医学英文论文写作5-Results.ppt

Web-based Medical Writing CourseUnit 5 RIMRAD FormatIMRAD FormatvIntroductionvMethodsvResults andvDiscussionResultsResultsvThe results section of our paper ought to be the easiest section to write if we have been true to the purpose of our study and have rigorously tested our research hypothesis.ResultsResultsvThe results section should also be The results section should also be the most the most objective sectionobjective section.It presents the unadorned.It presents the unadorned data with a minimum amount of explanation.data with a minimum amount of explanation.This allows the reader to form their own This allows the reader to form their own judgments about the meaning of the results.judgments about the meaning of the results.However,to the greatest extent possible,However,to the greatest extent possible,explanations and interpretations should be explanations and interpretations should be kept for the discussion section.kept for the discussion section.ICMJEsICMJEs uniform requirementsvWe need to think of the most logical sequence in which to present our data,and this is often(but not invariably)the sequence in which results were actually obtained in our study.Results What was found or seen?vDecide on a logical order for presentation(Table 1).vPresent the results that have a bearing on the question you are examining.vExclude irrelevant findings,but never omit valid results that appear to contradict your hypothesis.Table 1Common Patterns for Organizing MaterialPatternBasisCategorical Groupings of like itemsChronological Time sequenceSpatial Physical arrangement of entitiesFunctional How parts workImportance Usually with elements in order of decreasing consequenceProblem-solutions Predicament,possible answers,why each will/wont work,usually followed by specific recommendationSpecificity General to particular,or particular to general Complexity Usually from simple to complexPro and con Both sides of an issue or decisionCausality Cause and effectDeductive Conclusion first,then background leading up to itInductive Individual facts first,leading to conclusionICMJEsICMJEs Uniform RequirementsvSince the results are the informative core of the paper,this section needs to set out our observations in adequate detail and in a form which facilitates interpretation.ResultsResultsv Tables and figures are usually an integral part of this section.Dont use the text to parrot the information they contain.Readers can see the data for themselves.Instead,point out salient features and note relationships between the various results.Types of Tablesvtabulation 列表列表vformal table 规则表规则表 statistical table 统计表统计表 textual/word table 文字表文字表 matrix 矩阵表矩阵表 Types of Figuresvdiagram and flowchart 示意图和流程图示意图和流程图vprimary evidence 原始数据原始数据 photographs of patients 患者照片患者照片 micrographs 显微照片显微照片 gel electrophoretograms 凝胶电泳图凝胶电泳图 polygraph recording 多导描记图多导描记图Types of Figuresvgraphs 曲线图曲线图 line graphs/drawings 线图线图 scatter graphs,scattergrams 散点图散点图 bar graphs 条图条图 histograms 直方图直方图 frequency polygons 频数多方图频数多方图Types of Figuresvother types of figures pie graphs 饼图饼图 forest plot 森林图森林图 map 地图地图 Legends,Captionvlegends,caption 图例图例 figure designation 图标（图标（Figure 2）figure title 图题图题 experimental details 试验细节试验细节 标明数值报告形式标明数值报告形式 Values are expressed as mean(SD).definitions 定义解释定义解释 statistical information 统计学信息统计学信息 其他信息其他信息（信息来源，版权许可信息）（信息来源，版权许可信息）图例应隔行打字，以便同行专家及编辑审阅及修改。图例应隔行打字，以便同行专家及编辑审阅及修改。ResultsvIt is often useful to present data in tables or figures.However,we need to be conservative.Tables with too much data are difficult to comprehend,and such data may be better served by a graph.ResultsvFurthermore,we should not use tables and graphs when it is possible to present the same data with clarity within the text of the paper.vNot only is the content straightforward,but also the style used by successful writers is quite simple and direct.Moves Normally,the results section consists of only one or two“moves”.vThe ubiquitous move is the presentation of observations which were consistent with our expectations or hypothesis.vSome papers include a second move which presents our inconsistent observations.nThe first move has an introductory statement which summarizes the observations or orients the reader to the text to follow.The clinical outcomes at 1,3 and 6 months are presented below.Move 1nA metatextual expression referring to later text or a visual element nA statement of the results nA substantiation or reiteration of the