初中英语从句讲解.docx

知识要点：
名词性从句包括：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连词有：
A.连词：that, whether, if（这三个词都不作从句的成分，同时，that无含义，而whether和if都表“是否”）
B.疑问代词：who, whom, whose, what, which
C.疑问副词：when, where, why, how

（一）主语从句：在复合句中充当主语的从句。
1.that引导主语从句
that引导主语从句时不同于其他的连词，既无词义也不作成分，只起单纯的连接作用，且通常不可以省。为了强调that引导的主语从句而置之于句首时，that不可省。
①That the driver could not control his car was obvious.
②That she was chosen made us very happy.
③That he will come is certain.
④That he would take the risk is true.
⑤That he should have married her isn't surprising.
★通常，that引导主语从句时用it做形式主语，把从句置于句尾，此时that有时可省。例如：
①It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.
②It made us very happy that she was chosen.
③It is certain that he will come.
④It is true that he would take the risk.
⑤It isn't surprising (that) he should have married her.
★如果以that从句为主语的句子是疑问句，就只能用先行词it结构。例如：
①Is it certain that he will come?
②Is it true that he would take the risk?
▲it做形式主语有以下几种不同的结构：
(1)It + be + 形容词+ that-从句
①It is likely that he will come.
②It is strange that she has ever trusted him.
③It is important that he (should) attend the meeting.
④It is best that he (should) go.
此句型在表示惊讶、喜悦、遗憾等感情色彩时，that从句中的谓语动词也常用 (should) + v原形。
It is strange that no one should have objected to the plan.
(2)It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.
It's a pity that he should have catched the train.
(3) It + be + -ed分词 + that从句
It is said that he is a famous writer.
It is reported that there will be a storm this afternoon.
▲在表示建议、要求、命令等意义的被动结构中，that从句中的谓语动词常用(should) do。（参见虚拟语气部分）
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be held this afternoon.
It is demanded that he (should) leave at once.
(4) It + seem/happen/appear等不及物动词 + that从句。（look不接that从句，它接to be结构或形容词）
It seems that he is wrong.
It appears that they are in urgent need of help.
He looks (to be) surprised/happy/sad.

2. whether引导主语从句，意为“是否”，只起连接作用，不充当任何成分。（置于句首时必须用whether引导，置于句尾时，间或可用if。）
Whether he will win the game is not clear.
Whether he will come is uncertain.
Whether she comes or not doesn't concern me.
It is not clear whether/if he will come.
It was uncertain whether he would come.

3. 连词代词what, who, which, whose等引导的主语从句。这些连接代词作用相当于代词，在从句中担当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
What we need is more time.
Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.
Whose book it is not important.
Which school you want to go matters much.

4.连接副词when, where, why, how引导的主语从句。这些连接副词相当于副词，在从句中充当状语。
Why he did this is not known.
When he will come is still unknown.
It is not known why he did this.
How he succeeded is unknown to us.
Where we should hold the meeting needs to be discussed.
注意：wh-引导的主语从句也常用it作形式主语。

5.也可用whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever等词引导主语从句，表示“无论什么”、“无论谁”、“无论何时”、“无论在（到）哪里”等。
Whoever told you to give up smoking was quite right.
Whatever he gave you should be handed in.
Whoever told you that was lying.
Whoever comes is welcome.

专项训练：
1.______ makes mistakes must correct them.
A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever
2. It worried her a bit ______ her hair was turning grey.
A. while B. that C. if D. for
3.When and why he came here ______ yet.
A. is not known B. are not known C. has not known D. have not known
4.______ is no reason for dismissing her.
A. Because she was a few minutes late B. Owing to a few minutes late
C. The fact that she was a few minutes late D. Being a few minutes late
5.______Tom liked to eat was different from ______.
A. That…that you had expected B. What …that you had expected
C. That…what you had expected D. What…what you had expected
6.______ we go swimming every day ______ us a lot of good.
A. If...do B. That...do C. If...does D. That...does
7.It ______ Bob drives badly.
A. thinks that B. is thought what C. thought that D. is thought that
8.It's uncertain ______ the experiment is worth doing.
A. if B. that C. whether D. how
9.______ the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry.
A. That B. What C. How D. Which
10.______ we can't get seems better than ______ we have.
A.What, what B. What, that C. That, that D. That, what
(后设答案，大家不要偷看(⊙o⊙)哦，(*^__^*) 嘻嘻……)

KEYS
1. C 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.A

（二）表语从句：在复合句中充当表语。
1. that在引导表语从句时无含义，不作成分，通常不省。
1)表示事实、真理等的实际内容。
The fact is that he is lying.
The odds are that he will not do it.
2）表示某人的意见、信念等的实际内容。
Our belief is that things will improve.
The trouble is that we are short of money.

