无机非金属材料工程专业英语-第1章.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chapter1 Introduction,Learning Objectives 2,1.1 Historical Perspective 2,1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 2,1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering?4,1.4 Classification of Materials 5,1.5 Advanced Materials 6,1.6 Modern Materials Needs 6,汉语翻译成英文,材料科学,材料工程,金属材料,非金属材料,陶瓷材料,高分子材料,复合材料,生物材料,半导体材料,先进材料,Words and phrases,Deep-seated:close/intimate,紧密的,Virtually:practically/in fact/nearly/as good as/in effect/in essence,实际上地,Every,segment,of our everyday lives:,日常生活的每个方面,Segment:section/division/part/piece,部分、片,Manipulate:control/employ,控制、使用,Designate:define/denote/label/name,标记、命名,Access to):approach,途径,Pottery:pots/dishes or other items made from clay and fired in a kiln(oven),陶器,Alter:change,改变,Utilization:application/use,应用、用途,Empower:control,驾驭、控制,Words and phrases,Characteristic:peculiarity,feature/trait/attribute/property,特质,Evolve:produce,生产,Complex:sophisticated,复杂的,Contemporary,：,Someone who lived or was in a particular place at the same time as someone else.Modern/belonging to the present time,同时代的,Nebulous:vague.An idea that is nebulous is not at all clear or exact.,模棱两可的,Elaboration,解释，阐述,Stepwise,楼梯式的,逐步的,Recreation,消遣,娱乐,segment,段,节,片断,Deteriorative,恶化，变质，,Evoke,引起，唤起,Interdisciplinary,交叉学科,Metallurgy,冶金,Nebulous,模糊的，云雾状的,Agglomerate,团聚，大块,Dielectric current,介电常数,Thermal conductivity,热传导,Heat capacity,热容,Refraction,折射，衍射,Ductility,延展性,Overriding,最重要的,Prohibitive,抑制,Judicious,明智的,criterion,准则,1.1 Historical perspective(,观察，透视,),Materials are probably more deep-seated(,根深蒂固的,深层的,)in our culture than most of us realize,.,Transportation,housing,clothing,communication,recreation,（娱乐）,and food production,virtually,（事实上）,every,segment,（,方面）,of our everyday lives is influenced to,one degree or another,（不同程度地）,by materials.,Historically,the development and advancement of societies have been,intimately,（密切地）,tied to the members ability to produce and,manipulate,（使用）,materials to fill their needs.,In fact,early civilizations have been,designated,（命名）,by the level of their materials development(i.e.,Stone Age,Bronze Age,Iron Age).,Stone age,iron age,Steel age,Advanced materials age,bronze age,The earliest humans had,access to,only a very limited number of materials,those that occur naturally:stone,wood,clay,（粘土）,skins,and so on.,With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties,superior to,those of the natural ones;these new materials included pottery,（陶器）,and various metals.,Furthermore,it was discovered that,the properties of a material could be,altered,（改变）,by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances.,At this point,materials utilization,（利用）,was totally a selection process,that is,deciding from a given,rather limited set of materials the one that,was best suited for,an application,by virtue of,（凭借）,its characteristics,（特性）,.,It was not until relatively recent times that scientist came to understand the relationship between structural elements of materials and their properties.,This knowledge,acquired in the past 60 years or so,has,empowered,（使能够）,them to,fashion,(shape),to a large degree,（非常）,the characteristics of materials.,Thus,tens of thousands of different materials have,evolved,（出现）,with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society.,These include metals,plastics,glasses,and fibers.,The ugly bowl and the beautiful cup are different in appearance,but do you know the bowl is the ancestor of the cup if trace back to 7000 years ago?,porcelain,ceramics,The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately,associated with,the,accessibility,(,途径,)of suitable materials.,An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the,forerunner,（先驱）,to the,stepwise,（逐步的）,progression of a technology.,For example,automobiles,would not,have been possible,without,the,availability,（利用）,of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute.,In our,contemporary,(,同时代的,)era,sophisticated,（复杂的）,electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called,semi-conducting,（半导体的）,materials.,Materials scientists and engineers,seek,（,try,investigate,寻求）,to understand and control the basic structure of materials in order to make the products stronger,lighter,brighter,safer,faster and better,suited(adapt,fit)to,(,适合,)human needs.,Every part in your car and every piece of your computer are carefully selected to,optimize,(,优化,)performance and cost effectiveness.,3.Task for Materials scientists and engineers,4.Materials Science and Engineering(MSE)discipline,The discipline of,materials science,involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials,.,In contrast,materials engineering,is,on the basis of these structureproperty correlations,designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a,predetermined,(,预定的,)set of