resultsThree Steps of Move 1Step One nA metatextual expression referring to later text or a visual elementnStep one is directing the readers attention to text which exists below or to data which exists in an accompanying illustration or table.Three Steps of Move 1 Step OnenThe constituent sentences are written in the present tense.The active and passive voice are used with approximately the same frequency.The data are shown in Figure 2.Figure 2 shows the data.Mean blood pressures for the two groups are shown in Fig.1.Three Steps of Move 1 Three Steps of Move 1 n一一般般现现在在时时(Present tense):对对研研究究结结果果的的说说明明或或由由其其得得出出的的一一般般性性推推论论、不不同同结结果果之之间间或或实实验验数数据据与理论模型之间进行比较与理论模型之间进行比较 The higher incidence of back pain in civilian pilots may be due to.These results agree well with the findings of Smith.n一般过去时一般过去时(Past tense):所叙述或总结研究结果的所叙述或总结研究结果的内容为关于过去的事实内容为关于过去的事实 After flights of less than two hours,11%of the army pilots and 33%of the civilian pilots reported back pain.Three Steps of Move 1n不要把图表的序号作为段落的主题句，应在句中指出 图表所揭示的结论(把图表的序号放入括号中)Figure 1 shows the relationship between A and B.A was significantly higher than B at all time points checked(Fig.1).It is clearly shown in Table 1 that nocillin inhibited the growth of N.gonorrhoeae.Nocillin inhibited the growth of N.gonorrhoeae (Table 1).Step Two:a statement of the resultStep 2 is the actual statement of results obtained when the research was performed,and so is almost invariably written in the past tense.The passive voice is conventional in this element of the results.The treatment group had lower mean arterial pressure than the control group.Three Steps of Move 1Step Three A substantiation or reiteration of the results,characterized by the past tense and the passive voice.At 3 months,MAP in the treatment group was 10 3 mmHg lower than in the control group(p0.01).Three Steps of Move 1 Step Three There may also be evaluative expressions which perhaps are intended to encourage certain interpretations of the data,for example“As expected,blood pressure dropped following administration of propranolol”begs the question of who was doing the expecting(and whether readers are allowed to expect other outcomes).Three Steps of Move 1 Move 2,when present,is likely to follow the same steps as Move 1,but is more abbreviated.Although“negative”results(results not consistent with our expectations or hypothesis)may be important to our understanding of clinical or basic scientific issues,they make rather flat reading and cannot constitute a substantial portion of the results section.Move 2Even when such observations do not represent an experimental failure,it is hard to escape the implication that if our original research plan had been better thought out,our observations would have been a better match for our expectations.Move 2Summary1.Purpose of the results section Objectivity:Make the data,just the data,easy to find.Some readers want to interpret your data themselves rather than accepting the interpretation presented in the discussion.Description:Describe the data presented in figures and tables.Regional age-dating with crater counts from ejecta blanket degradation approximated ages from regular crater counts(Table 1).Summary2.Differences between the results section and the methods section Methods:How the data were accumulated.Results:What data were accumulated.Summary3.Differences between the results section and the discussion sectionResults:Data presentation (“Experiments showed that.”)Discussion:Data interpretation (“Experiments suggest that.”)Summary4.Contents of a results sectionA brief description of the experiment or rationale at the beginning of each subsection(“In order to.”;“As a result,we found that.”)The data(in past tense).Descriptive text for few determinations.Tables or graphs for repetitive determinations.The data that your methods indicated you would produce(and answering the questions you established in your introduction).5.Some qualities of a well-written results section Methods and results correspond.i.e.,no experimental results for which there are no methods,and vice versa.Results are presented in a logical order.e.g.,most important first,most fundamental first,etc.Results focus on the question(s)or hypothesis introduced earlier in the paper.Summary6.Some pitfalls of a results section Overstating the results(e.g.,“Figure 1 clearly shows”)Reporting irrelevant results:Although it is sometimes useful to report experiments that didnt work.Omitting visual organizers,such as