2. whether引导表语从句（不可用if)。
His first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet.
The question is whether people will buy it.
3. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which引导的表语从句。
This is what I want.
The question is who can be chosen to be manager of the company.
My question is which of them is better.

4. 连接副词when, where, why, how引导的表语从句。
The problem seemed how we could make him understand it.
The question is where we should go.
5. as if, as though引导的表语从句（常用虚拟语气）。
He looks as if he were angry.
It looks as if it's going to rain.

专项训练：
1. The question is ______ we will have our sports meet next week.
A. that B. if C. when D. whether
2．The reason why he failed is ______ he was too careless.
A. because B. that C. for D. because of
3. Go and get your coat. It's ______ you left it.
A. where B. there C. there where D. where there
4．The problem is ______ to take the place of Ted
A. who can we get B. what we can get C. who we can get D. that we can get
5. What I want to know is ______ he likes the gift given by us.
A. that B. if C. whether D.不填
6. The reason is ______I missed the bus.
A. that B. when C. why D. what
7. That is ______ we were late last time.
A. that B. when C. why D. what
8. She looked ______ she were ten years younger.
　A. that B. like C. as D. as though
9.-- I fell sick!
-- I think it is ______ you are doing too much.
A. why B. when C. what D. because
10. The reason why he hasn’t come is ______.
A. because his mother is ill B. because of his mother’s being ill
C. that his mother is ill D. for his mother is ill
11.-- He was born here.
-- That is ______ he likes the place so much.
A. that B. what C. why D. how
12.That is ______ Lu Xun once lived.
A. what B. where C. that D. why

(后设答案，大家不要偷看(⊙o⊙)哦，(*^__^*) 嘻嘻……)
KEYS
1.D 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.D 10.C 11.C 12.B

（三）宾语从句：在复合句中充当宾语。
1. that引导宾语从句时无含义，不充当成分，常省略。
★that不引导介词的宾语从句，至于except that, in that, save that, but that等是复合从属连词。
I know (that) you have met him.
Let's suppose that one day this happens to you.
★在及物动词和宾语从句之间常有间接宾语（指人）。例如：
I told him (that) he was wrong.
★在少数动词如：think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, calculate, fancy, reckon, be supposed , seem, appear, feel as if, look as if, look like等后面的从句中的否定词经常转移到主句谓语动词上，这叫否定前置/否定转移。（hope“希望”, guess“认为”后的宾语从句否定不前置。I hope not.“我希望不是那样的”，是I hope so.的否定式。I don't hope so.是对hope的否定：“我不希望如此”。）如：
I don't think it will be very cold today.
I don't think you are right.
I don't believe he has finished his work.
注意：
①非必须否定转移。若需要强调从句的否定时就不作转移。
②不可把所有可否定转移动词的否定句都理解为否定宾语从句，要根据句意或语境而定。
I don't think diplomacy is a field for private enterprise.
We didn't think we'd be this late.
③当think用在疑问句中，或主句中的谓语动词与状语连用，或主句中的谓语动词被do强调时，不能否定转移。
Why do you think we can't change your note?
I do believe Tom never tells a lie.
They still didn't believe that the food would come.
I can't believe that they are married.
④否定转移多用在主句动词为一般现在时的情况。
主句动词为一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时，或主句动词与情态动词连用，就不能否定转移。此时若主句动词为否定，应考虑是否是对主句动词的否定。
I had thought that he would not come.
我已经想到了他不能来了。
⑤当宾语从句中有no, never, hardly, not at all, not a bit, not...enough, can't help doing等时不能否定转移。
I think I can't help laughing if I see it.
I believe he never tells a lie.
▲许多带宾语补足语的句子要用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置于句尾。
We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone.
We thought it a pity that she should have missed the chance.

2. whether, if引导宾语从句：表示“是否”可互换，口语中常用if。
He asked if she would come.
注意下列情况下whether不可用if换：
1)引导主语从句置于句首时。
2)whether后没有单词间隔而直接跟or not时。
I don't know whether or not he will come.
3) whether从句作介词宾语时。
They are talking about whether he will win the game.
Everything depends on whether you agree with us.
4)whether后接不定式时。
I don't know whether to attend the meeting.
5)动词discuss, decide的宾语从句时。
3. 连接代词what, who, whose等引导的宾语从句。
Tell me what you want.
Do you know who will come at the meeting?
注意：who, whom按照传统语法，从句中who所取代的名词如果是宾语应用宾格whom，但在口语中常用who，如：
Do you know whom (who) he will invite?
①whose, which, what三个词都带有形容词性质。whose表示所有，意为“谁的”；which意为“哪一个”，what意为“什么”。如：
Whose book it is not important.
Please tell me which school you want to go.
He didn't know what time it was.
②一般说来，which指的是在一个具体的、较明确的、有限的、较小范围；而what则指较广的或不明确的范围。如：which food，说话人一般指眼前的或明确范围的几种food；what food则指许多food，而且说话人心中没有数。
I don't know which / what food you want.
如果范围较大或者没有什么范围，最好用what food。

