The-History-of-China.pptx

The History of China1 Prehistory(史前时代)1.1 Paleolithic1.2 Neolithic2 Ancient era(传说时代)2.1 Xia Dynasty 2.2 Shang Dynasty 2.3 Zhou Dynasty 2.4 Spring and Autumn Period 2.5 Warring States Period 3 Imperial era(帝王时代)3.1 Qin Dynasty 3.2 Han Dynasty 3.3 Wei and Jin Period 3.4 Southern and Northern Dynasties3.6 Sui Dynasty 3.7 Tang Dynasty 3.8 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 3.9 Song,Liao,Jin,and Western Xia Dynasties 3.10 Yuan Dynasty 3.11 Ming Dynasty 3.12 Qing Dynasty 4 Modern era(近，现代时期)4.1 Republic of China4.2 1949 to presentContentsRemoteAntiquitytoSlaveSociety(1.7millionyearsago-476B.C.)China,oneoftheworldsmostancientcivilizations,hasarecordedhistoryofnearly4,000years.A fossil anthropoid unearthed in Yuanmou in Yunnan Province,“Yuanmou Man,”who lived approximately 1.7 million years ago,is Chinas earliest primitive man known so far.Yuanmou Man site“PekingMan,”wholivedintheZhoukoudianareanearBeijing600,000yearsago,wasabletowalkupright,makeandusesimpletools,andknewhowtomakefire.Peking Man sitePeking Man skull tools(Paleolithic Age)TheNeolithicAgestartedinChinaabout10,000yearsago,andrelicsfromthisperiodcanbefoundalloverthecountry.ArtificiallygrownriceandmilletaswellasfarmingtoolshavebeenfoundintheremainsofHemuduinYuyao,ZhejiangProvince,andBanpo,nearXianCity,ShaanxiProvince,respectively.Theserelicsdatebacksome6,000-7,000years.HemuduBanpoXiaDynastyChinesecivilizationbeganwiththelegendarysage-emperorsHuangDiandYanDiintheareaoftheYellowRiverBasinAftercenturies,thetwotribesgraduallymergedintoonebythetimeoftheXiaDynasty.Chinesepeople,usuallyregardthemselvesas“thedescendantsofYanandHuang”.ChinesegenerallytellthehistoryfromXiaDynasty,whichwasfoundedin2070B.C.WiththeXiaDynasty,ChinaenteredslavesocietyYuDressArts and craftsTheShangDynasty(1600B.C.-1046B.C.)TheShangDynastyenjoyedthemostadvancedbronzecivilizationintheworldThedevelopmentofawritingsystemcanbewitnessedontheoraclesliketortoiseshelloranimalbones,andthesewritingswerethebeginningofthewrittenChineselanguage.司母戊鼎司母戊鼎 四羊方尊四羊方尊甲骨文甲骨文 TheZhouDynasty(1046B.C.-221B.C.)TheZhouDynastyreignedforthelongestperiodofallChinesedynastiesTheZhouDynastyfellintoseveralsub-periods:theWesternZhou,theEasternZhouwhichwasfurtherdividedintotheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriodTheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesperiodsarefamousfortheculturalprosperitywith“HundredSchoolsofThought”.AllSchoolsofThoughtsContendforAttentionDuringtheSpringandAutumnandtheWarringStatesperiods,therewasagreatupsurgeofintellectualactivity,producingmanyfamousphilosophers,suchasLaoTzu,Confucius,MenciusandMoTzu,andthewell-knownmilitaryscientistSunWu.Lao Tzu 道德经道德经TheBookofTaoandTehConfucius Analects of ConfuciusMencius 富富贵贵不不能能淫淫，贫贫贱贱不不能能移移，威威武武不不能能屈屈。此此之之谓谓大大丈丈夫夫。孟孟子子 Mo TzuMo Tzu尚贤、尚同、兼爱、非攻、节用、尚贤、尚同、兼爱、非攻、节用、节葬节葬 Sun Wu 孙子兵法孙子兵法，现收藏于故宫博物馆，现收藏于故宫博物馆 The Art of WarTheQinDynastyQinShiHuang(259-210B.C.)andHisEmpireIn 221 B.C.,Ying Zheng,ruler of the State of Qin and a man of great talent and bold vision,ended the 250-odd years of rivalry among the independent principalities during the Warring States Period,establishing the first centralized,unified,multi-ethnic feudal state in Chinese historythe Qin Dynasty(221-207 B.C.).He called himself Qin Shi Huang or“First Emperor of Qin”.秦的统一秦的统一远远交交近近攻攻合合纵纵连连横横秦秦韩韩楚魏魏齐燕燕赵赵Hestandardizedthewrittenscript,weightsandmeasures,andcurrencies.Thesovereignsofthenext2,000-oddyearsfollowedthefeudalgovernmentalstructureestablishedbyhim.WrittenScript 圆形方孔钱圆形方孔钱Currencies度度衡衡量量WeightsandMeasuresTheQinDynastywaswell-knownforbeginningtheconstructionoftheGreatWallwhichwaslateraugmentedandenhancedduringtheMingDynasty.QinShiHuanghadworkedonhisenormousmausoleumstartedearlyinhisreign.Theterracottawarriorsofthe“undergroundarmy”guardingthemausoleum,unearthedin1974,amazedtheworld.The8,000vivid,life-sizepotteryfigures,horsesandchariotshavebeencalledthe“eighthwonderoftheworld.”HanDynasty(206B.C.