properties,.,Throughout this text we,draw attention to,the,relationships between,material properties and structural elements.,Structure,is,at this point,a,nebulous,（模糊的）,term that deserves some explanation.,In brief,the structure of a material usually,relates to,the arrangement of its internal components.,Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and,interactions with,their nuclei(,原子核,).,On an atomic level,structure,encompasses,(,包含,)the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another.,The next larger structural,realm,(,区域,),which contains large groups of atoms that are normally,agglomerated,(,团聚,)together,is termed,microscopic,meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope.,Finally,structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed,macroscopic,.,The notion of property deserves,elaboration,.While in service use,all materials,are exposed to,external,stimuli,（刺激）,that,evoke,（唤起）,some type of response.,For example,a specimen,subjected to,forces will experience deformation;or a polished metal surface will reflect light.Property is a material,trait,（特性）,in terms of,the kind and magnitude of,response to,a specific,imposed,（施加的）,stimulus,（刺激）,.,Generally,definitions of properties are made,independent of,（与无关）,material shape and size.,Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be,grouped into,six different categories:,mechanical,electrical,thermal,magnetic,optical,and deteriorative,.,For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus,capable of,provoking(evoke),different,responses,.,Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force;examples include,elastic modulus,(,弹性模量,)and strength.,For electrical properties,such as,electrical conductivity,（电导率）,and,dielectric constant,（介电场数）,the stimulus is an,electric field,（电场）,.,The,thermal,（热的）,behavior of solids can be represented,in terms of,heat capacity,（热容）,and,thermal conductivity,（热导率）,.,Magnetic,（,磁性的）,properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a,magnetic field,（磁场）,.,For,optical,（,光学的）,properties,the stimulus is electromagnetic,（电磁的）,or,light radiation,（光辐射）,;index of,refraction,（折射）,and,reflectivity,（反射）,are representative optical properties.,Finally,deteriorative,（腐败的）,characteristics indicate the,chemical reactivity,（化学反应）,of materials.The chapters that follow discuss properties that fall within each of these six classifications.,In addition to,structure and properties,two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials,viz,(namely,that is).,processing,(,加工,)and,performance,（性能）,.,With regard to,the relationships of these four components,the structure of a material will,depend on,how it is processed.,Furthermore,a materials performance will be a function of its properties.Thus,the interrelationship between processing,structure,properties,and performance is linear,as,depicted in,the schematic illustration,shown in,Figure 1.1.,Throughout this text we,draw attention to,the relationships among these four components,in terms of,the design,production,and utilization of materials.,Materials Science and Engineering(MSE)is the discipline(,学科,),devoted to,(,专心于,)helping human beings use materials more effectively(,有力的,)and efficiently(,有效的,).,The story of materials is an ancient one that,began with,humanity learning to,shape,（成形）,rock and work metal.From the prehistoric beginning,the story of human advances in materials continues to,unfold,(,展开,).,For example,the development of steels permitted the building of skyscrapers and suspension bridges;,advances in silicon based technology provided the foundation for electronics and computers,New biomaterials have resulted in medical breakthroughs that save and improve lives.,Materials scientists and engineers focus on the manipulation of atomic scale structure to change materials properties,This focus has pushed our discipline to the forefront,（最前沿）,of developing and applying new tools to observe and manipulate matter at the smallest scales.,These advances continue to play an important part in the emergence of fields such as nanotechnology at the beginning of the 21st century.,5 The future of humanity depends on our wise use of materials,Most of the technological innovations that we associate with contemporary,（现代）,life have involved some major advance in materials processing or application.,Automobiles,satellites,televisions,computers and DVD players all,would not be,possible,without,advances in polymers,ceramics,metals and semiconductors.,New advances are being pioneered in our laboratories.,The direct threat of global warming and dwindling(,缩小,)fossil fuel resources have made the efficient use of energy a priority(,优先,).,MSE faculty and students work actively to make light-weight engine components out of aluminum and magnesium in order to boost(,促进,增强,)fuel efficiency.,They also pioneer improved high-temperature