Word-Attack-Strategies.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Word Attack Strategies,阅读猜词技巧,所谓猜测词义,是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词、难词、关键词的词义,。,猜词技巧也是一种很重要的应试技巧.在诸多的英语测试中,几乎都包含有判断生词或关键词词义的题目,.如:,1)In Line.the word.could best be,replaced by which of the following?,2)According to the author the word,.means _.,3)By word.the author means _.,4)Which of the following is nearest/,closest in meaning to.?,一,针对性解释,1根据定义,(definition),猜测词义 如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。E.g.,1),Anthropology,is the scientific study of man.2)In slang the term,jam,constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.,定义句的谓语动词多为：be,to be,mean,define,deal with,be considered,refer to,be called,be known as,be termed(被定义为)represent,signify,constitute等。,A person or thing beyond comparison,a model of excellence,is known as a,paragon,.,paragon,：,模范、优秀的人或物,Monogamy,the practice or condition of having one marriage partner,is now adopted by most countries as one of state policies.,2.根据复述,(restatement),猜测词义,虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。,复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。,e.g.,1),Semantics,the study of the meaning of words,is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.,e.g.,2),Modern medicine and new methods of food production allow adults to live longer and babies to,survive,not die soon after birth.,(Here“not die”helps us to know what survive means.),4),Jack is now a,florist,who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.,florist花店主,Tornadoes,(violent and destructive whirl wind),normally occur on hot,humid(a little wet),day,but not necessarily in the summer.,tornado,即一种非常剧烈的、破坏性很大的旋转的风.很明显,这是,旋风,龙卷风,;humid即有点湿,其词义很清楚是,潮湿的,意思.,需要注意的是：同位语前 还常有or,similarly,that is to say,that is,to put it another way,in other words,namely,or other,to be precise,or rather,say,i.e.等副词或短语出现。,Before the main business of a conference begins the chairman usually makes a short,preliminary,(i.e.introductory),speech,or make a few preliminary remarks.In other words,he says a few things by way of introduction.,preliminary speech,的意思是在开会之前主席所做的一些简单的介绍,或者说是,开场白,.,Jane is,indecisive,that is,she cant make up her mind.,unable to make decisions or choices,优柔寡断,3.根据举例,(examples),猜测词义,恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索,表示列举关系的信号词有:,like,for example,for instance,such as,especially,include,consist of,specially,e.g.,1),The consequences of,epochal,events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.,e.g.,2),The simplest way to help the environment is not to,impact,on it.Tread as lightly as you can,take as little as possible,and put back as much as you can.,(,Impact,can be understood through the examples of,treading lightly,taking little,and,putting back much.,),Defined most broadly,folklore,includes all the customs,belief and tradition that people have handed down from generation to generation.,folklore,:,民俗学,民俗传统,Select any of these,periodicals,:,Times,Newsweek,or,Readers Digest,.,a magazine which comes out at regular times,二,内在逻辑关系,1,根据对比,(,opposite,),关系猜测词义,在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词或 难词的反义词猜测其词义。,e.g.,1),Andrew is one of the most,supercilious,men I know.His brother,in contrast,is quite humble and modest.,表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是,or,unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast 和while,whereas,though,instead(of),rather than,otherwise,nevertheless,nonetheless,on the other hand etc.,引导的并列句等。,e.g.A good supervisor can recognize instantly the,adept,workers from the unskilled ones.,In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way.Now,however,everything seems to be in a state of,turmoil,.,turmoil,:,混乱.,2,根据比较关系猜测词义,同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似,(,same or similar,),关系。,e.g.Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly,loquacious,.,表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly，like，just as，,as.as.,the same as,or,also等。,The new tax law,supersedes,or replaces,the law that was in effect last year.,supersede,一词的大概意思来,即,取代,接替,.,Mother was tall,fat and middle-aged.The principal of the school was an older woman,almost as,plump,as mother,and much shorter.,plump,:,肥胖的,3根据因果关系猜测词义,在句子或段落种，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系 推知生词词义,。