高考冲刺讲座1-极速扫盲点——冠词名词代词.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,冠词,1.冠词的泛指和特指用法,泛指是指首次提到的，不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物，或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定意义的人或事物.也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特指的人或事物。冠词的泛指和特指用法可归纳为下表：,（1）-Have you seen _ pen?I left it here this morning.-Is it _ black one?I think I saw it somewhere.A.a;the B.the;the C.the;a D.a;a（2）Most animal have little connection with _ animals of _ different kind unless they kill them for food.A.the;a B./;a C.the;the D./;/,2.不定冠词a(n)的几种特殊用法（1）不定冠词a(n)用于有或没有形容词修饰的抽象名词前。Many people agreed that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.许多人都持相同的看法，在当前国际贸易交往中，英语知识是必备的知识。（2）不定冠词a(n)用于有形容词修饰的一日三餐前。Before I go to work every morning,Ive a light breakfast.我每天早晨上班前.吃点简单的早餐。,（3）不定冠词a(n)用于有形容词修饰的季节、日期前。,The traffic accident happened on a Sunday towards the end of July.,车祸是7月底的一个星期天发生的。,（4）不定冠词a(n)用于序数词前，表示一次，又一。,How important it is to learn a second language!,再学一门语言是多么重要啊!,（5）不定冠词a(n)表示per的意思。His income is one thousand yuan a month.他的月收入是1000元。（6）不定冠词a(n)用于有goodgreat many修饰的名词复数前。Ive visited the Great Wall a good many times.我参观过长城好多次。,（9）有一些抽象名词：advice(忠告)，behavior(行为)，fortune(运气)，fun(娱乐)，information(情报)，progress(进步)，damage(损害)，harm(伤害)等，即使被形容词修饰，也不加不定冠词。,Karl Marx gave us some advice on how to learn foreign language well.,卡尔马克思就怎样学好外语，提出了许多建议。,3,.,用冠词与不用冠词的差异,在某些习惯用语中，用还是不用冠词，意义不同，有时甚至差别很大，使用时要特别注意。,take place 发生 take the place of 代替 two of us 我们当中的两人 the two of us 我们两人（共计两人）out of question 毫无疑问，一定 out of the question 不可能 on the whole=in general 大体上，一般地 as a whole=altogether 全部地，整体 a most important meeting 一个重要的会议 the most important meeting 最重要的会议 a third time 又一次,on earth 究竟 on the earth 在地球上，在世上 go to school(church)上学（做礼拜）go to the school(church)到学校（教堂）去 in front of 在（外部的）前面 in the front of 在（内部的）前面 on horseback 骑着马 on the horseback 在马背上,the third time 第三次 at a distance 稍远一些 in the distance 在远处 A number of 许多 the number of 的数目 for a moment 一会儿 for the moment 目前，暂时 be in charge of 负责 be in the charge of 由负责，在掌管之下,by day 在白天 by the day 按日计算 in possession of 拥有 in the possession of 为所有 in sight of 能看见 in the sight of 据的见解 in place of 代替 in the place of 在的地方,be of age 成年,be of an age 同龄,take advice 征求意见,take the advice 听从劝告,He is still in office.他仍在执政。,He is still in the office.他仍在办公室里,。,1.可数名词单、复数变化形式,（1）规则变化。,单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy-boys,pen-pens。,以s、x、ch、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如：glass-glasses,box-boxes,watch-watches,brush-brushes。,特例：stomach-stomachs,以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i再加-es。如：,baby-babies,lady-ladies,fly-flies。,以o结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes,hero-heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。如：radio-radios,zoo-zoos,photo-photos,piano-pianos,kilo-kilos,tobacco-tobaccos。以f或fe结尾的名词复数形式变f或fe为v，之后再加-es。如：wife-wives,life-lives,knife-knives,wolf-wolves,self-selves,leaf-leaves等。特例：handkerchief-handkerchiefs,roof-roofs,chief-chiefs,gulf-gulfs,belief-beliefs,cliff-cliffs。,（B）man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。,如：man doctor-men doctors,woman driver-women drivers。,（C）与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。,如：brother-in-law-brothers-in-law,passer-by-passers-by。,有的名词有两种复数形式。,如：zero-zeros、zeroes;penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同：pence（便士的钱数），pennies(便士的枚数)。,（2）不规则变化。,单、复数同形。,如：means,aircraft,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese,sheep,works（工厂）cattle。,合成名词的复数。,如：boy-friend-boy-friends,go-between-go-betweens(中间人)，grown-up-grown-ups。,集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，,如：people,cattle,police;有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery,furniture,mankind,jewelery;,有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。,如：The crew is large.船员人数很多（指整体）；The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了（个体）。