汉译英技巧.ppt

汉译英译出地道的英语一、译文必须符合英语语法英语以谓语动词为核心，共有三种轴心结构。英语千变万化的句式，都是从这三种轴心句式结构中演变出来的。1、主系表2、主谓宾3、There be在“there be”句型中，动词除 be 之外，还可以由 seem,appear,stand,lie,get,become,arise,come,seem/appear to be 等担任。In theory there seem to be no problem in supplying this amount of water.从理论上讲，供应这么多水似乎不成问题。As our national economy and national defense develop,there arises a new demand for communication.随着国民经济和国防事业的发展，对通信提出了新的要求。英语句子还有定语修饰(动词不定式、分词短语、定语从句、介词短语等)、状语修饰(动词不定式，分词短语，状语从句，介词短语，独立主格成分等)以及时态、语态、语气、语序、强调、插入等变化。首先要确定这些变化，才能正确传达原文意义。1、确定句型昨天晚上我看见史密斯先生我看见史密斯先生走进了实验室。(状主主谓谓宾宾宾补)Yesterday evening I saw Mr.Smith enter the laboratory.刚买的那台机器似乎出了毛病机器似乎出了毛病。(there be)There seems something wrong with the newly-bought machine.牛奶变酸了牛奶变酸了。(主系表)The milk turns sour.2、语态变化Mr.Smith was seen to enter the laboratory yesterday evening.3、语气变化不然不然，我昨天晚上就会看见就会看见史密斯先生走进实验室。Otherwise,I would have seen Mr.Smith enter the laboratory yesterday evening.4、增加定语、状语、修饰成分、增加定语、状语、修饰成分昨天晚上我路过教学大楼时，我看见史密斯先生身穿白衣服、头戴白帽子，走进了实验室。Passing by the classroom building yesterday evening,I saw Mr.Smith dressed in white,wearing a white hat,enter the laboratory.5、句子组合如果句子中出现了两个或以上的“主-谓”结构，要考虑译为并列句、复合句、或独立结构。昨天晚上我看见了我看见了那个据说已经去了国外的史史密斯先生密斯先生走进了实验室，但是我的同伴却没看但是我的同伴却没看见。见。Yesterday evening I saw Mr.Smith enter the laboratory,who was said to have gone abroad,but my companion didnt.二、译文必须符合英语的习惯表达有的译文从语法看是没什么错误的，但外国人看不懂，毛病出在不符合英语的表达习惯，所以不是地道的英语，而是“中国式英语”(Chinglish)。我的心和你在一起。X My heart is together with you.I shall be with you in spirit.只要我们坚持改革开放政策，就一定能把我国建设建设成为强大的社会主义国家。So long as we stick to the reform and opening-up policy,we will be able to turn/transform China into a powerful socialist country.同时，市场自身的弱点和消极方面也会反映到人们的精神生活精神生活中来。Meanwhile,the weak points and negative factors involved in market operation will find expression in peoples cultural life.互相借鉴借鉴对方的经验。To profitably share experience.这些原则一直是我们民族的精神支柱是我们民族的精神支柱。These principles have nourished the soul of our nation.他废寝忘食废寝忘食地工作。He eats,drinks and sleeps his work.我们每时每刻都在关心关心人质的命运。We carry the fate of the hostages with us every single day.几天工夫，由于抢购，商场的货物销售一空。销售一空。Within days,panic buying emptied the store shelves.他们的婚姻是“老夫少妻老夫少妻”式的婚姻，最后炒得一塌糊涂，以离婚而告终。Their“May-December”marriage ended in a stormy divorce.句子主干的确立句子主干的确立1、主语的确立汉语的主语非常灵活，几乎可以由各种类型的词汇和语言单位来担任；而英语的主语语法要求则非常严格，只能由名词、代词或具有名词语法功能的语言单位（动词不定式、动名词、从句）来充当。所以，英译的主语确立首先要考虑它是否符合英语主句和英语主语角色的逻辑。许多情况下，汉、英主语不能“对等”照译。那个地方那个地方明年五月以前明年五月以前1000万元万元调查研究调查研究快快(用用)这种方法这种方法 能解决这个问题。能解决这个问题。巧干巧干从王教授那里从王教授那里把技术人员的积极性调动起来把技术人员的积极性调动起来如果用科学的方法如果用科学的方法人人动手人人动手 This problem can be solvedThis problem can be solvedat that place.at that place.before next May.before next May.if with care.if with care.(in)this way.(in)this way.through investigation and study.through investigation and study.with 10 million yuan.with 10 million yuan.This problem can be solvedby working ingeniously.by working ingeniously.with the help of Professor Wang.with the help of Professor Wang.by bring into play the positive by bring into play the positive factor of the technical staff.factor of the technical staff.by adopting scientific method.by adopting scientific method.when/if all bear a hand.when/if all bear a hand.你的英语你的英语讲得很好。X You speak English is very good.You speak good/excellent English.你每月的消费你每月的消费是比我多两倍。