第四章-英语句子的翻译.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,第四章 英语句子的翻译,第一节 基本步骤,第一节 基本步骤,原文理解,1、提炼主干,2、句子成份分析,译文表达,1、直译法,2、意译法,3、转意法,识别成份,判定语法及逻辑关系,第二节 简单句的译法,第二节 简单句的译法,句子成份的翻译,一、主语的译法,1,、直译,Installing,the electronic units in the ground and,leasing,telephone wires would cost$15,000,000.,安装,地下电子装置和,租借,电话线就要耗资一千五百万美元。,一、,主语的译法,2、转移为宾语,Unless a,generator,is provided,a battery system,with automatic charging features should be provided.,如果没有,发电机,，则应配备有自动充电功能的,蓄电池系统,。,谓语,provided与generator和a battery system在逻辑上具有动宾关系，因此可译成动宾关系的短语。,一、主语的译法,3,、转移为状语,The last 10 years,witnessed the great changes in the development of hydroelectric power in china.,最近,10,年,，中国在水力发电方面取得了重的进展。,当英语用表达时间的词作主语，用,see,notice,find,，,witness,等词作谓语时，将主语转译为汉语的状语，会使译文更加通顺。,一、主语的译法,4、转移为定语,Such materials,are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.,这些材料的,特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。,5、转移为谓语,The,accuracy,of results is doubtful.,这些结果,是否准确,令人怀疑。,这些结果的准确度是令人怀疑的。,“,of+名词”结构中的名词做主语，与原句中的主语之间具有逻辑主谓关系，因此主语转译成形容词作分句的谓语，介词of省译。,三、表语的译法,1、直译,2、转译为谓语,某些形容词、副词、介词及介词短语等在句中作表语时，通常可译成动词谓语。,The new power plant is under,construction,.,新电厂正在,筹建,。,3、转移为主语,The mechanical pump is a well-designed,structure,.,机械泵的,结构,设计得很好。,三、表语的译法,4、转译为宾语,系表结构（系动词,+adj/to do/of+名词）表示某物质的特性时，一般把系动词译为“具有”“属于”等动词，而表语译为相应的动词，在译文中作宾语。,This material is,sound-proof,.,这种材料具有,隔音效果,。,5、转译为状语,TNT is,sample,and relatively safe to manufacture.,TNT制造,容易,且简单。,四、宾语的译法,1,、直译法,2,、转译为主语,The new equipments provide a relatively small,loss of energy,.,新设备的,能耗,较小。,3,、转译为谓语,宾语表示动作意义或由动词派生而来，常常译为谓语，相应地把修饰该宾语的形容词译为副词状语。,四、宾语的译法,4、转译为谓语,Much of Japans robotics development has involved,modifying currently available machines,by adding computers and sensors rather than fundamentally,redesigning the machinery,.,日本在开发机器人技术方面基本上不,重新设计,机器,，而多通过增设计算机和传感器的途径来,改进,现有机器,。,五、定语的译法,1、顺译和倒译,一般形式简单的短语名词短语采用顺译法,eg:meduim and small hydropower stations,中小型水电站,定语置于中心词的后面时，一般采用倒译法,Problems,encountered in the test,indicate the need for following additional design refinements.,试验中出现的,问题表明：还需要对原设计进行下述改进。,五、定语的译法,2、转译为谓语,通常将偏正关系的名词短语译为主谓短语,Manganese has the,same,effect on the strength of steel as silicon.,锰对刚强度的影响和硅,相同,。,3、转译为主语中心词,There are currently two areas,of mechanical engineering,:thermo-sciences and design.,机械工程的,范围可分为两个主要方面：热学和设计。,六、状语的译法,1、直译法,2、转译为主语,How many electrons does a magnesium atom have,in its outer layer,.,镁原子的,最外层,有多少个电子？,3、转译为定语,When a spring is tightly stretched,it is ready to do work.,拉紧的,弹簧随时可以做功。,第二节 并列句的译法,一,、直译,将连词按字面意思将并列句直译为汉语的并列复句,E.g.1:We could use two resistors,or,we could increase the value of the present single resistor.,我们可以用两个串联的电阻，或者增加现有的一个电阻的阻值。,E.g.2:Monitor electrical loads power distribution lines,and,promptly fill out on-duty records.,观察各分路用电负荷的变化，并且按时填写值班记录表。,二,、转译成复合句,E.g.3:Start a sound into the air,and,it will make waves which you cannot see.,如果向空中发出一个声音，就会产生你看不见的电磁波。,E.g.4:This heating requires electricity,and,produces unwanted heat.,这种加热需要电能，而且会产生不需要的热。