,2、不可数名词的数,（1）一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：,抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：,抽象名词（不可数）具体化（个体名词，可数名词）,in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事,win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事),win honor赢得荣誉an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事),Failure(失败)is the mother of success 失败是成功之母。a failure失败者,by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历,youth青春 a youth一个青年人,have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情,with pleasure乐意,a pleasure乐事,(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。如：,物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。,如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些饮料,a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料，his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。,物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。,have breakfast The road is covered with snow.,have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.,Time and tide wait for no man.,We had a wonderful time last night.,(3)有复数形式的不可数名词,有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如：,Use your brains,please.,They have smoothed away the difficulties.,Have you made preparations for tomorrows meeting?,Many thanks for your kindness.,No pains,no gains.,After many failures,they finally succeeded.,有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：The boy burst into tears at the bad news.The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.,3.名词所有格,（1）s所有格的特殊表示形式有：,用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，,如：todays newspaper,five minutes walk(drive),five poundsweight,ten dollarsworth of coffee用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。,如：the earths planet,the words population,Chinas industry,New Yorks parks。,（2）of所有格的特殊表示方式有：,表示部分时，一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词（a、two、several、some、no、many等），,如：Some students of Mister Zhangs have gone to college.张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。,表示其中之一，其中一部分的意思时，用：a friend of Toms汤姆的一个朋友（许多朋友中的一位）。,表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，应该用：that/this/these/those+名词（单、复数）of Marys/yours/his/hers。如：,That invention of hers belongs to the world.她的那项发明是属于全世界的（表赞赏,）。,4、名词作定语,英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。,（1）分类意义。,air pollution 空气污染boy friend 男朋友,coffee cup咖啡杯 income tax所得税,tennis ball网球 song writer歌曲作家,body language身体语言road accident交通事故,Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖,（2）时间、地点、称呼等。,Doctor Jack杰克医生Professor Li李教授,evening school夜校winter sleep冬眠,street dance 街舞country music乡村音乐,village people村民 school education学校教育,China problem中国问题,（3）表目的、手段、来源，所属意义。,reception desk 接待台,sports field 田径场,stone table 石桌,color TV 彩电,weather report 天气预报,代词,Pronounce 代词,1、人称代词,2、物主代词,3、反身代词,4、指示代词,5、相互代词,6、不定代词,7、疑问代词,8、连接代词、关系代词,人称代词,1.Who is going to help them,_?,you or me B.I or you,C.you or I D.me or you,2._will attend the meeting to be held,next Thursday.,I,he and you B.You,he and I,C.He,you and I D.You,I and he,3.Who _ at the door?Its _.,A.are you,I B.is he,him,C.is it,me D.is it,I,物主代词,1.Are,these trousers yours?,No.Mine _ over there.,2.Her hair is much longer than _(我).,3.This dog of _ (你)never bites.,are,mine,yours,反身代词,反身代词所搭配的词组：,1.by oneself 独立地,2.for oneself 替/为自己,3.of oneself 自动地，自行地,e to oneself 苏醒,5.be not oneself 身体不舒服,6.congratulate oneself on暗自庆幸,7.enjoy oneself,8.express oneself 表达,9.devote oneself to 致力于,10.dress oneself 穿衣,11.find oneself 发现在,12.help oneself to 随便吃,13.hide oneself 躲藏,14.hurt oneself 受伤,15.lose oneself in 陶醉于,16.keep sth.to oneself 保守秘密,17.make oneself at home不要拘束,18.seat oneself 就坐,19.leave sb by oneself,20.teach oneself,learn sth by oneself,Each student has himselfs opinion.,_,his own,ones own/of ones own 某人自己的,The moon has no light of its own.,指示代词,1.a.I want to tell you _:the English,party will be held on Saturday.,b.He hurt his leg yesterday._s,why he didnt come.,this,that,2.a.The weather of Beijing is colder than,_ of Nanjing.,that,A.,b.The ears of a rabbit are longer than,_of a fox.,those,B.such（,这样、如此,）same（,同样,）,Such,was the story.,We have never seen,such,a tall building.,The same,can be said of the other article.,Whether he can do it or not,it is all,the,same,to me.,相互代词,You and