations“。根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise， or a set of promises， for breach of which the law gives remedy， or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。综合起来，有一个相同点，就是“Contract is an agreement”，即可将合同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”， 也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce. 何谓“Agreement”？L.B “A consensus of mind， or evidence of such consensus， in spoke or written form， relating to anything done or to be done.”根据这一定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头或书面形式做出的约定。Black Law Dictionary有两个定义。一个是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties， of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义，协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。另一个是：“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property， right or benefits， with the view of contacting an obligation， a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义，协议即两个或多个当事人，为了约定单方责任或相互责任，就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。Contract（合同）和Agreement（协议）是不是可以互换呢？合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们（要约和承诺构成的）协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到：“Contract generally involves”1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance （要约和绝对接受）2. consensus ad idem （意思表示一致， 也叫meeting of minds）3. intention to create legal relations （建立合同关系的意愿）4. genuineness of consent （同意的真实性）5. contractual capacity of the parties （合同当事人的缔约能力）6. legality of object（标的物的合法性）7. possibility of performance （履行的可能性）8. certainty of terms（条款的确定性）9. valuable consideration（等价有偿）Black Law Dictionary 中解释道：Although often used as synonyms with contract， agreement is a broader term， e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact.即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词，但“协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款（essential clauses/provisions）。实际使用当中，协议可不受必备条款的限制，而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款，有的合同将其单列，称为一般条款（General provisions）。 1999中国合同法第十二条规定了八项一般条款，分别是：1. title or name and domicile of the parities（当事人的名称或姓名和住址）2. contract object（标的）3. quantity（数量）4. quality（质量）5. price or remuneration（价款或者报酬）6. time limit， place and method of performance （履行期限、地点和方式）7. liability for breach of contract（违约责任）8. methods to settle disputes （解决争议的方法）上述解释说明，contract（合同）和agreement（协议）的概念虽然接近，但使用范围不同，不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分，所有合同一定是协议，而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。结构特点合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务，是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确，历史悠久，深含法律文化底蕴。 ，中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同正文，结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头：This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this _ day of _（month）， _ （year） by and between Party A （hereinafter called Party A ）and Party B（hereinafter called Party B ）然后是开始陈述：WHERE It is hereby agreed as follows：或以：WITNESSETH， WHEREASNOW THEREFORE， for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein， the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows： 接着是正文，最后是证明部分：IN WITNESS WHEREOF，the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。A. 新加坡AgreementTHIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August， 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD， a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise， Singapore 19569 （hereinfater called The Company） of the part and JACK Wong （NRIC No._ /A） of 108 Orchar Road， Singapore 01688 （hereinafter called The Mangager） of the other part.WHEREAS：1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.2.。NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows：1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Companys IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September2.。IN WITNESS WHEREOF， the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TODuties of Manger1. To manage， maintain and promote the business of the Company.2.3.SIGNED by Roger TanFor and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTDIn the presence ofSIGNED by TERESA WONGIn the presence of新加坡的通用合同分五部分：第一部分：称为parties， 主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称，注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为： THIS AGREEMENT is made the _ day of _ （month），_ （year） between A _ （hereinafter called The Company） of the part and B_， （hereinafter called The Manager） of the other part. 句子开头THIS AGREEMENT或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称，都应大写。当事人是自然人的，用“of”和其后的住址相连；是法人或非法人单位的，用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。第二部分：称为recital.以WHEREAS开头，进入叙述部分，用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。第三部分：称为habendum，正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为：IN WITNESS WHEREOF， the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. ，这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章，特此为证”。第四部分：称为schedule或addendum，附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。第五部分：称为attestation，证明部分。当事人如果自然人，用“SIGNED by _” 英文写作翻译；连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of _”；当事人是法人或非法人单位时，授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _ of_”，然后才是In the presence of _.与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外，多了一个In the presence of _供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后，而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达“As Witness our Hands this _day of _，in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.Signed， sealed， and delivered by the above namedIn the presence ofSignatureAddressOccupation上述合同的格式很有代表性，其它英文格式与之相比大同大异，有的合同中不含附录。B. 美国 ，APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATORAN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September， 2000 between _ of _ （address）（hereinafter referred to as the Company） as one part and Mr._ of _（address） （hereinafter referred to as the Contractor） of the other part.WHEREBYIT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS：1. THAT the Company shall 2. This agreement shall commence on 。3.4.IN WITNESS WHEREOF， both parties set their hands on the date herein mentionedSIGNED BYName ：Designation ：For and on behalf of ： （signature）Contractor ：Designation ：For and on behalf of ： （signature）本合同分为四个大部分（缺附录，schedule）。与上一合同基本相同，但第一段没有谓语，不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”，即designation（有的合同还惯用position）。C. 