高三英语语法总复习——名词.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,高考总复习名词,名词的分类,可数名词变复数注意事项,不可数名词,名词的格,名词：表示人、事物或一些抽象概念,名词的分类,可数名词,不可数名词,集体名词,个体名词,物质名词,抽象名词,普通名词,专有名词,teacher,bus,.,people,crew,.,rice,air,water,.,knowledge,friendship,名词,China,Bill Gates,the Great Wall,专有名词：,指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称,Eg:Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;New Years Day,注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大,写,普通名词：,专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词,1,.个体名词：,指作为个体而存在的人或东西。,可以指具体的人或物。,Eg:aunts;a panda;apartments,也可指抽象东西。,Eg:a year;fairy tales;a dream,2.,集体名词：,表示由个体组成的集体。,Eg:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public,集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。,Eg:His family isnt large,.,Cf:His family are all music lovers.,3.,物质名词：指无法分为个体的东西。,Eg:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;detergent(,清洁剂,);fur;ice;paint;paper;soil,一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：,1),有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”,Eg:Two strong black coffees,please.,(,两份）,Three beers,please.,(,三杯）,It was a special tea.,(,一种）,4.,抽象名词：,表示一些抽象的概念。,Eg:education;love;policy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,etc.,多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。,Eg:Hes learning French for,fun.,I wish you good,luck,.,有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass(,玻璃,),copper(,铜,),tin(,锡,),paper(,纸,),iron(,铁,),wood(,木头,),gold(,金子,),youth(,青春,),power(,力量,),beauty(,美,),pleasure(,愉快,),relation(,关系）,a glass(,玻璃杯,),a copper(,铜币板,),a tin(,罐头，听头,),a paper(,报纸，证件，论文,),an iron(,熨斗,),a wood(,树林,),a gold(,金牌,),a youth(,年青人,),a power(,大国,),a beauty(,美人，美的东西,),a pleasure(,使人感到愉快的事,),a relation(,亲戚）,可数名词变复数的规则变化,一般在词尾加-s,以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的加-es,以辅音字母加y结尾时，把y变成i，再加-es,以f或fe结尾时，把f,fe改为v,再加es,不规则变化,变内部元音,。如：,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,词尾加-,en,或,ren。,如：,ox-oxen,child-children,单复数相同,。如：,sheep,deer,aircraft,fish,steelworks,means,Chinese,Swiss,Japanese,.,汉语音译词无复数形式,。（表示度量衡，币制等单位的名词）如:,five,yuan,six,jin,two,jiao,“某国人”,的复数形式：,单、复数相同,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,词尾加-,s,Africans,Asians,Canadians,Australians,Italians,变,man,为,men,Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen,但,：,German-Germans,复合名词的复数,一般将主体名词变为复数。,father-in-law fathers-in-law,passer-bypassers-by,looker-onlookers-on,editor-in-chief editors-in-chief,无主体名词的在词尾加复数。,如：,grown-ups,good-for-nothings（,无用的人），,go-betweens（,中间人），,look-outs（,守望者）,由,man,woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。,men-doctors,women-drivers,women-singers,，,boyfriends,girlfriends,boy students,girl students,一些物质名词有时以复数形式出现，表示不同的类别。,foods,(,各种食物),metals,(,各种金属),fruits,(,各种水果),fertilizers,(,各种化肥),silks,(,各种丝绸),teas,(,各种茶),名词的格,英语中的名词（代词）有三个格：,主格、宾格、所有格,所有格,表示所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语，它有两种形式：,一种是由名词词尾加s构成，另一种是由介词of加名词构成，,前者多用来表示有生命的东西，后者多用来表示无生命的东西。,注意事项：,复合名词的所有格是在其词尾加“,s”。,如：,his mother-in-laws photo the editor-in-chiefs opinion,2.末尾以,s,结尾的复数名词，在词尾加“,”,构成所有格。,如：,the teachers books,不以,s,结尾的复数名词，应在词尾加“,s”,如：,the childrens balls,以,s,结尾的单数名词的所有格有两种，加“,”,或“,s”,如：,my boss/bosss computer,3.,如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在最后一个名词后加“s”,如果是分别所有，则两个名词后都要加“s”,Tom and Marrys father,Toms and Marrys fathers,4.,在表示“某人家”、“店铺”的所有格时，一般省略它所修饰的名词。,at the doctors,at the barbers,at Mr.Greens,to my uncles，at the tailors,5.有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“s”来构成所有格,。,todays newspaper ten minutess walk Chinas industry the stations waiting-room,主谓一致,。语法形式上的一致,（主单谓单；主复谓复）,。意义上的一致,（主语形单意复，谓语用复数。