-220A.D.)andtheSilkRoadLiuBangestablishedthepowerfulHanDynastyin206B.C.DuringtheHanDynasty,agriculture,handicraftsandcommerceflourished,andthepopulationreached50million.Liu BangEmperorWudiDuringhisreign(140-87B.C.),themostprosperousperiodoftheHanDynasty,LiuChe,EmperorWudi,expandedtheterritoryoftheempirefromtheCentralPlaintotheWesternRegions(present-dayXinjiangandCentralAsia).SilkRoadHedispatchedZhangQiantwiceashisenvoytotheWesternRegions,andintheprocesspioneeredtherouteknownastheSilkRoadfromChangan(todaysXian,ShaanxiProvince),throughXinjiangandCentralAsia,andontotheeastcoastoftheMediterraneanSea.ChinesesilkgoodsweretradedtotheWestalongtheSilkRoad.AscontactsbetweentheEastandWestincreased,BuddhismspreadtoChinainthefirstcentury.In105,anofficialnamedCaiLuninventedatechniqueformakingfinepaper,whichisconsideredtohavebeenarevolutionincommunicationandlearning.Jin(265-420)TheThreeKingdomswasfollowedbytheWesternJinwithLuoyangasitscapitalcity,andEasternJinwithJiankang(Nanjing)asitscapitalcity.TheJinDynastydidnotlastlongwithalotofconfrontationsandconflicts.TheUpheavaloftheEightPrincesTangDynasty(618-907)LiYuanfoundedtheTangDynastywithitscapitalatChangan.ZhenguanReignPeriodReformsLiShimin,orEmperorTaizong(626-649),sonofLiYuan,adoptedaseriesofliberalpolicies,pushingtheprosperityofChinasfeudalsocietytoitspeak.LiShiminDuringtheTangDynasty,BuddhismflourishedandgraduallybecamelocalizedasanimportantpartofChinesetraditionalcultureABuddhistmonkXuanZangtraveledfromChanganthroughGansu,XinjiangandcentralAsiatoIndiaforthefurtheranceofBuddhistclassics.Song,Yuan,MingandQingDynasties(960-1911)TheperiodoftheFiveDynastiesandTenStates,whichsucceededtheTangDynasty,wasoneofalmostcontinualwarfare.SongDynasty(960-1279)In960,ZhaoKuangyin,ageneraloftheStateofLaterZhou,establishedtheSongDynasty(960-1279),historicallyknownastheNorthernSongDynasty.WhentheSongDynastymoveditscapitaltothesouth,historicallycalledtheSouthernSongDynasty,itbroughtadvancedeconomyandculturetothesouth,givingagreatimpetustoeconomicdevelopment.RiversideSceneatQingmingFestivalChinaintheSongDynastywasinthefrontrankoftheworldinastronomy,scienceandtechnologyandprintingtechnologyasevidenced,forexample,byBiShengsinventingmovabletypeprinting,agreatrevolutioninprintinghistory.BiShengMovabletypeprintingYuanDynasty(1271-1368)In1271,Kublai,agrandsonofGenghisKhan,conqueredtheCentralPlain,foundedtheYuanDynasty(1271-1368),andmadeDadu(todaysBeijing)thecapital.元朝花瓶元朝花瓶元朝建筑元朝建筑Kublaiwrotefinistothecenturies-longsituationinwhichmanyindependentregimesexistedsidebyside,andformedaunitedcountrythatbroughtXinjiang,TibetandYunnanunderitssway.KublaiFourGreatInventions(Song-Yuanperiod)printingpapermakingthecompassgunpowderDuringtheSong-Yuanperiod,the“fourgreatinventions”inscienceandtechnologyoftheChinesepeopleinancientwerefurtherdeveloped,andintroducedtoforeigncountries,makinggreatcontributionstoworldcivilization.MingDynasty(1368-1644)In1368,ZhuYuanzhangestablishedtheMingDynasty(1368-1644)inNanjing,reigningasEmperorTaizu.WhenhissonandsuccessorZhuDi(1360-1424)ascendedthethrone,in1360,hebuiltandexpandedthepalaces,temples,citywallsandmoatinBeijingonalargescale.In1421,heofficiallymovedthecapitaltoBeijing.ZhuYuanzhangZhuDiDuringhisreign,hedispatchedaeunuchnamedZhengHetoleadafleetofmanyshipstomakesevenfar-rangingvoyages.PassingtheSoutheastAsiancountries,theIndianOcean,PersianGulfandMaldivesIslands,ZhengHeexploredasfarasSomaliaandKenyaontheeasterncoastofAfrica.Thesewerethelargest-scaleandlongestvoyagesintheworldbeforetheageofColumbus.QingDynasty(1644-1911)TheManchusofnortheastChinaestablishedtheQingDynasty(1644-1911)in1644,undertheleadershipofNurhachi.Kangxi(1661-1722)wasthemostfamousemperoroftheQingDynasty.HebroughtTaiwanunderQingrule,andresistedinvasionsbytsaristRussia.ToreinforcetheadministrationofTibet,healsoformulatedtherulesandregulationsontheconfirmationoftheTibetanlocalleadersbytheCentralGovernment.Heeffectivelyadministeredover11millionsqkmofChineseterritory.NurhachiKangxiModernPeriod(1840-1919)Duringthe19thcentury,theQingDynastydeclinedrapidly.BritainsmuggledlargequantitiesofopiumintoChina,makingtheQinggovernmentimposeabanonthedrug.Inanefforttoprotectitsopiumtrade,BritainlaunchedawarofaggressionagainstChinain1840.TheQinggovernmentfinallysignedtheTreatyofNanking,atreatyofnationalbetrayalandhumiliation,withtheBritishgovernment.Manycountries,includingBritain,theUnitedStates,France,RussiaandJapan,forcedtheQinggovernmenttosignvariousunequaltreatiesfollowingtheOpiumWar.Chinawasgraduallyrelegatedtoasemi-colonial,semi-feudalcountry.TheRevolutionof1911TheRevolutionof1911ledbyDr.SunYat-senwasoneofthegreatesteventsinmodernChinesehistory,asitoverthrewthe200-odd-year-oldQingDynasty,endingover2,000yearsoffeudalmonarchy,andestablishedtheRepublicofChina.New-DemocraticRevolution(1919-1949)TheMay4thMovementof1919isregardedastheideologicaloriginofmanyimportanteventsinmodernChinesehistory.ItsdirectcausewastheunequaltreatiesimposedonChinaaftertheFirstWorldWar.Outofstrongpatriotism,studentsinitiatedthemovement,anditfurtherdevelopedintoanationalprotestmovementofpeoplefromallwalksoflife.ItalsomarkedtheintroductionintoChinaofvariousnewideologies,amongwhichthespreadofMarxism-Leninismwasworthyofspecialmention.UndertheinfluenceofRussiasOctoberRevolutionof1917,12delegates,includingMaoZedong,representingcommunistgroupsindifferentplacesthroughoutthenation,heldtheFirstNationalCongressinShanghaiin1921tofoundtheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC).TheChinesepeopleledbytheCPCunderwentsuccessivelytheNorthernExpeditionaryWar(1924-27),WarofAgrarianRevolution(1927-37),WarofResistanceAgainstJapan(1937-45)andWarofLiberation(1946-49).OwingtothecooperationandjointresistanceoftheCPCandKuomintangtheJapaneseaggressorsweredefeated.WarofResistanceAgainstJapanButshortlyaftertheanti-Japanesewar,theKuomintanglaunchedacivilwaragain.Afterthethree-yearWarofLiberationledbytheCPC,theKuomintanggovernmentwasfinallyoverthrownin1949.WarofLiberationPeoplesRepublicofChina(1949-)OnOctober1,1949agrandceremonywaswitnessedby300,000peopleinBeijingsTiananmenSquare,andMaoZedong,chairmanoftheCentralPeoplesGovernment,solemnlyproclaimedthefoundingofthePeoplesRepublicofChina(PRC).Duringtheinitialpost-Liberationperiod,theChinesegovernmentsuccessfullycarriedoutlandreforminareasaccountingforover90percentofthetotalnationalagriculturalpopulation.AmazingachievementsweremadeduringtheFirstFive-YearPlanperiod,from1953to1957.Theaverageannualincreaserateofthenationalincomereachedover8.9percent.Chinaestablishedbasicindustriesnecessaryforfullindustrializationhithertonon-existentdomestically,producingairplanes,automobiles,heavymachinery,precisionmachinery,power-generatingequipment,etc.ThefirstplanemadeinChinaUnfortunately,the“culturalrevolution,”whichlastedfortenyears(May1966-October1976),madethestateanditspeoplesufferthemostserioussetbacksandlossessinceitsfounding.TheJiangQingcounter-revolutionarycliquewassmashedinOctober1976,markingtheendofthe“culturalrevolution,”andthebeginningofanewerainChinesehistory.TheCPCreinstatedDengXiaoping,previouslygeneralsecretaryoftheCPC,inallthePartyandgovernmentalpostshehadbeendismissedfromduringthe“culturalrevolution.”In1979,Chinainstitutedaguidingpolicyof“reformandopeningtotheoutsideworld”underDengsleadership,andthefocuswasshiftedtomodernization.DengXiaopingShenZhenMajoreffortsweremadetoreformtheeconomicandpoliticalsystems.ChinawasstepbystepestablishingaroadwithChinesecharacteristics,aroadthatwouldleadtosocialistmodernization.ProfoundchangeshavecomeaboutinChinasincethecountryembarkedonthepolicyofreformandopening-up.Thesituationinthecountryisthebestever,characterizedbyaswiftlyandvigorouslyadvancingeconomyandmarkedlyimprovedlivingstandard.