subheads.Including inappropriate illustrations.Including methods and/or discussion:Overlap is acceptable in some circumstances.Summary1.Purpose of illustrations Condense large amounts of information.Convince readers of your findings(by showing data quality).Focus attention on certain findings (e.g.,relationship between values).Simplify complex findings.Promote thinking and discussion.vIllustration Caveat:The most beautiful illustration cannot hide lousy content-content is key.Illustrations Illustrations2.Some pitfalls of figures and captionsFigures Not mentioned in text.Textual data inconsistent with figures.Mislabeling.Symbols,data points,unreadable or cluttered.Ugliness(failure to get help from graphic designer).Illustrations 2.Some pitfalls of figures and captions Captions Reiterate results section.Written in shorthand,abbreviated form rather than whole sentences.Illustrations3.Choosing the most effective type of illustration for a given goal To show sequential processes:flowchart To classify information:table,list,pictograph To describe parts or circuits:schematic To describe a process,organization,or model:pictograph,flowchart,block diagram To describe a change of state:line graph,bar graphIllustrations3.Choosing the most effective type of illustration for a given goal To describe proportions:pie chart,bar graph To describe relationships:table,line graph,block diagram To describe causation:flowchart,pictograph To describe an entire object:schematic,drawing,photograph To show the vertical or horizontal:flowchart,drawing tree,block diagramIllustrations4.Providing textual context for your illustrations In the body of your article:Refer explicitly to the illustration (e.g.,“see Table 1”,“refer to Figure 3”)Tell the reader:How the graphic advances,supports,clarifies,or summarizes your discussion.Why it is important.What it means.How it supports your argument.Illustrations5.Examples of effective legendsTable 1.Increase of initial velocity with increase of enzyme concentration.As the concentration of the enzymes His461 and CSH36 are increased,the rate of A420 reading increases,as does the initial velocity(in nmol ONP/ml/min).Illustrations5.Examples of effective legendsFigure 1.Optical density readings at 595nm at four known concentrations.The best-fit line is drawn to determine the protein concentration of samples with known optical densities.The International Journal of Biochemistry&Cell BiologyVolume 39,Issue 1,2007,Pages 44-84 Nano Letters Volume 7 Issue 4(April 11,2007)Current Opinion in Structural Biology Volume 17,Issue 2,Pages 157-165(April 2007)Biotechnol.Progress,2007,Vol.23,No.21.1.坐标轴的刻度、说明；坐标轴的刻度、说明；2.2.符号说明；符号说明；3.3.误差统计处理误差统计处理标记帮助突出重点Lancet 2006;368:387403Golden Rules of Data Report 小于小于10的数字用文字表示的数字用文字表示 In the study group,eight participants underwent the intervention.大于、等于大于、等于10的数字用阿拉伯数字表示的数字用阿拉伯数字表示 There were 120 participants in the study.用文字而非阿拉伯数字作为一句话的开头用文字而非阿拉伯数字作为一句话的开头 Twenty per cent of participants had diabetes.Golden Rules of Data Report 数据的表述要前后保持一致数据的表述要前后保持一致 In the sample,15 boys and 4 girls had diabetes.小于小于1的数据以一个零开头的数据以一个零开头 The p value was 0.014.在数字及其百分号之间不要有空格在数字及其百分号之间不要有空格 In total,35%of participants had diabetes.Golden Rules of Data Report 数字及其单位之间有一个空格数字及其单位之间有一个空格 The mean height of the group was 170 cm.当样本量大于当样本量大于100时，百分数的报告保留一位小数时，百分数的报告保留一位小数 In our sample of 212 children,10.4%had diabetes.当样本量小于当样本量小于100时，百分数的报告不用保留小数时，百分数的报告不用保留小数 In our sample of 44 children,10%had diabetes.Golden Rules of Data Report 当样本量小于当样本量小于20时，不要用百分数描述时，不要用百分数描述 In our sample of 18 children,two had diabetes.在描述范围内，不要用在描述范围内，不要用“-”号，号，而要用而要用“to”或逗或逗 号，以避免与负号造成混淆号，以避免与负号造成混淆 The mean height was 162 cm(95%CI 156 to 168).The mean value was 0.5 mm(interquartile range 0.08 to 0.7).数据中数字的描述法则并不适用于文献的引用中，数据中数字的描述法则并不适用于文献的引用中，如文献引用中描述页码范围时可以用如文献引用中描述页码范围时可以用“-”号号:145-170 Journal of Young Investigators(JYI)Results Exposition:Sufficient detail:enough to understand the key results of the study Appropriate detail:no superfluous information Appropriate presentation:numbers and results are tabulated,not listedResults Section Review Standards Experimentation/Number of Trials:Sufficient to test the hypothesisStatistical Tests:Performed when appropriateData:Believable:probably not an artifact of poor experimental setupResults Section Review Standards Succinct:not verbose Clear:easy to read and understand Balanced:all the major topics are covered Focused:no superfluous information is includedResults Section Overall