,Eg:people;police),（主语形复意单，谓语用单数。,Eg:news;economics),3.,就近原则：,eitheror;neithernor;not onlybut also,4.,单复数视情况而定。,）集体名词作主语：强调整体，用单数；强调个体，用复数,）单复数同形名词作主语，按意义一致原则。,Eg:means,species,）中心词是,all,most,half,rest,时，按意义一致原则。即主语单数意义，谓语用单数；主语复数意义，谓语用复数。,）主语是,and,连接两个名词时，指一样东西，谓语单数；指两样东西，谓语复数。,Eg:A knife and fork is on the table.,5),代词作主语，取决于它代替的是单数还是复数。意义一致原则。,Eg:ours,yours;such,the same;who,that,which;any,either,neither,(,单独作主语，谓语单数）,none,all,some,more,）分数，量词，,half of,part of,作主语，于中心词保持一致。,）,what,引导的主语从句。通常用单数；所指的具体内容为复数时，谓语用复数。,）主谓倒装，谓语与其后主语一致。,。谓语用单数的情况。,）名词所有格之后的名词被省略。（指商店，工场，住宅等）作主语。,Eg:The doctors,my uncles,the bakers,2),中心词是时间、距离、金额、度量、书名等复数名词。,Eg:three years;The selected poems of Li Bai;,3)each,every,no,所修饰名词，即使以,and,或逗号连接。,Eg:each boy and each girl;every man and woman,4),主语有,more than one;many a,5)a kind of;a pair of;a series of,6)This kind of,7)The number of,8)A great deal of;a large amount of+un,9)One and a half+,可数名词复数,eg:One and a half bananas is left on the table.,10)The departed(,死者）意义上指个体,11)the only one of+,可数名词复数定语从句。从句中的谓语用单数。,。谓语用复数的情况。,）,police,;people;cattle;militia(,民兵）作主语。,）有两个部分构成的名词。（表示衣物或工具）,eg:glasses;chopsticks,3)these kind of men,（口语,);men of this kind,作主语,）,bothand.,修饰主语,5)A number of;large quantities of;large amounts of,修饰主语,）,the+,形容词作主语，一般情况下,）,one of the+,可数名词复数定语从句，从句中谓语动词用复数。,1.Try to learn these words by heart:(,通常用于复数形式的词）,scissors,剪刀,;pants,裤子,;contents,目录,compasses,两脚规,;cords,灯心絨裤,;arms,武器,earphones,耳机,;pyjamas,睡衣裤,;ashes,灰烬,scales,天平,;overalls,工装裤,;tropics,热带,spectacles,眼镜,;braces,背带,;stairs,楼梯,nail-clippers,指甲刀；,slacks,便装裤,;brains,头脑,belongings,所有物；,savings,积蓄；,tidings,消息,doings,行为；,writings,作品；,findings,调查结果,五、名词的句法功能,1,在句中作主语,This book is very useful.,这本书很有用。,Mary is to meet you at the airport.,玛丽将在机场接你。,2,作表语,My brother is a worker.,我弟弟是个工人,She is a writer.,她是个作家。,3,作宾语或宾补,He finished his task on time.,他按时完成了他的任务。,We made Tom our monitor.,我们选汤姆为我们的班长,（,consider,elect,choose,think,find),4,作定语,He got three gold medals at 23rd Olympic Games.,他在第二十三届奥运会上取得了三块金牌。,rain drops,雨点,colour film,彩色电影 注：名词作定语修饰名词，通常表示事物的,属性、本质特征、内容、材料、目的,等。这些形容词化的名词与形容词作定语在语义上有一定的区别。,a golden medal,金色的奖牌（颜色，非材料）,a gold medal,金牌（质地材料为金子）,a colourful dress,色彩鲜艳的女装（仅指颜色）,a colour film,彩色电影（属性为彩色的）,a coffee cup a letter box,a vegetable field a car factory,5,作状语,The meeting lasted two hours.,会议持续了两个小时。,Wait a moment.,等一会儿。,He was late for class this morning.,今天早晨他上课迟到了。,6,作同位语,Mr.Smith,our leader,is speaking now.,史密斯先生，我们的领导，正在讲话。,We students should study hard.,我们学生应该努力学习。,7,作称呼语,Come here,Mary.,玛丽，到这儿来。,Good morning,ladies and gentlemen.,女士们，先生们，早上好。,例题,1.I wrote a letter to show my _ of his thoughtfulness.A.achievement B.agreement,C.attention D.appreciation,2.We all know that _ speak louder than words.,A.movements B.performances,C.operations D.action,3.The new law will come into_ on the day it is passed.,A.effect B.use C.service D.existence,4.You will find this map of great _ in helping you get round London.,A.price B.cost C.value D.usefulness,D,D,C,A,5.My parents always let me have my _ of living.,A.way B.method C.manner D.fashion,6.-Who did you spend last weekend with,-_.,A.Palmers B.The Palmers,C.The Palmers D.The Palmers,7.Ill look into the matter as soon as possible.Just have a little _.,A.wait B.time C.patience D.rest,A,C,C,8._ of Mrs Whites came back home yesterday.She had been in the United States for years.,A.A daughter B.The daughter,C.Her daughter D.daughter,9.,He gained his _ by printing_ of famous writers.,A.wealth;work B.wealths;works C.wealths;work D.wealth;works,10.,It will be _ to jump into the lake to have a swim on a hot summer day.,A.fun B.a fun C.funny D.the fun,_,_,_,