modernlinguistics-现代语言学-构词法.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2015/11/3,#,Could you express,them,in English?,Pigtail,d,ogs ear,书页的折角,Cats paw,someone who is used by someone else to achieve something,bad:,猫,爪（被利用的人）,Q.When will a lion settle for a lions share?,A.It depends on which lions share youre talking about,says Mark Davidson in Right,Wrong,and Risky.The phrase is commonly used to mean the largest portion,such as when The Financial Times stated that a mere 30 of Egypts 300 book publishers receive the lions share of the industrys profit.,Compounding,Definition,Formation,Features,phonological feature,semantic feature,Chinese Counterpart,1.Definition,Compound,refers to those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme,or two or more words joined together to form single new word.,In compounds,the lexical morphemes can be of different word classes.,2.Formation,Adjective Noun Verb,Adjective bittersweet poorhouse whitewash,Noun headstrong homework spoonfeed,Verb pickpocket sleepwalk,Takeover?,Compounds are variously spelled with the hyphen,spaces,or nothing between the individual words.,Spelling does not tell us what sequence of words constitute a compound;whether a compound is spelled with a space between the two words,with a hyphen,or with no separation at all depends on the idiosyncrasies of the particular compound:,blackbird,gold-tail,and cloth moth,s,olid,hyphenated,and open,3.1 Phonological Feature,Compound,a black horse,a bluebird,a fat head,a hot house,Free phrase,a black horse,a blue bird,a fat head,a hot house,In an actual compound,the first word is usually stressed(pronounced louder and higher in pitch),and in a non-compound phrase the second word is usually stressed.,Red,coat,red,coat,3.2 Semantic Feature,The compounds meanings do not simply follow the“1+1 Principle”.,The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts,Many compounds tend to have senses that are not wholly predictable from the constituent elements:,darkroom,Jack-in-a-box,room used for photographic processing,a toy consisting of a clown-like puppet that springs out of a box when the lid is activated.,A boathouse is a house for boats,a cathouse?,A magnifying glass is a glass that magnifies,a looking glass?,Peanut oil and olive oil are oils made from something,baby oil?,1,年半前,A year and a half ago,1.American cloth,2.British warm,3.Turkish delight,4.,Spanish athelete,5.,Chinese copy,6.,French leave,7.,Indian meal,8.,Dutch treat,美产布料,英国式的暖日,土耳其式狂欢,西班牙运动员,中国版本,法式告别,印度大餐,荷兰招待方式,彩色油布,厚呢短大衣,土耳其软糖,吹牛者,山寨,不辞而别,玉米粥,AA,制,Read the following compounds,and then guess their meanings,4,现代汉语 复合式,联合型,偏正型,补充型,动宾型,主谓型,4.1,联合型（并列型）,AB:A,、,B,并列，,A,、,B,的语义关系。,由两个意义相同、相近、相关或相反的词根并列组合而成的，这两个词根的前后顺序一般不能随意调换，如“买卖”不能说成“卖买”，也有少量可对调的，如“互相”也可说成“相互”。,举例：,1,、两词根意义并列，可互相说明，准确表达含义。,例如：途径 价值 关闭 治理 富强,2,、两词根结合后产生了新的意义。,例如：聪明 眉目 骨肉 方圆 始终,3,、两词根意结合后，只有一个词根的意项在起主要作用。,例如：国家 人物 忘记 没有 质量,4.2,偏正型,AB,：前偏后正，,A,修饰,B,。,前一词根对后一根起修饰限制作用。,如：高山 小说 汉字 公牛 红色 倾销 飞奔,4.3,补充型,后一词根补充说明前一词根。,举例：,1,、前一词根表示动作，后一词根表示动作的结果。例如：说服 打倒 延长 改进 合成 推广,2,、前一词根表示事物，后一词根表示事物的单位。例如：人员 牛只 羊群 花朵 船只 房间,4.4,动宾型,支配型：,前一词根表示动作、行为，后一词根表示动作行为所支配的对象。,例如,司法 管家 扫地 投资,动员 拔河 挂钩,4.5,主谓型,陈述型,前一词根表示被陈述的事物，后一词根是陈述前一词根的。,例如：,眼熟 嘴馋 肉麻 心慌,自动 民主 海啸,able,ab,ly,ab,ility,un,able,dis,able,en,able,Derivation/Affixation,Definition,Affix,prefix,infix,suffix,Chinese Counterparts,1.Definition,Derivation is done by adding,affixes,to,a root.,In contrast to,compound,a,derivational word consists of at least,a free morpheme,and,a bound,morpheme,(derivational morpheme/affix,).,e.g.,pure+ify,=purify,which means“to make pure”,purify+cation,=purification,which means“the process of making pure”,2.Affixes/Derivational Morphemes,Derivational morphemes have clear semantic content.In this sense they are like content words,except that they are not words.As we have seen,when a derivational morpheme is added to a base,it adds,meaning,.,The derived word may also be of a different,grammatical class,than the original word,as shown by suffixes such as able and ly.When a verb is suffixed with able,the result is an