4. 连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。
I don't know when the meeting will be held.
Please tell me where I can find Tom.
He explained to me why he was absent from the meeting.
Can you tell me how I can get to the post office?
5. 可用whatever, whoever, whomever, whenever, wherever等引导宾语从句。
Please write down whatever he is saying.
I don't know whoever will come.
I'll do whatever you ask me to.
6. 表示爱憎情感的动词，如：enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, don't mind, resent, appreciate（感激）等以及某些介词结尾的短语动词如：count on, depend on, rely on, see to, look forward to, be fond of, feel like, see to等后，即使没有宾补也要先接形式宾语it，再接宾语从句。
I like it when she smiles at me.
I love it when you sing.
I hate it if I am spoken to loudly in public.
★除了but, besides, except, in, save, beyond六个介词后跟that引导的宾语从句外，其他介词都不能。in that是“因为”的意思，其余五个与that搭配都是“除了……”。

专项训练：
1、Do you know how much hot water ______?
A.Mum is needed B.does Mum need C.Mum needs D.did Mum need
2、Can you tell me ______?
A.where he is B.where is he C.he is where D.what is he
3、I didn't know how ______ to London?
A.would they go B.are they going C.they would go D.they are going
4、I want to know how long ______.
A.has he been back B.has he come back C.he has been back D.he has come back
5、Do you know ______?
A.what the news are B.what is the news C.what the news is D.what are the news
6、He said he would help me with my maths if he ______ free.
A.was B.will be C.would be D.is
7、He will write to you as soon as he ______ to Shanghai.
A.gets B.is getting C.will get D.shall get
8、Father ______ music when he ______ young
A.liked…was B.liked…is C.likes…was D.likes…is
9、I liked sports ______ I was young.
A.so much as B.so much that C.very much when D.very much because
10、______ mother got home,I was tidying my room.
A.After B.When C.As soon as D.Before
（后设答案，大家不要偷看(⊙o⊙)哦，(*^__^*) 嘻嘻……）

KEYS
1、C 2、A 3、C 4、C 5、C 6、A 7、A 8、A 9、C 10、B

知识要点：
一、定语从句的概念
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that, which, who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法
1.that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue. 我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）
2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. 位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）
3.who, whom用于指人，who用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom， 也可省略。例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）

注意：
（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who, that, which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：
This is the house in which we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel. 请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：
This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：
The city that she lives in is very far away. 她居住的城市非常远。
（4）关系词只能用that的情况：
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b. 被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which。例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？
c. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which。例如：
This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which。例如：
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？
f. 主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：
a. 先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that。例如：
What's that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？
b. 关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that。例如：
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
c. 引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that。例如：
Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。

五、关系副词的用法
（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：
This was the time when he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。
（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：
This is place where he works. 这是他工作的地点。
（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
六、which 和 as
在定语从句的非限制性定语中，which 和as 是容易混淆的。在很多情况下两者兼可互换，但在下列情况中不可互换：
（1）通常as 可以放在整句的句首，而which 只能在逗号之后，as 本身含有“正如”，as 在定语从句中既可是主语也可做宾语。
As appear from her paper, she has read widely in Romantic literature.
She is remarkable, as I have told you .
（2）which 在做非限制性定语从句关联词时可以无明确先行词，指前句整个的意思，如：She has warried again, which surprises us.
七、all that 和 what
在定语从句中，许多人往往分不清all that 和what，what 实际上只引导名词性从句，它相当于all that 两个字，例如：
All that I know is that he has made up his mind to heave the country for a new place.
= What I know is that he has...

【专项训练】
1．Football ______ is a very interesting game , is played all over the world.
A．that B．which C．it D．who
2．Is there anything else ______ you require?
A．which B．that C．who D．what
3．The last place ______ we visited was the Great Wall.
A．which B．that C．where D．it
4．He talked happily about the men and books ______ interested him greatly in the school.
A．which B．who C．it D．that
5．The realway tunnel, through ______ the train goes, will be completed soon.
A．which B．that C．it D．whom
6．His uncle works in a factory ______ bicycles are made.
A．that B．which C．where D．there
7．There is no dictionary ______ you can find everything.
A．that B．which C．where D．in that
8．Next month, ______ you’ll spend in your hometown is coming.
A．which B．that C．when D．where
9．Next month, ______ you’ll be in your hometown is coming.
A．which B．that C．when D．where
10．I often thought of my childhood, ______ I lived on a farm.
A．which B．where C．when D．who
（后设答案