现代西方哲学06.ppt

第六章第六章 存在主义（萨特）存在主义（萨特）SartreSartre(21 June 1905 15 April 1980)was a French existentialist philosopher,playwright,novelist,screenwriter,political activist,biographer,and literary critic.He was one of the leading figures in 20th century French philosophy,particularly Marxism,and was one of the key figures in literary and philosophical existentialism.His work continues to influence fields such as Marxist philosophy,sociology,critical theory and literary studies.He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature but refused it.Why?Why to decline?In 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature,but he declined it,stating that It is not the same thing if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre or if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre,Nobel Prize winner.A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution,even if it takes place in the most honorable form.Sartre was also noted for his long non-monogamous relationship with the feminist author and social theorist Simone de Beauvoir.Hlne de Beauvoirs house in Goxwiller,where Sartre tried to hide from the media after being awarded the Nobel Prize.Sartre and other thinkersAs a teenager in the 1920s,Sartre became attracted to philosophy upon reading Henri Bergsons essay Time and Free Will:An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness.He studied and earned a doctorate in philosophy in Paris at the cole Normale Suprieure,an institution of higher education that was the alma mater for several prominent French thinkers and intellectuals.It was at ENS that Sartre began his life-long,sometimes fractious,friendship with Raymond Aron.Sartre was influenced by many aspects of Western philosophy,absorbing ideas from Kant,Hegel,Kierkegaard,Husserl and Heidegger,among others.Sartre as a public intellectual（作为公共知识分子的萨特作为公共知识分子的萨特）While the broad focus of Sartres life revolved around the notion of human freedom,he began a sustained intellectual participation in more public matters in 1945.Prior to thisbefore the Second World Warhe was content with the role of an apolitical liberal intellectual.不关心政治的自由知识分子不关心政治的自由知识分子公共知识分子公共知识分子二战的影响二战的影响The war opened Sartres eyes to a political reality he had not yet understood until forced into continual engagement with it.Returning to Paris in 1941 he formed a resistance group.In 1943,after the group disbanded,Sartre joined a writers Resistance group,in which he remained an active participant until the end of the war.He continued to write ferociously,and it was due to this crucial experience of war and captivity that Sartre began to try to build up a positive moral system and to express it through literature”.Sartre and literatureSartres views were counterposed to those of Albert Camus in the popular imagination.In 1948,the Roman Catholic Church placed his complete works on the Index of prohibited books.Most of his plays are richly symbolic and serve as a means of conveying his philosophy.Aside from the impact of Nausea（恶心）,Sartres major contribution to literature was The Roads to Freedom trilogy which charts the progression of how World War II affected Sartres ideas.In this way,Roads to Freedom presents a less theoretical and more practical approach to existentialism.加缪加缪Jean Paul Sartre 1967Beauvoir Sartre-Che Guevara-1960-Cuba 1955年波伏瓦与萨特在中年波伏瓦与萨特在中国访问国访问最后的文化英雄Sartre and Simone de Beauvoirs grave,Montparnasse,Paris,France-16June2009 Existence precedes essenceThe proposition that existence precedes essence is a central claim of existentialism,which reverses the traditional philosophical view that the essence or nature of a thing is more fundamental and immutable than its existence.To existentialists,the human beingthrough his consciousnesscreates his own values and determines a meaning for his life because,in the beginning,the human being does not possess any inherent identity or value.By posing the acts that constitute him,he makes his existence more significant.陀思妥耶夫斯基：如果上帝不存在，任何事情都可能发生。one is not born a woman,but becomes oneSimone de Beauvoir also uses this concept in her feminist existentialism to develop the idea that one is not born a woman,but becomes one.Man is born free;and everywhere he is in chains.Jean-Jacques Rousseau 决定论 determinism外在因素外在因素决定下的自我：决定下的自我：上帝或命运；遗传因子；上帝或命运；遗传因子；自然规律；社会训练；家庭环境；意识形态；无自然规律；社会训练；家庭环境；意识形态；无意识的动机；对我们行为的隐秘的控制意识的动机；对我们行为的隐秘的控制。决定论的多种形式：宿命论；神学决定论；生物决定论的多种形式：宿命论；神学决定论；生物决定论等。决定论等。核心思想：核心思想：任何事件都是被决定的任何事件都是被决定的，而且如果给，而且如果给出决定性条件（例如命运的裁决，上帝所预定的出决定性条件（例如命运的裁决，上帝所预定的行为，先前的物理原因加上自然规律），被如此行为，先前的物理原因加上自然规律），被如此决定的那个事件就会必然发生。决定的那个事件就会必然发生。这样，如果具有自由意志是我们这样，如果具有自由意志是我们对自己的行为负对自己的行为负责的先决条件责的先决条件，那么决定论对道德责任构成了威，那么决定论对道德责任构成了威胁。胁。自由意志的重要性自由意志的重要性自由意志的自由意志的意义意义并非完全来自于我们对并非完全来自于我们对道道德责任德责任的关注，而是在更深的层次上与的关注，而是在更深的层次上与人人的尊严和我们的自我概念的尊严和我们的自我概念联系在一起。联系在一起。阴谋、阴谋、整个世界都是大阴谋阴谋、阴谋、整个世界都是大阴谋