adjective,as in desire+able,adore+able.When the suffix en is added to an adjective,a verb is derived,as in dark+en.One may form a noun from an adjective,as in sweet+ie.,3.1 Prefix,Prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the root.They do not generally alter the word-class of the root;,fair unfair,is a typical example.,However,with further investigation,it has been found that there quite a number of prefixes in current English which do convert to a different word-class in comparison with their original bases.,Be-adj.v.belittle,becalm,De-n.v.deform,debug,En-n.v.unleash,unearth,Anti-n.adj.anti-war,anti-aircraft,Inter-n.adj.inter-state,inter-laboratory,Post-n.adj.postwar,postliberation,Pre-nadj.precalculus,Brief description of some productive prefixes in modern English.,anti,.(Greek,against),A.Meaning,a.against:antipolitical,antitraditional,b.unlike:anti-art,antihero,c.belonging to the hypothetical world consisting of antimatter:antineutron,antiquark,B.Function,a.affixed to N to form N:antipope,b.affixed to N to form Adj.:antiwar,c.affixed to Adj.to form Adj.:antisocial,de-,(Latin,off/from),A.Meaning,a.to undo what has been done,reverse an action or process:decolonize,desegregate,deacidify,denationalize,b.to remove:defog,delocalize,denuclearize,B.Function,a.affixed to V.to form V.:decolourize,decentralize,b.affixed to N.to form N.:debug,mini-,(French,“miniature”,popularized by the British Motor Corporations Mini Minor,a car produced in 1960),A.Meaning,a.of very small size or importance:minibus,minipark,ministate,b.reaching well above the knee:miniskirt,B.Function,prefixed to N.to form N.:minibike,minidress,word class has often been changed,Noun,suffixes,Adjective suffixes,Verb suffixes,Adverb suffixes,3.2,Suffix,3.2.1 Noun Suffix,a.The formed noun refers to a,person or thing,-ster/-eer,gangster,youngster,profiteer,-er/-or/-ar,driver,villager,stranger,Londoner,actor,beggar,-,ee,(,passive,)trainee,examinee,-,ess,(,female,)lioness,waitress,-,ant,/-,ent,inhabitant,resident,-,ese,/-,an,/-,ian,Chinese,American,physician,-,ist,socialist,violinist,-,crat,democrat,bureaucrat,b,.the formed noun refers to,abstractness(,status,condition,domain,state,system),-,hood,boyhood,neighborhood,-,ship,friendship,dictatorship,-,dom,freedom,stardom,-,ocracy,democracy,-,ry,slavery,nunnery,machinery,-,ance,/-,ence,importance,confidence,-,ity,sincerity,maturity,-,ness,consciousness,carelessness,-,ics,/-,logy,statistics,psychology,-,sure,pressure,-,ture,mixture,texture,-,ism,Darwinism,formalism,-,age,shortage,drainage,-,y,difficulty,victory,c.the formed noun refers to an,act,-ion/-tion/-sion/-ssion,invitation,decision,permission,-,ment,movement,achievement,-,al,refusal,dismissal,-,ing,building,driving,d.the formed noun refers to,smallness,-,en,kitten,-,et(te,)cigaret(te),kitchenet(te),-,ling,duckling,-,let,piglet,booklet,-,eme,morpheme,phoneme,-,on,electron,neutron,e.the formed noun refers to a,place,-,ary,library,-,ery,refinery,nunnery,-,ory,factory,dormitory,-,ium,auditorium,solarium,-,ful,(affirmative)careful,useful,-,less,(negative)careless,useless,-,ly,friendly,cowardly,-,y,sunny,hairy,-,en,woolen,wooden,-,like,childlike,-,ish,(like,about,somewhat)childish,girlish,yellowish,-,esque,(like)picturesque,-(i)an,Darwinian,American,-,ese,Japanese,-,ist,socialist,capitalist,3.2.2 Adjective Suffix,-,al,economical,criminal,-ic,economic,historic,-,ive,sensitive,respective,-,ous,advantageous,virtuous,famous,-,ed,respected,pointed,pleased,-,ite,definite,opposite,-,some,tiresome,troublesome,-,able/-ible,(passive)sensible,respectable,3.2.3 Verb Suffix,-ize/-ise/-yze/-yse,modernize,analyze,-en,soften,lengthen,-ify,beautify,simplify,-ate,excavate,evaporate,3.2.4 Adverb Suffix,-ly,:happily,wholly,carefully,-,ward,(in the direction of):upward,stationward,-,wise,(in the direction of,as far as concerned):,anti-clockwise,weatherwise,moneywise,manpowerwise,4,附加式,前加式（前缀加词根）,后加式（词根加后缀）,4.1,前加式,前缀加词根：,老,-,老乡 老师 老鼠 老爸,第,-,第一 第十 第五,阿,-,阿公 阿婕 阿毛,4.2,后加式,词根加后缀：,-,子 瓶子 胖子 孩子 刀子,-,头 石头 个头 木头 山头 活头,-,儿 鸟儿 花儿 个儿 歌儿,-,性 弹性 硬性 创造性,-,的 好的 对的 红通通的 笑眯眯的,