,第三节 英语长句的译法,一,、顺译法,按行文的先后顺序或内容的逻辑顺序依次译出,E.g.1:It is important to remember that the composition of a given grade of steel can be subject to variations within the range of its specification,and such variations in composition,impurity elements and also grain size caused in hot-working process will result in differences in both response to heat treatment and variations in mechanical properties.,重要的是要记住，给定牌号钢的化学成分在其规定的范围内可能发生一些变化，这样一些在热加工中引起的存在于成分、杂质元素、还有晶粒大小上的变化，将使热处理工艺和力学性能产生一些差异。,二,、倒译法,改变原文顺序以符合汉语表达习惯,E.g.2:aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century,because nowhere in nature is it found free,owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen,for which it has strong affinity.,铝总是和其他元素结合在一起，最普遍的是和氧结合在一起，因为铝对氧有很强的亲和力。因为这个原因，,在自然界中任何地方都找不到游离状态的铝，,所以一直到十九世纪人们才知道铝的存在。,三,、内嵌法,将长句中的后置修饰成分（包括各类短语和从句，即定语和状语）放在被修饰的中心词前。,E.g.3:Management is the scientific art,of attaining intended organizational objectives by working effectively with and through the human and material resources of the firm.,管理是,通过有效地处理和运用公司的人力和物力资源来达到开办公司的预期目的的,一门艺术。,四,、分译法,把原文中较长或不易安排的句子成分拆译成汉语短语或独立句,E.g.4:Great efforts will be made to achieve advancement and independent innovation of technology,which will lead to improved safety and cost-efficiency of nuclear power reactors and competitiveness of nuclear power.,我们将更努力实现先进的技术和技术的自我更新，,这将提高核反应堆的安全和成本效益及核电的综合性能,。,五,、重组法,E.g.5:The final part of the paper highlights the areas for potential application of thermomechanical treatments and,emphasizes the need,for information to facilitate design of suitable forming equipment for exploiting the potential of thermomechanica treatments over a range of temperatures as a means of producing various products forms enhanced property combinations.,文章的最后部分着重论述形变热处理可能应用的领域，,并强调指出：,为了便于设计适宜的成形设备，作为生产具有优异综合性能的不同形状产品的工具，需要获得有关的知识，而这种成形设备可用来发挥在一系列温度下形变热处理的潜力。,第四节主从复合句的翻译,一、定语从句的翻译,1,）前置法。,把英语限制性定语从句译成带“的”定语词组，放在被修饰词之前。,例：,Thermal power plants are,those,which make use of fuels like coal,petroleum and natural gas,.,译：火电厂是,利用煤、石油、天然气等作为燃料,的,发电厂。,一、定语从句的翻译,2,）后置法。,译成后置的并列分句，并在并列分句中视情况重复或省略英语先行词。,例：,It is quite possible that failure to eat enough to maintain optimum vitamin levels can cause behavioral and personality,changes,which may include insomnia,loss of appetite,and irritability.,译：倘若摄入的食量不足以维持适度的维生素水平，就可能导致行为和性格的改变，,这些变化,包括失眠、食欲不振、烦躁不安等,。,这里,重复,了英语先行词。,一、定语从句的翻译,2,）后置法。,译成后置的并列分句，并在并列分句中视情况重复或省略英语先行词。,例：,There are currently two kinds of advanced reactor power plant,designs,being developed in the world,which include advanced light water reactor(ALWR)and advanced modular reactor designs.,译：目前，世界上处于开发阶段的先进的反应堆电厂设计方案有两种,，（,这两种方案,）,包括改进轻水反应堆设计和改进模块反应堆设计,。,这里,省略,了英语先行词。,一、定语从句的翻译,3,）融合法。,把原句中的主语和定语从句融合在一起译成一个独立的句子。多用于翻译限制性定语从句。,例：,There are some,metals,which possess the power to conduct electricity,.,译：某些金属,具有导电的能力,。,一、定语从句的翻译,4,）转译法。,例：,Metals,which contains free electrons,are good conductors of electricity.,译：,由于,金属,含自由电子,，所以是电的良导体。,根据句子意义，译成因果关系等。,二、状语从句的翻译,1,）时间状语从句。,例：,Before,the steam leaves the boiler,it passes through a superheater.,译：蒸汽先通过过热器，,再离开锅炉,。,中文通常先叙述先发生的事。,二、状语从句的翻译,2,）地点状语从句。,例：,Wherever,conductors are needed,insulators will be indispensable.,译：,凡是需要导体的地方,，就缺不了绝缘体。,翻译时做必要的调整。,二、状语从句的翻译,3,）条件状语从句。