X Your spending of money is twice more than mine.You spend twice more money than I every month.汉语主语有时有隐蔽性，难以一眼看清楚。那就需要细心观察，逐步缩小视点，找出合乎英美人思维方式的主语。健康情况不佳健康情况不佳就无法有效地工作。X Ones poor health will prevent him from working efficiently.You can not work efficiently if you are in poor health.在历史上，由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。The constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan a city in central China.英美人强调事物的客观性，常以物或客观事实作主语，而人则退到次要的位置。我我看当然像这么回事。It certainly seems so to me.你你从来没有想到过他的故事可能是捏造的吗？Has it downed on you that his story may be fabrication?我我一时想不起他的名字。His name just escaped me.我我激动得说不出话来。Words failed me here.如果汉语句子中主语是地点（个别情况下是时间)，谓语动词是状态动词或者“有”、“发生”、“出现”等词时，译成英语时多用 there be 句型，这种情况下就应把汉语句子中的宾语译成主语。好像有点不大对头不大对头。There seems something wrong about it.街角躺着一个一个病重的老人老人。There lies at the corner of the street an old man who is seriously ill.在这部小说里看来没有更有趣的东西东西了。There appears to be nothing more interesting in this novel.2.谓语的确立汉语的谓语同主语相似，几乎所有的词汇和语言单位都可以充当谓语。此外，汉语的谓语可以横排式地连用几个动词。而英语的谓语只能由动词来担任，而且多数情况下只由一个主要动词来担任，其他动词往往以非谓语的形态出现（如不定式、动名词、分词)。真大。一千多平方公里。在中国的北部。买东西方便。名胜古迹很多。北京 外来人口逐年增多。在秋天最美丽。乘车到上海只需要十几个小时。交通状况不太好。民风淳朴。Beijing is really big/in the North of China/at its best in fall.Beijing has an area of over 10 million square kilos.It is convenient to go shopping in Beijing.There are many many historical sites in Beijing.The population of migrants in Beijing is enlarging each year.It takes less than twenty hours by train from Beijing to Shanghai.Traffic system in Beijing is not reliable.People in Beijing are simple and honest.汉语的联动式谓语译成英语时，只能保留一个主要动词(并列动词除外)，而把其它的动词译为名词、介词短语、分词或者不定式等。总统准备准备明天乘乘专机前往前往上海参观访问参观访问。The president is going to Shanghai by his special plane for a visit.晚上过来过来跟跟我们一块儿块儿去打去打保龄球好吗？Would you come to join us in playing Bowling this evening?某些动词的固定搭配1、在具有“夺去、除去、减轻、发表”等意义的他动词后面，先接对象，而后用of 引出内容。发表意见：deliver oneself of an opinion戒掉习惯：rid/break oneself of sth.清除某地的东西：clear a place of sth.(snow)使某人丧失希望：bereave sb.of his hope使某人耗尽资源：drain sb.of his resources解除某人的职务：relieve sb.of his duty剥夺某人的财产：strip sb.of sth.治好了某人的病：cure sb.of his disease2.在具有“供给”意义的他动词，往往先接对象，后把内容用with引出来。供给某人某物:supply/provide/arm/furnish sb.with sth.往上装东西：load sth.with sth.往到东西：fill sth.with sth.给某人颁奖：present sb.with an award把东西托给某人：trust sb.with sth.为某人献歌：favor sb.with a song 3.具有“打、抓、拍、拉”等意义的他动词，先接对象，后用适当的介词引出内容。抓的胳膊：seize sb.by the arm扯住的袖子：pull sb.by the leaves揪住的耳朵：grab sb.by the ear拍的肩膀：slap/pat sb.on the shoulder摸某人的脸：touch sb.on the face打某人的头：strike sb.on the head汉译英表达五戒一、力戒“虚假对等”汉语的许多词汇所要传达的信息具有潜在性和隐蔽性，有的有深层的含义，有的有言外之意，有的有比喻意义。因此，汉译英时如不弄清汉语词汇所要传达的真实信息而机械的对等翻译，往往会造成“虚假对等”。他有很强的事业心事业心。X He has a strong heart of career.He is a man of great enterprise.应大力发展“外向型经济外向型经济”。Great efforts should be made to develop“external-oriented economy”.他多嘴多舌多嘴多舌。He has a loose tongue.他是有名的“气管炎气管炎”。Almost everybody here knows he is hen-pecked.他不想跟着老板的指挥棒转。指挥棒转。He doesnt want to dance to his bosss tune.现在很多人提倡民族化化、科学化化、大众化化。Many people nowadays are calling for a transformation to a national,scientific and mass style.实现政府各级领导的年轻化、知识化、专业化。年轻化、知识化、专业化。To ensure that the leadership of government at all levels becomes younger,more educated professionally more competent.二、力戒搭配不当英语不少都是有固定搭配的，不少译者往往受汉语的影响而乱点鸳鸯谱，造成重大的语言错误。英语词语的固定搭配属于惯用法的范畴，没什么道理可讲，只能死记硬背。