Lecture-2[1]-Three-Adequacies-当代语言学导论.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lecture 2,Three Adequacies,Important,points,review,Epistemology Ontology,The division of philosophy that investigates the nature and origin of knowledge.,A theory of the nature of knowledge.,The division of philosophy that deals with being,认识论,本体论,What is grammar?,Pedagogical approach to grammar:designed to show you the“correct”way to write and speak a language.,Generative approach to grammar:Grammar is the knowledge that every speaker has of the language that he/she speaks.A speaker might not be aware of this knowledge,or able to describe it to someone else,but he/she has an intuitive grasp of the structures and forms of the language that he/she speaks.,A lady was regarded as of slightly poor mentality.,A doctor asked her to put some pictures into categories.,Observational adequacy Descriptive adequacy,Explanatory,adequacy,The house is easy to blow up.,The house is easy to catch fire.,John is eager to please.,John is easy to please.,John is eager to smile.,John is easy to smile.,The baby is eager to walk.,*The baby is easy to walk.,Chinese equivalents,这座房子容易爆破。,这座房子容易着火。,约翰很想讨好。,约翰容易讨好。,约翰很想微笑。,?,约翰容易微笑。,这小宝宝很想走路。,*这小宝宝容易走路。,Observational adequacy,Successful research is expected to be adequate in observation,that is,exhausting all the phenomena observable and being,duplicable,可复制的,可加倍的,可再发生的,.A grammar of language is,observationally adequate,if it correctly specifies which sentences are(and are not)syntactically,semantically,morphologically,and phonologically well-formed in the language.,Descriptive adequacy,Proper description is based on adequate observation,and a piece of scientific work in language study is,descriptively adequate,if it provides a principled account of the native speakers intuitions about the structure of the linguistic phenomenon observed.,Explanatory adequacy,Conditions imposed on any adequate linguistic theory:,1.,Universally valid,:it must be able to provide us with a descriptively adequate grammar for every natural language.,2.,Maximally constrained,:it may,enable us to characterize the,very essence of human language;,it must not be appropriate for,the description of other,communication systems.,3.,Psychologically real,:it,tells how the mind,produces and processes,language.,A theory in science must not be pure speculation but testable at observational,descriptive,and explanatory levels.,Galileos thesis,Nature is perfect,The“tourist map”of linguistics,mind,world,bye-bye!,