,例：,The amount of deformation is directly proportional to the applied stress,provided,the force does not exceed a certain limit,.,译：,如果,外力不超过某一限度的话,，,那么,形变量与外力成正比。,通常译为“如果,那么,”来表达条件和结果的关系。,二、状语从句的翻译,4,）原因状语从句。,例：,At the beginning of the 20,th,century it became known,as the result of,research by Becquerel,the Curies,and others,that some nuclei exists which spontaneously transform themselves into other nuclear species with the emission of radiation.,译：在,20,世纪初，,由于贝克雷尔、居里夫妇及其他一些人的研究成果,，人们知道了存在某些原子核，他们能以产生辐射的方式自发地转变成其他的核类。,可译为“由于”、“既然”、“原因是,”等或译为汉语主语。,二、状语从句的翻译,5,）让步状语从句。,例：,Animals,although,they need some inorganic food,cannot live on it alone.,译：,尽管动物需要无机物的营养,，但是却不能单独以此维持生命。,可译为“不管”、“无论”、“尽管,”之类。,二、状语从句的翻译,6,）目的状语从句。,例：,The spare parts must be greased,so that,they may not erode,.,译：备用件需涂上油，,这样才不会受到腐蚀,。,可译为“为了,”、“好,”、“为,”之类。,二、状语从句的翻译,7,）结果状语从句。,例：,The progress study of thermodynamics is,such that experts can predict which processes or reactions might occur spontaneously,.,译：热力学的研究取得了一些进展，,专家们能够就此预测哪些过程或反应可以自发进行,。,译成汉语时后置,二、状语从句的翻译,8,）方式状语从句。,例：,It was then that scientists discovered the great value of penicillin,as,we known it today.,译：正是在那时，科学家们才发现了,如今所知的,青霉素的巨大价值。,可转译为定语从句,二、状语从句的翻译,9,）比较状语从句。,例：,Nothing in the world travels faster,than,light.,译：世界上没有什么东西,比光,传播得更快。,三、表语从句的翻译,英语中的表语从句通常采用顺译法，偶尔用倒译法,Eg:That is,why it is critical to set your security software,which can get updated automatically.,使用自动更新的安全软件至关重要,，道理就在这里,四、同位语从句的翻译,1,、直译,2,、同位语从句转译成宾语,3,、同位语从句译成定语,1,、直译,Eg:There is little doubt that,human beings and computers are getting more friendly,.,人类和计算机的关系日益密切，这一点,没什么可怀疑的,同位语从句译作对本位语表示解释作用的分句,四、同位语从句的翻译,2,、同位语从句转译成宾语,被同位语从句说明的本位语，若包含着有动作意义的名词，换而言之，是由动词直接转化而来的名词或由动词派生出来的名词，一般可以把这类词译成动词，而将同位语从句译成汉语的主谓结构，作谓语动词的宾语。,Eg:He expressed the hope,that he could do the experiment again.,他希望,他能重做那项试验,四、同位语从句的翻译,3,、同位语从句译成定语,Eg,：,Obviously there was little probability,that they would succeed in electrolysis,.,很明显，,他们在电解方面成功,的,可能性是极小的,斜体部分的同位语从句紧跟在,probability,之后，在语义方面，相当于修饰本位语的定语从句，所以转译为“的”字短语作译文的定语,四、同位语从句的翻译,主语从句有两种形式：,1,）由从属连词或连接副词或连接代词引导的一般句型,2,）由先行词,it,引导的特有句型,分为,顺译法,和,倒译法,五、主语从句的翻译,1,、顺译法,It seems,that the invention of the electronic watch has made a great impact on the mechanical watch making industry,.,似乎,电子表的发明对于机械钟表业产生了巨大的影响,五、主语从句的翻译,2,、倒译法,It is a matter of common experience,that bodies are lighter in water than they are in air.,物体在水中比在空气中轻,，这是一种大家共有的经验,原句的结构是“,it+,谓语,+that(whether),从句”，可先译从句，在主句前加译“,这,”，使译文前后更连贯,五、主语从句的翻译,Eg:This principle means that it may be possible to determine,where an electron is,.,这一原理意味着有可能测定,电子的位置,Eg,：,A simple experiment will show,whether magnetic field produces electricity,.,磁场是否会产生电,，做个简单的实验就可以证明,六、宾语从句的翻译,第五节 非人称主语句的翻译,第五节 非人称主语句的翻译,1,、直译,2,、译成人称主语句,3,、译成汉语的复句,一、直译,Eg:This instruments need to be sterilized,仪器需要消毒,二、译成人称主语句,方法：在译文中添加人称代词，将原句改成人称主语句,Eg:A carefully comparison of these two metal parts will show you their difference,只要仔细比较这两个金属原件，,你,就会发现它们的不同之处,三、译为汉语的复句,Eg:This position was completely reversed by this mans development of the utilizaition of nitrogen from the air.,由于这个人发明了利用空气中氮气的方法，这种局面就完全改变了,原句中将,by,引导的介词短语译为原因状语，使译文译为因果复句,Thanks!,