To fulfil/complete/accomplete a task(not finish)Have/record/score achievement(not make)Acquire/attain knowledge(not learn)Hail/greet the Asian Games(not congratulation)我们有过这样的经验It was our experience that(not:We had the experience that)战火扩大。The flames of war spread(not:the flames of war expand).强硬政策 tough policy(not:strong policy)The price is high/low.(not:The price expensive/cheap)The traffic is busy.(not:crowded)Beat sb.(not:win sb.)三、力戒角度单一汉译英时，如果从这个角度译不通顺，可以换另外一个角度。也就是说思路要开阔，方法要灵活，避免撞倒南墙不回头。例如词类转换，语态变换，肯定与否定变换，词序及叙事方式也可以变换。她有有内在美的性格。She is endowed with a lovely character.警察提了警棍，遇到他不顺耳，不顺眼的，不顺耳，不顺眼的，动手就打。The cop carried a stick,ready to thwack anybody who offended his ear or eye.四、力戒用词重复 重复用词是汉译英的一大忌。它所带来的一个直接后果是，译文显得缺乏文采，让人觉得单调乏味。如果多次提到一个人或东西，不能总用一个词，而应变换说法，用同义词、近义词或者用代词指代。这样才能使语言生动活泼。不错，我们研究所目前是正在进行基础性的研究基础性的研究工作工作，但是，在基础性的研究工作基础性的研究工作中，我们不能忽视应用性的研究，也不能忽视开发性的研究。You are right,our institute at present is carrying out basic research work.However,in doing so,we must overlook neither applied research nor the research for development.中国科学院首批宣布了17个研究实验室和研究所对国内外国内外开放。我们认为，这一措施对促进国内国内外外科技人员和学术思想的交流，对加强国内外国内外科研机构和科学家之间的联系，都是十分必要的。The Chinese Academy of Science has announced the first batch of 17 laboratories and institutes opening up nationally and internationally.We are of the opinion this is an imperative measure adopted to facilitate the exchanges of scientific personal and academic ideas nationwide and overseas,and to strengthen the academic ties between the institutions and scientists both at home and abroad.这份辛苦的工作正在影响影响我的健康。This hard work is telling my health.科学知识要求完全不受个人情感影响影响。Scientific knowledge aims at being wholly impersonal.粗劣的食物影响影响儿童的自然生长。Poor food arrests the natural growth of children.他们在政治上缺乏影响影响力力。They lack political clout.文艺对人的思想有很大的影响影响。Literature and art have a great influence upon peoples ideology.离婚对儿童的不良影响影响已成为美国社会普遍关注的问题问题。The negative impact of divorce on children has become a matter of general concern of the public in America.我说的话对他简直没有任何影响影响。What I said made practically no impression on him.一个伟大的人无论做什么都产生影响影响。A great man leaves his mark on whatever he does.身体过胖会影响影响一个人参加体育活动。Being overweight will handicap one in sports.五、力戒意义空缺 汉语中有很多建华和浓缩的词汇以及反应中国文化独特色彩的词汇，译成英语时，往往需要加词解释以补偿其中的意义空缺。如果机械地对等翻译，外国读者会莫名其妙，不知所云。我是农历农历十月十五酉时酉时生人。所以我的乳名叫“酉”，北京人的习惯爱用儿化韵，前面加个“小小”，后面加个“儿儿”，就叫“小酉儿”。I was born somewhere between 5:007:00P.M.(this period of the day is named“you”according to the Chinese traditional way of counting time)October 15 of the lunar calendar.So I was named“YOU”.Prefixed with“XIAO”young,and suffixed with a diminutive“ER”an intimate way of addressing small and young things by Beijingers,my name became“XIAO YOU”钱先生周岁时“抓周抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书钟书”.When Qian was just one year old,he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others.He picked up a book of all things.There upon his father very gladly gave his name:Zhongshu(=book lover).这所大学实行定向定向招生。Students are admitted to this university to be trained for pre-determined employers.Homework:1.句子翻译这篇文章的中心意思是什么？我的意思还是不去为好。天有点要下雨的意思。够意思！不过我的意思你还是收下，不要不好意思。他的话真没意思。我们大家一起去度假可真有意思了。这是我们的一点小意思。我把你的生日给忘了，真不好意思。2.CET-4 TranslationDirections:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.剪纸（paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。