I understand _ well.,They looked into _,eyes for,a silent moment.,We should learn from,one another.,each other,each other,s,疑问代词,who,whom,which,what,whose,who/what,_ is he?He is my lawyer.,_ is he?He is a lawyer.,Who,What,(2)who,whom,_ are you chatting with online?,Usually those who have something,in common with me.,Whom,不定代词,1、普通不定代词,some,any,no,somebody,anybody,nobody,someone,anyone,no one,something,anything,nothing,We will adopt _ (一,些有用的)and omit_,（无用的东西）.,something useful,something useless,(1)some 与 any及其合成词,He has _ Chinese paintings.,Do you have _ questions to ask?,Ask me if you have _ questions.,I,dont know _ of the students.,Mum,could you give me _ money?,Shall we get _ interesting to read?,I am thirsty,would you get _,to drink for me?,8.The problem is quite easy._ can,solve it.,some,any,any,any,some,something,something,Anybody,2、个体代词,(1)all ,any,none,every,both,either,neither,each,(2)another,the other,others,一、all与 both 的用法及在句中的位子,Thats all for today.,All the schools were flooded.,All of them have been to Xian.,My parents both like this movie.,Both the/these boys are tall.,This maths problem can be worked,out in both ways.,(二)all 与 both和not连用表部分否定,Not all the ants go out for food.,None,of them has failed.（全否定）,Any,of them,hasn,t failed.,Both of us are not advisors.,Neither,of us is an advisor.（全否定）,Either,of them,isnt,an advisor.,（三）both,either,each,-Will you come for the interview on,Tuesday or on Friday?,-Either is OK./Either day is OK.,There are modern shops on _,of the street.,There are trees on _ of the,playground.,either side,each side,both sides,every side,any side,all sides,（四）every 与 each,Is everyone here?=Are we all here?,Each student has _own opinion.,Every student has _ own opinions.,c._ of us has got an electronic,dictionary.,d.We each _ got an electronic,dictionary.,his,their,Each,Every one,have,（五）one,ones,that,those,it,_ should try ones best to serve,people.,2.These books are more interesting,than _ on the shelf.,3.Here are two pencils.Which _,is yours,this _ or that _?,4.The population of China is larger than,_ of India.,One,one,those,one,one,that,（六）no one与 none,_ of us have ever surfed in the,sea.,None,b.How many books are there on the,desk?_.,None,c.Is there anyone who can do the,experiment?,_.,No one.,1.He got two books,one is a textbook,_ is a novel.,2.Five of the pencils are red,_,are yellow.,3.Some are singing,_ are dancing.,4.He went on swimming for _ two,hours before he reached the beach.,the other,the others,others,another,（七）,泛指,特指,5.This coat is too big.Please show,me _.,6.Please give me _ ten minutes.,another,another,注意：,oneanother(a second)a third,the other一个一个,Some othersothers,一些一些,3、数量代词,many,much,a great many,a great deal of a lot of,（许多，大量）,a few,few.a little,little,Eg.1.,He has just graduated from the,college.He has _ experience,_ he?,2.His article was well written.There are,only _ mistakes in it.,little,has,a few,It 的用法,作人称代词,John likes playing Pingpong/He always does it in the afternoon(指代上下文提到的事物)；/Its time we went home./How far is it from here to your home?/It is getting warmer and warmer/Its very quiet at the moment(可指时间、天气、环境等),引导词,作形式主语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。,Its important for us to learn a second language/Its no use talking to him/Its known to all that the earth goes round the sun,B作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。,We feel it our duty to help others/He made it clear that he would leave the city,C强调结构：It is(was)+被强调部分that(或who),注意:在强调结构中，如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语，其后的连接词也绝不能为when 或where，而应用that。在复习中，一定要注意句式的不同。,It was,in Shanghai,that,I bought the guitar(that引起强调句),It was,Shangha,i,where,I bought the guitar(where引起定从),It was,twelve oclock,when,we arrived there(when引起时间状语从句）,It was,at twelve oclock,that,we arrived there（that 引起强调句）,3.it，one，that 的区别：作为代词，这三个词的对比使用是高考的热点之一。,-Why dont we take a little break?-Didnt we just have _?,Ait BThat Cone Dthis,The Parkers bought a new house but _will need a lot of work before they can move in,Athey Bit Cone Dwhich,one 用以指代同类事物中的任一，that 特指性强，指代可数与不可数词，而it指代上文提过的同一事物,。,