materials that are important for efficient jet engines and electricity generation.,To restore hearing to deaf people and sight to blind people,prosthetic devices,must make contact between the brain and a microphone or camera.,MSE faculty and students work to find ways to Interface,（界面）,silicon technology to neural tissue,（神经组织）,.,This requires the development of coatings that are,biocompatible,(,生物相容的,)and electrically conducting.,Moores law states that the number of transistors,（晶体管）,on the latest computer chip,double,s approximately every 18 months.,This translates into more memory and faster,cheaper computers.,But there is a limit to the density of transistors that can be placed on a computer chip using current technology.,MSE,faculty and students develop methods to spontaneously,（自发）,generate structures a few tens to hundreds of atoms across to form the basis for quantum,（量子）,computers.These next generation computers will exploit the physics of quantum confinement,（量子陷阱）,that dominate at that tiny scale.,Making components out of new materials often involves an extensive cycle of design,creation,testing and redesign.This process is costly and time consuming.,MSE faculty and students develop computer simulation techniques to predict material behavior such as resistance to failure,stability,and high temperature formability.,These computing advances speed the way toward the introduction of new materials in a safe and cost-effective manner.,Building on a solid foundation,and bridging many fields,Course work in the MSE department emphasizes the relationship between how a material is processed,its structure and the resulting properties and is built on a firm grounding in physics and chemistry.Hands-on learning and access to sophisticated instrumentation allow students to gain valuable experience in characterizing materials structure and properties.,（,you can be a police using SEM or TEM,）,Because materials enable new products and technologies,it is nearly impossible to find an engineering discipline that does not interface in some way with Materials Science and Engineering.,This is especially true for mechanical,aerospace,electrical,chemical and biomedical engineering where dual majors are often pursued.,1.2 Materials science and engineering,1.Terms of definition,Materials Science,:,investigating the relationships,that exist between the structures and properties,of materials.,Materials Engineering:,on the basis of structure property correlations,designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.,Structure:,A nebulous(,模糊）,term;In brief,the arrangement of its internal components,Subatomic structure,-involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei,At atomic level,-structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another.,microscopic (,显微,),a large group of atoms agglomerated together.,Macroscopic(,宏观,),where the structure elements might be viewed by naked eye.,property,:,1.a material trait(,特性,),in terms of,the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus,。,Examples:,A loaded steel bar will be deformed,A heated plastic plate will be softened,A polished metal surface will reflect light,1.Mechanical,2.electrical,3.thermal,4.Magnetic,5.optical,6.deteriorative(,变质，化学,),a elastic modulus,b.index of refraction,c.strength,d.reflectivity,e.thermal conductivity,f.heat capacity,g.electrical conductivity,h.plasticity,I.electromagnetic,j.light radiation,chemical reactivity,Dielectric constant,Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different property:,In addition to,structure,and,properties,processing,and,performance,are another two important components for MSE.Four components that are involved in the design,production and utilization of materials,processing structure properties performance,Three thin aluminum disk specimens placed over printed matter,from left to right they are transparent,translucent and opaque,why?Because they are processed differently,then have different structure;different structure leads to different properties and if they are put into use,the performance must be different too.,1.3 Why study Materials science and engineering?,Many an applied scientist or engineer will at one time or another,，,whether mechanical,civil,(,土木,),chemical,or electrical,be exposed to a design problem involving materials.Examples might include a,transmission gear,(,传动齿轮,),the superstructure for a building,an,oil refinery,(,炼油厂,)component,or an,integrated circuit chip,(,集成电路板,).Of course,materials scientists and engineers are such specialist who are totally,involved in,the investigation and design of materials.For them try to selection proper materials to,fulfill specific purpose,is not easy.,Three,criteria,that are important in the materials selection purpose:,1.In-service conditions must be characterized,2.Any,deterioration,of material properti