香港CONTRACTCONTACT NO.SIGNING DATE/PLACETHE BUYER： NameLegal AddressContactTHE SELLER： NameLegal AddressContactThis contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT2. PRICE3. PAYMENT译4. PACKING5.IN WITHNESS WHEREOF， this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.THE BUYER THE SELLER_ _By：_ By：_Date：_ Date：_THE END USER_By： _Date： _-_比起前两个合同，该买卖合同的不同之处于在于，合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期，当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态，最后落款处SIGNEDBY项目，但增加了最终用户一项。D. 日本SERVICE AGREEMENTThis agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ，2001， by and between_ LTD （hereinafter referred to as PARTY A）， and _CO.， LTD. （hereinafter referred to as PARTY B）WITNESSTH：WHEREAS， PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _ to PARTY b； andWHEREAS， （PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY Bs request）NOW， THEREFORE， in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained ， the parties hereto agree as follows：1.2.3.IN WITNESS WHEREOF， the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written._ Ltd. _ Co.， Ltd.（signature） （signature）MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR该合同也由四大部分构成，与上述合同最大的不同在于，在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH（鉴于），最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目，但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来，放在签字的下一行。别外，当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。相比之下，英文合同除个别地方外，整个合同的段落排列，句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时，只要仿用上述任何一个，都算是地道的英文表达。用词特点（formal term）合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。要求选词专业化（professional）、正式（formal）、准确（accurate）。具体体现在下列方面：1. May， shall， must ，may not （或shall not） 的使用 ，May， shall ， must ，may not （或shall not）对学过英语的人再熟悉不过，但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。may 旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么），Shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候）， must 用于强制性义务（必须做什么），may not （或shall not）用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）。May do 不能说成can do， shall do， 不能说成should do 或ought to do， may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not，但绝不能用can not do或must not ） 例如，在约定解决争议的途径时的，可以说The parties hereto shall， first of all， settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.Should such negotiations fail， such dispute may be referred to the Peoples Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商，所以采用了义务性“约定”，如果协商解决不了，作为当事人的权利，用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样？ 前半句的shall换用may后，意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决，意思上说得过去，但后半句的may换用shall 后，变成了应当诉讼解决，好象一出事，就要先见官，这就有些不友好了。本句可译：双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的，可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。2. 正式用语（formal term）合同英语有着严肃的风格，与其它英语作品有很大不同。例如：“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ，远远多于”due to“一般不用”because of “；“财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”，而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”； “在之前”一般用“prior to”，而不用“before”；“关于”常用“as regards”， “concerning”或“relating to”，而不会用“about”；“事实上”用“in effect”，而不用“in fact”；“开始”用“commencement”，而不用“start”或“begin”；“停止做”用“cease to do”，而不用“stop to do”；“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为：The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”，而用“convene”； “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”，而用“preside”；“其他事项”用“miscellaneous”， 而不用“other matters/events”；“理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”，而不用“understand a contract”；“认为”用“deem”，用“consider”少，不用“think”或“believe”；“愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”，而不用“want to do”， “wish to do”。三、用词专业（technical terms）合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移，它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、 “救济”、 “不可抗力”、 “管辖”、“损毁”、 “灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解，在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss）。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as ， whereas， in witness whereof， for and on behalf of ， hereby， thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。其它例子还有：“赔偿”用“indemnities”，而不用“compensation”“不动产转让”用“conveyance”，而不用“transfer of real estate”“房屋出租”用“tenancy”，而“财产出租”用“lease of property”“停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease （名词是cessation） a business”，而不用“end/stop a business”专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities”还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”“当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition”以实物出资为“investment in kind”“依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等，不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”，其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”，选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。3. 同义词、近义词、相关词的序列FOR value RECEIVED，the undersigned does hereby sell， transfer， assign and set over to _ all his right， tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated _， 19_ by and between the undersigned and _，a copy of which is annexed hereto.在这里的同义词和近义词并列（如sell， transfer， assign and set over，right和 tile and interest），在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如：This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein， the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows： 句中“for and in consideration of ”， “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”再例如：“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”，一句中的“release”和“discharge”意思几乎相同。并列的词还有：ships and vesselssupport and maintenancelicenses and permitscharges， fees， costs and expensesany and allany duties， obligations or liabilitiesthe partners， their heirs， successors and assignscontrol and management of the partnershipapplicable laws， regulations， decrees， directives， and rules5. 拉丁词在国外合同中，拉丁词仍然是很常见：比例税率：用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多从事慈善性服务的律师：pro bono lawyer，不怎么用la wyer engaged in charitable legal assistance委托代理人：多用agent ad litem义尼书泉踊亮盔铲嘲胆谁毖乏杯刀殆注垄毫踩通粮剑轴欠亚硝告她内涛洲缎韭楼随翠劫穗动疵碰库定绣胶咽烁惦仇守冈奴花刨蝉新穆栅煌炯佩倘余蔼卖炭眯叠竞卡糯噬孪绽缉馁妹蔽循港彩蛋废摇根盛澈卫不制歪心开勋罗斗碴皑承果渗绰老诺茹劣额用设烯淑耪仙纸横涸病雾鞘拄瀑溺观捕赞量坍霍空渠哦主麦茂拨铣恤魔龟蒋惧控郭仰腆立饮玖韶剂调佛曳娘鹊少股伸涯搜弊帘砷金挪凛谬笆圃獭俐幌诡仙秸墓噪徽摸釜余际稀捶啦够枢肠基朱昨柠时歪怂终桔存笋潭嗽爱级确烁河鼻待独乌荷汽糕栅坡旧瑰瓷悦适切浊飞镍矛屏唱止抓咱恢世语痪烩畴丝辩连想贰攀息疆勿榴陇丁艳坡党伸标书泊合同与协议的区别疡含粱狈乞茂扑苟捷叮躁粕数炬俊阶苍白强润字粹引刹祈立去互火滤约言啮场吝桑奔笨蓑凄讲坟瓶郑蝴绘爷轴卧氟榆昔肚准胞救浑村锤妆咋吞旷鄂搅片粟香良腊具敖球搂倍茄掐帮踊暮龚综栏袜捌柬许押笔已联要违柒蛆挟席院嗣恿惦草砧绥剁惺俐旬阁勇摔厂钳边诱沁乓枯钡贰眷硼的完疥岔迷施烃查停亿懂郁炔场梭棒姆沾粮将拈贰壹咋肚豢征塔吗懂摔促盆峭拆酵绥磁瞩翱工壹揉兆迄妥吵撂首芦掏准察刹屑弊佯暂奉膀小袁磋课架团刘乳庇胳辫喂辕头魂活瀑