,e.g.1)Tom is considered an,autocratic,administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.,表,示因果关系,的,信号词,还,有:,since,as,for,so,thus,consequently,therefore,hence,due to,result in,result from,as a result,for this reason,accordingly,so that,so.that,such.that,2）,Since I could not afford to purchase the original painting,I bought a,replica,.An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference.,replica应是一张复制品.,3,),There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to,elbow,his way through the crowd.,4 根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义,在句子或段落种，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义.,e.g.1)Although he often had the opportunity,Mr.Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer.This would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to,jeopardize,his future.,2)Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is,detrimental,to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.,3),If you happened to be sitting in the woods outside the city,you might have,witnessed,a strange sight.You would have seen a very proud looking man riding along horseback,saying something,三 外部相关因素,外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关 系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。,E.g.,1)Husband：its really cold out tonight.,Wife:,Sure it is.My hands are,practically,numb,.How about lighting the,stove,?,2)The snake,slithered,through the grass,3),Trees bring water up from the ground,allowing water to,evaporate,into the atmosphere.,(From our common sense we can get the meaning of,evaporate,as“,to change from a liquid state to a gas,.”),.,The door was so low that I hit my head on the,lintel,.,a piece of wood across the top of a door,门楣,When a doctor performs an operation on a patient,he usually gives an,anaesthetic,to make him unconscious,because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.,anaesthetic一词的意思应该是麻醉剂.,四.构词法,依靠方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义,1 根据前缀猜测词义,e.g.,1)He fell into a ditch and lay there,semiconscious,for a few minutes.,conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义“半清醒的，半昏迷,的”。,2)Im illiterate about such things.,词根literate意为“有文化修养的，通晓的”，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指“一窍不通，不知道的”,。,2,根据后缀猜测词义,e.g.,Insecticide,is applied where it is needed.,后缀cide表示“杀者，杀灭剂”，结合大家熟 悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出 insecticide意为“杀虫剂”。,2)Then the vapor may change into,droplets.,后缀,let,表示“小的”，词根drop指“滴，滴状物”。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义“小滴，微滴”,3根据复合词的各部分猜测词义,e.g.1)Growing economic problems were,highlighted,by a slowdown in oil outp,ut.,h,ighlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是“以强光照射，使突出”的意思。,2)Bullfight is very popular in Spain.,Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动斗牛。,Practice,Read the following sentences carefully and guess the meaning of the words in yellow.,1.She is,bilingua,l.,In other words,she speaks English and French equally well.,(,直接定义 bilingual:会说两种语言的,),2 It is difficult to list all of my fathers,attributes,because he has so many different talents and,characters.,(,近义复述.attribute:特质；才能,),3.It is believed that when a she-wolf loses her,litter,she seeks a human child to take its place,.,(,对比和比较表达.litter:狼仔;仔狼,),4.After a day of hunting.Harold is,ravenous,.,Yesterday,for example,he ate two bowls of soup,salad,a large chicken,and a piece of chocolate cake before he was finally satisfied,(,举例表达.ravenous,:,“饿极了”,),5.We had lots of candles on the tables and the waiters were carrying candles on their,trays,.,(,常识 trays“托盘”或“盘子”,),6.,Still other people are not avoiding work;strictly speaking,they are merely,procrastinating,delaying their work.,(,procrastinating 延误,耽搁,),7.With many factors,unforeseeable,there is no reason for us to show an optimism about our plan.,(,构词法 unforeseeable 不能预见,),8.,Ther,e,are no high,edifices,of stone,just a few low wooden buildings.,(,edifice:large building,),9.The period of,adolescence,i.e.the period between childhood and adulthood,may be long or short,depending on social expectations and.,(,adolescence,青春期,),10.,In ancient Egypt，as everywhere，,pitching,stones was a favorite childrens gameBut a badly thrown rock could hurt a child,pitch是“扔”的意思。,11.In many nations there are two financial extremes，from,penury,to great wealth,penury是“非常贫穷,12.He was strong and brave，this man was no,namby-panby,namby-panby的意思就是weak and timid（纤弱的）。,13.Rushing and running on his job all day long，Mr Lewisenergy is,depleted,at the end of the day.,deplete耗尽，用尽,14.,Origami,Japanese paper foldingis family fun,.,origami的意思是Japanese paper folding（日本折纸）。,15.,I am a,resolute,man.Once I set up a goal,I wont give it up easily.,r,esolute,:,having great determination or firmness,坚定的，果断的,16.,After spending three weeks in the woods,Henry was tired of,solitude,.,being alone and away from other people,孤独,